bile

See also: bilé and bilë

English

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /baɪl/
• Rhymes: -aɪl

Etymology 1

Mid 16th century, via Middle French, from Latin bīlis (“bile”).

Noun

bile (usually uncountable, plural biles)

1. (biochemistry) A bitter brownish-yellow or greenish-yellow secretion produced by the liver, stored in the gall bladder, and discharged into the duodenum where it aids the process of digestion.
2. bitterness of temper; ill humour; irascibility.
3. Two of the four humours, black bile or yellow bile, in ancient and medieval physiology.
   • 1890, Walter Scott, The Journal of Sir Walter Scott‎^[1]:

     I shall tire of my Journal if it is to contain nothing but biles and plasters and unguents.

   • 1616, Alexander Roberts, A Treatise of Witchcraft‎^[2]:

     He spake out of the Pythonesse, Act. 16. 17. brought downe fire from heauen, and consumed Iobs sheepe 7000. and his seruants, raised a storme, strooke the house wherein his sonnes and daughters feasted with their elder brother, smote the foure corners of it, with the ruine whereof they all were destroyed, and perished: and ouerspread the body of that holy Saint their father with botches[t] and biles from the sole of his foot to the crowne of his head.

Synonyms

• gall

Derived terms

• atrabilious
• bile duct
• bileful
• biliary
• biliary tract
• bilious
• bilirubin
• black bile
• yellow bile

 

Translations

secretion produced by the liver

• Albanian: vrer (sq) m
• Arabic: صَفْرَاء‎ f (ṣafrāʾ)
• Armenian: լեղի (hy) (lełi), մաղձ (hy) (małj)
• Aromanian: heari f
• Assamese: পিত (pit)
• Asturian: felén (ast) f, fiel (ast) f
• Azerbaijani: öd (az), səfra
• Bashkir: үт (üt)
• Basque: behazun (eu)
• Belarusian: жоўць f (žoŭcʹ)
• Bulgarian: жлъчка f (žlǎčka), жлъч (bg) f (žlǎč)
• Burmese: သည်းခြေ (my) (sany:hkre)
• Catalan: bilis f, fel m or f
• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 膽汁 (zh), 胆汁 (zh) (dǎnzhī)

• Chuvash: ват (vat)
• Crimean Tatar: öt
• Czech: žluč f
• Dalmatian: fial m
• Danish: galde (da) c
• Dutch: gal (nl) m or f
• Esperanto: galo (eo)
• Estonian: sapp
• Faroese: gall n
• Finnish: sappi (fi)
• French: bile (fr) f, fiel (fr) m
• Friulian: fêl
• Galician: fel m, bile f
• Georgian: ნაღველი (naɣveli)
• German: Galle (de) f
• Greek: χολή (el) f (cholí)

  Ancient: χολή f (kholḗ)

• Hebrew: מרה‎ f (mara)
• Hindi: पित्त (hi) m (pitt)
• Hungarian: epe (hu)
• Icelandic: gall n
• Irish: domlas m
• Italian: fiele (it)
• Japanese: 胆汁 (ja) (たんじゅう, tanjū)
• Kazakh: өт (öt)
• Korean: 쓸개즙 (sseulgaejeup)
• Kyrgyz: өт (ky) (öt)
• Latin: bīlis, fel
• Latvian: žults m
• Lithuanian: tulži̇̀s

• Macedonian: жолчка f (žólčka)
• Malay: hempedu
• Maori: waiate
• Mingrelian: ნაღმელი (naɣmeli)
• Mongolian: цөс (mn) (tsös)
• Navajo: łitsoii, atłʼizh
• Norwegian:

  Bokmål: galle m

  Nynorsk: galle m

• Occitan: fèl (oc)
• Old English: ġealla m
• Old Turkic: 𐰇𐰓‎ (öd)
• Ossetian: маст (mast)
• Persian: زرداب‎ (fa) (zardâb), زهره‎ (fa) (zahre), صفرا‎ (fa) (safrâ)
• Polish: żółć (pl) f
• Portuguese: fel (pt) f, bile (pt) f, bílis (pt) f
• Romanian: bilă (ro) f, fiere (ro) f
• Russian: желчь (ru) f (želčʹ), жёлчь (ru) f (žolčʹ)
• Serbo-Croatian:

  Cyrillic: жуч f

  Roman: žuč (sh) f

• Shan: ၼမ်ႉလီ (nam5 li1)
• Sicilian: feli
• Slovak: žlč (sk) f
• Slovene: žolč (sl) m
• Sorbian:

  Lower Sorbian: žołc m

• Spanish: bilis (es) f, hiel (es) f
• Sudovian: gumsakis m
• Svan: ნანღველ (nanɣvel)
• Swahili: nyongo
• Swedish: galla (sv) c
• Tagalog: apdo
• Tamil: பித்தநீர் (ta) (pittanīr)
• Tatar: үт (tt) (üt)
• Telugu: పైత్యరసము (paityarasamu)
• Thai: น้ำดี (th) (náam-dii)
• Ukrainian: жовч f (žovč)
• Uzbek: o't (uz)
• Venetian: fiel
• Vietnamese: mật (vi)
• Volapük: bil (vo)
• Welsh: bustl (cy) m
• Yiddish: גאַל‎ f (gal)

bitterness of temper; ill humour

• Armenian: մաղձ (hy) (małj)
• Bulgarian: раздразнителност (bg) (razdraznitelnost)
• Chinese:

  Mandarin: please add this translation if you can

• Danish: galde (da) c
• Finnish: sapekkuus (fi)
• French: bile (fr) f

• Greek: χολή (el) f (cholí)
• Japanese: please add this translation if you can
• Persian: please add this translation if you can
• Polish: żółć (pl) f
• Romanian: fiere (ro) f, irascibilitate (ro) f
• Russian: желчь (ru) f (želčʹ)
• Swedish: ilska (sv) c, gallfeber c

Etymology 2

Akin to Dutch buil and German Beule.

