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gall

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: gäll and Gall

English

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English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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    From Middle English galle, from Old English ġealla, galla,[1] from Proto-West Germanic *gallā, from Proto-Germanic *gallǭ.

    The figurative senses (e.g., impudence, brazenness, chutzpah) are related to the literal sense (i.e., bile) via the lasting linguocultural effects of humorism, which governed Western medicine for many centuries before the advent of scientific medicine.

    Related to Dutch gal, German Galle, Swedish galle, galla, Ancient Greek χολή (kholḗ). Also remotely related with yellow and gold.[1]

    Noun

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    gall (countable and uncountable, plural galls)

    2. (uncountable) Impudence or brazenness; temerity; chutzpah.
      • 1917, Edgar Rice Burroughs, chapter 6, in The Oakdale Affair‎[1]:
        “Durn ye!” he cried. “I’ll lam ye! Get offen here. I knows ye. Yer one o’ that gang o’ bums that come here last night, an’ now you got the gall to come back beggin’ for food, eh? I’ll lam ye!” and he raised the gun to his shoulder.
      • 1891, Exercises of class day of the senior class, Tuesday, June 23, 1891, page 33:
        Prichard, while keeping school, had the unmitigated gall to teach Greek, although he had never studied the subject.
      • 1944, Teheran: Our Path in War and Peace, page 55:
        In July 1938, that was sufficient to call down contempt and hatred on us, and brand us as men of unmitigated gall.
      • 1962, How to live with a calculating cat, page 47:
        It requires the cunning of a chess master, the planning of a field marshal, the adroitness and polish of a premier of France, or, failing these, the sheer, unmitigated gall of your door-to-door salesman.
      • 2022 October 18, Placeholder McD, “SCP-7579 [offset 1]”, in SCP Foundation‎[2], archived from the original on 20 December 2024:
        "Also, as apologetic as you were for occupying my time, which I had hoped to spend with my daughter, you used about twice as many words as you needed to, and wasted an entire paragraph complaining about your colleagues. I went back to the SCP-079 file — Supervisor Valis would have had the thing decommissioned years ago if it weren't for your blatant technofetishism. Yet, you have the gall to characterize the Foundation's ongoing political interventions and military operations as squabbles."
    4. (anatomy, archaic, countable) A gallbladder.
    6. (physiology, archaic, uncountable) Bile, especially that of an animal; the greenish, profoundly bitter-tasting fluid found in bile ducts and gall bladders, structures associated with the liver.
    8. (figurative, uncountable) Great misery or physical suffering, likened to the bitterest-tasting of substances.
    Derived terms
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    Translations
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    Etymology 2

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      From Middle English galle, from Old English gealla (“a fretted spot on the skin”), from Proto-West Germanic *gallō, from Proto-Germanic *gallô (“infirmity, swelling, lesion”).

      Noun

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      gall (countable and uncountable, plural galls)

      1. (countable) A sore on a horse caused by an ill-fitted or ill-adjusted saddle; a saddle sore.
      2. (pathology, countable) A sore or open wound caused by chafing, which may become infected, as with a blister.
      3. (figurative, uncountable) A feeling of exasperation.
      4. (countable, technical) A pit on a surface being cut caused by the friction between the two surfaces exceeding the bond of the material at a point.
      Derived terms
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      Translations
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      Verb

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      gall (third-person singular simple present galls, present participle galling, simple past and past participle galled)

      1. (ergative) To chafe, to rub or subject to friction; to create a sore on the skin.
        • 1719 May 6 (Gregorian calendar), [Daniel Defoe], The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, […], London: […] W[illiam] Taylor […], →OCLC:
          […] he went awkwardly in these clothes at first: wearing the drawers was very awkward to him, and the sleeves of the waistcoat galled his shoulders and the inside of his arms; but a little easing them where he complained they hurt him, and using himself to them, he took to them at length very well.
      2. (transitive, figurative) To bother or trouble.
        • 1881–1882, Robert Louis Stevenson, “‘Pieces of Eight’”, in Treasure Island, London; Paris: Cassell & Company, published 14 November 1883, →OCLC, part V (My Sea Adventure), page 219:
          I went below, and did what I could for my wound; it pained me a good deal, and still bled freely; but it was neither deep nor dangerous, nor did it greatly gall me when I used my arm.
        • 1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter XV, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:
          Edward Churchill still attended to his work in a hopeless mechanical manner like a sleep-walker who walks safely on a well-known round. But his Roman collar galled him, his cossack stifled him, his biretta was as uncomfortable as a merry-andrew's cap and bells.
      3. (transitive, figurative) To harass, to harry, often with the intent to cause injury.
        • June 24, 1778, George Washington, The Writings of George Washington From the Original Manuscript Sources: Volume 12, 1745–1799
          The disposition for these detachments is as follows – Morgans corps, to gain the enemy’s right flank; Maxwells brigade to hang on their left. Brigadier Genl. Scott is now marching with a very respectable detachment destined to gall the enemys left flank and rear.
      4. (transitive, figurative) To exasperate.
        Synonym: rankle
        • 1979 December, Mark Bowden, “Captivity Pageant”, in The Atlantic, volume 296, number 5, pages 92–97:
          Metrinko was hungry, but he was galled by how self-congratulatory his captors seemed, how generous and noble and proudly Islamic.
      5. (transitive, technical) To cause pitting on a surface being cut from the friction between the two surfaces exceeding the bond of the material at a point.
        Improper cooling and a dull milling cutter on titanium can gall the surface.
      6. (intransitive, obsolete, rare) To scoff; to jeer.
      Derived terms
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      Translations
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      Etymology 3