Noun

bile (plural biles)

1. (obsolete) A boil (kind of swelling).

Verb

bile (third-person singular simple present biles, present participle biling, simple past and past participle biled)

1. Eye dialect spelling of boil.
   • 1912, Stella George Stern Perry, Melindy (page 130)

     We pretty near biled ourselves and Miss Euly done got her bes' pink apron stained, an' I dropped Sis Suky's big kitchen spoon in de hogshead of sand […]

Part or all of this entry has been imported from the 1913 edition of Webster’s Dictionary, which is now free of copyright and hence in the public domain. The imported definitions may be significantly out of date, and any more recent senses may be completely missing.
(See the entry for bile in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam, 1913.)

Anagrams

• -ible, Lieb

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Albanian

Etymology

From Proto-Albanian *bālnai, from Proto-Indo-European *bhḷəno, from *bʰel- (“to blow, swell”), related to bolle. Compare Ancient Greek φαλλός (phallós, “penis”), Latin follis (“bellows”), Old Irish ball (“member, body part”) and Modern High German Bille (“penis”)

Noun

bile f

1. penis

Related terms

• bolle

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French

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /bil/

• Audio

  (file)

Noun

bile f (uncountable)

1. bile

Further reading

• “bile” in le Trésor de la langue française informatisé (The Digitized Treasury of the French Language).

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Irish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈbʲɪlʲə/

Etymology 1

From Old Irish bile, from Proto-Celtic *belyom (“tree”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰolyo- (“leaf”).

Noun

bile m (genitive singular bile, nominative plural bilí)

1. tree, especially a large, ancient, sacred one
2. scion; distinguished person

Derived terms

• bile buí (“corn marigold”)
• bile measa (“arbitrator”)
• biliúil (“tree-like, stately”, adjective)

 

Etymology 2

Noun

bile m (genitive singular bile, nominative plural bilí)

1. rim (of vessel)

Declension

Declension of bile

Fourth declension

Bare forms Case Singular Plural Nominative bile bilí Vocative a bhile a bhilí Genitive bile bilí Dative bile bilí

Forms with the definite article Case Singular Plural Nominative an bile na bilí Genitive an bhile na mbilí Dative leis an mbile don bhile leis na bilí

Mutation

Irish mutation
Radical	Lenition	Eclipsis
bile	bhile	mbile
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Further reading

• "bile" in Foclóir Gaeilge-Béarla, An Gúm, 1977, by Niall Ó Dónaill.
• C. Marstrander, E. G. Quin et al., editors (1913–76), “1 bile”, in Dictionary of the Irish Language: Based Mainly on Old and Middle Irish Materials, Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, →ISBN

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Italian

Etymology

Probably borrowed from Latin bīlis (“bile”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈbile/

Noun

bile f (plural bili)

1. (physiology) bile
2. anger

Derived terms

Derived terms

• biliare
• bilioso

• bilirubina
• biliverdina

See also

• fiele

Anagrams

• beli

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Latin

Noun

bīle

1. ablative singular of bīlis

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Old Irish

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *belyos (“tree”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰolyo- (“leaf”). Cognate with Latin folium, Ancient Greek φύλλον (phúllon), and Old Armenian բողբոջ (bołboǰ).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈbʲilʲe/

Noun

bile m (genitive bili, nominative plural bili)

1. tree, especially a large, ancient, sacred one

Declension

Masculine io-stem
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	bile	bileL	biliL
Vocative	bili	bileL	biliu
Accusative	bileN	bileL	biliuH
Genitive	biliL	bileL	bileN
Dative	biliuL	bilib	bilib
Initial mutations of a following adjective: H = triggers aspiration L = triggers lenition N = triggers nasalization

Derived terms

• bilech, biledach

Descendants

• Irish: bile
• Manx: billey

Mutation

Old Irish mutation
Radical	Lenition	Nasalization
bile	bile pronounced with /v(ʲ)-/	mbile
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

References

• C. Marstrander, E. G. Quin et al., editors (1913–76), “1 bile”, in Dictionary of the Irish Language: Based Mainly on Old and Middle Irish Materials, Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, →ISBN

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Portuguese

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin bilis.

Noun

bile f (uncountable)

1. gall; bile

Synonyms

• fel, bílis

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Scottish Gaelic

Etymology 1

Noun

bile f (genitive singular bile, plural bilean)

1. lip (of mouth)
2. rim (of container)
3. brim (of hat)

Etymology 2

Borrowed from English bill.

Noun

bile m (genitive singular bile, plural bilean)

1. bill (for law)

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Serbo-Croatian

Alternative forms

• bilèsi

Etymology

Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish [Term?] (Turkish bile).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /bǐle/
• Hyphenation: bi‧le

Adverb

bìle (Cyrillic spelling бѝле)

1. (regional) moreover, even

   bile je i on došao čak i on — even he came

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Turkish

Etymology

From Ottoman Turkish [Term?], from Old Turkic birle‎ (birle), from Proto-Turkic *bile (“with, together, also”).

Conjunction

bile

1. neither, even

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West Frisian

Etymology

Borrowed from Middle Dutch bile or Middle Low German bîle, bîl (“axe”), both ultimately from Proto-Germanic *bilją.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈbilə/

Noun

bile c (plural bilen, diminutive byltsje)

1. axe

Further reading

• “bile”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011