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        From Middle English galle, from Old French galle, from Latin galla (“oak-apple”).[2][3]

        Galls on a dried leaf.
        A gall on an acorn, also called knoppern

        Noun

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        gall (plural galls)

        1. (phytopathology) A blister or tumor-like growth found on the surface of plants, caused by various pathogens, especially the burrowing of insect larvae into the living tissues, such as that of the common oak gall wasp (Cynips quercusfolii).
          • 1974, Philip P. Wiener, editor, Dictionary of the History of Ideas‎[3]:
            Even so, Redi retained a belief that in certain other cases—the origin of parasites inside the human or animal body or of grubs inside of oak galls—there must be spontaneous generation. Bit by bit the evidence grew against such views. In 1670 Jan Swammerdam, painstaking student of the insect’s life cycle, suggested that the grubs in galls were enclosed in them for the sake of nourishment and must come from insects that had inserted their semen or their eggs into the plants.
        2. A bump-like imperfection resembling a gall.
          • 1653, Izaak Walton, chapter 21, in The Compleat Angler‎[4]:
            But first for your Line. First note, that you are to take care that your hair be round and clear, and free from galls, or scabs, or frets: for a well- chosen, even, clear, round hair, of a kind of glass-colour, will prove as strong as three uneven scabby hairs that are ill-chosen, and full of galls or unevenness. You shall seldom find a black hair but it is round, but many white are flat and uneven; therefore, if you get a lock of right, round, clear, glass-colour hair, make much of it.
        Synonyms
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        Derived terms
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        Translations
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        Verb

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        gall (third-person singular simple present galls, present participle galling, simple past and past participle galled)

        1. (transitive) To impregnate with a decoction of gallnuts in dyeing.
          • 1815, Thomas Cooper, A Practical Treatise on Dyeing, and Callicoe Printing:
            Raw silk is not galled, it is dyed at once in the black without any preparation : the liquor should be hot

        See also

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        References

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        1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 “gall, n.1”, in OED Online Paid subscription required⁠, Oxford: Oxford University Press, launched 2000.
        2. ^ “gall”, in The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 5th edition, Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2016, →ISBN.
        3. ^ “galle, n.(3)”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

        Catalan

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        Etymology

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        Etymology tree
        Proto-Indo-European *gelH-
        Proto-Italic *galsos
        Latin gallus
        Catalan gall

          Inherited from Latin gallus, from Proto-Italic *galsos, from Proto-Indo-European *gelH- (“to call”).

          Pronunciation

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          Noun

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          gall m (plural galls)

          1. rooster, cock
          2. John Dory
            Synonym: gall marí

          Derived terms

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          See also

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          References

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          Hungarian

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          Pronunciation

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          Adjective

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          gall (not comparable)

          1. Gallic (of or pertaining to Gaul, its people or language)

          Declension

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          Inflection (stem in -o-, back harmony)
          singular plural
          nominative gall gallok
          accusative gallt gallokat
          dative gallnak galloknak
          instrumental gallal gallokkal
          causal-final gallért gallokért
          translative gallá gallokká
          terminative gallig gallokig
          essive-formal gallként gallokként
          essive-modal gallul —
          inessive gallban gallokban
          superessive gallon gallokon
          adessive gallnál galloknál
          illative gallba gallokba
          sublative gallra gallokra
          allative gallhoz gallokhoz
          elative gallból gallokból
          delative gallról gallokról
          ablative galltól galloktól
          non-attributive
          possessive – singular           		gallé galloké
          non-attributive
          possessive – plural           		galléi gallokéi

          Noun

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          gall (countable and uncountable, plural gallok)

          1. Gaul (native or inhabitant of the historical region of Gaul, or poetically the modern nation of France)
          2. Gaulish, Gallic (language)

          Declension

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          Inflection (stem in -o-, back harmony)
          singular plural
          nominative gall gallok
          accusative gallt gallokat
          dative gallnak galloknak
          instrumental gallal gallokkal
          causal-final gallért gallokért
          translative gallá gallokká
          terminative gallig gallokig
          essive-formal gallként gallokként
          essive-modal — —
          inessive gallban gallokban
          superessive gallon gallokon
          adessive gallnál galloknál
          illative gallba gallokba
          sublative gallra gallokra
          allative gallhoz gallokhoz
          elative gallból gallokból
          delative gallról gallokról
          ablative galltól galloktól
          non-attributive
          possessive – singular           		gallé galloké
          non-attributive
          possessive – plural           		galléi gallokéi
          Possessive forms of gall
          possessor single possession multiple possessions
          1st person sing. gallom galljaim
          2nd person sing. gallod galljaid
          3rd person sing. gallja galljai
          1st person plural gallunk galljaink
          2nd person plural gallotok galljaitok
          3rd person plural galljuk galljaik
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          Further reading

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          • gall in Géza Bárczi, László Országh, et al., editors, A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára [The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (ÉrtSz.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN.
          • gall in Nóra Ittzés, editor, A magyar nyelv nagyszótára [A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (Nszt.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2006–2031 (work in progress; published a–ez as of 2024).

          Icelandic

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          Noun

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          gall n (genitive singular galls, nominative plural göll)

          1. gall, bile
          2. bitterness, rancour

          Declension

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          Declension of gall (neuter)
          singular plural
          indefinite definite indefinite definite
          nominative gall gallið göll göllin
          accusative gall gallið göll göllin
          dative galli gallinu göllum göllunum
          genitive galls gallsins galla gallanna

          Verb

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          gall (strong)

          1. first-person singular past indicative of gjalla
          2. third-person singular past indicative of gjalla

          Irish

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          Pronunciation

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          Etymology 1

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          From Middle Irish gall (“foreigner”), from Old Irish Gall (“a Gaul”), from Latin Gallus (“a Gaul”). Cognate with Scottish Gaelic gall and Manx goal.

          Noun

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          gall m (genitive singular gaill, nominative plural gaill)

          1. foreigner
          2. (derogatory) Anglified Irish person
          Declension
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          Declension of gall (first declension)
          bare forms
          singular plural
          nominative gall gaill
          vocative a ghaill a ghalla
          genitive gaill gall
          dative gall gaill
          gallaibh (archaic)
          forms with the definite article
          singular plural
          nominative an gall na gaill
          genitive an ghaill na ngall
          dative leis an ngall
          don ghall           		leis na gaill
          Derived terms
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          Etymology 2

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          Noun

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          gall m (genitive singular gaill, nominative plural gaill)

          1. alternative form of gallán

          Declension

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          Declension of gall (first declension)
          bare forms
          singular plural
          nominative gall gaill
          vocative a ghaill a ghalla
          genitive gaill gall
          dative gall gaill
          forms with the definite article
          singular plural
          nominative an gall na gaill
          genitive an ghaill na ngall
          dative leis an ngall
          don ghall           		leis na gaill

          Mutation

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          Mutated forms of gall
          radical lenition eclipsis
          gall ghall ngall

          Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
          All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

          References

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          1. ^ Finck, F. N. (1899), Die araner mundart [The Aran Dialect] (in German), Zweiter Band: Wörterbuch [Second volume: Dictionary], Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, page 120
          2. ^ Quiggin, E. C. (1906), A Dialect of Donegal, Cambridge University Press, § 206, page 79

          Further reading

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          Middle Irish

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          Etymology

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          From Old Irish Gall (“a Gaul”), from Latin Gallus (“a Gaul”).

          Pronunciation

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          Noun

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          gall m (genitive gaill, nominative plural gaill)

          1. foreigner

          Descendants

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          • Irish: gall
          • Manx: goal
          • Scottish Gaelic: gall

          Mutation

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          Mutation of gall
          radical lenition nasalization
          gall gall
          pronounced with /ɣ(ʲ)-/           		ngall

          Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Middle Irish.
          All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

          Further reading

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          Scottish Gaelic

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          Noun

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          gall m (genitive singular goill, plural goill)

          1. alternative letter-case form of Gall

          Uzbek

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          Noun

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          gall (plural galllar)

          1. Gaul (native or inhabitant of the historical region of Gaul, or poetically the modern nation of France)

          Derived terms

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          Adjective

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          gall (comparative gallroq, superlative eng gall)

          1. Gaulish
            gall tili
            the Gaulish language

          Welsh

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          Alternative forms

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          • geill (literary, third-person singular present/future)

          Pronunciation

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          Verb

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          gall

          1. inflection of gallu:
            1. third-person singular present/future
            2. (literary, rare) second-person singular imperative

          Mutation

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          Mutated forms of gall
          radical soft nasal aspirate
          gall all ngall unchanged

          Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
          All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

          References

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          1. ^ Morris Jones, John (1913), A Welsh Grammar, Historical and Comparative, Oxford: Clarendon Press, § 51 v
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