酷
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Translingual
[edit]Han character
[edit]酷 (Kangxi radical 164, 酉+7, 14 strokes, cangjie input 一田竹土口 (MWHGR), four-corner 14661, composition ⿰酉告)
Derived characters
[edit]References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 1283, character 14
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 39870
- Dae Jaweon: page 1783, character 10
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3583, character 10
- Unihan data for U+9177
Chinese
[edit]Glyph origin
[edit]Phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *kʰuːɡ) : semantic 酉 (“alcoholic drink vessel”) + phonetic 告 (OC *kuːɡs, *kuːɡ).
Etymology 1
[edit]trad. | 酷 | |
---|---|---|
simp. # | 酷 |
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ku2
- Cantonese
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): kueh4
- Northern Min (KCR): kŭ / kṳ̆
- Eastern Min (BUC): gók
- Southern Min
- Wu (Northern, Wugniu): 7khoq
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ku6
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄎㄨˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: kù
- Wade–Giles: kʻu4
- Yale: kù
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kuh
- Palladius: ку (ku)
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰu⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: ku2
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ku
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰu²¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: huk6 / hou6
- Yale: huhk / houh
- Cantonese Pinyin: huk9 / hou6
- Guangdong Romanization: hug6 / hou6
- Sinological IPA (key): /hʊk̚²/, /hou̯²²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: huuk5
- Sinological IPA (key): /hɵk̚³²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khu̍k
- Hakka Romanization System: kug
- Hagfa Pinyim: kug6
- Sinological IPA: /kʰuk̚⁵/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: kueh4
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /kʰuəʔ²/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: kŭ / kṳ̆
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰu²⁴/, /kʰy²⁴/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: gók
- Sinological IPA (key): /kouʔ²⁴/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- Wu
- Xiang
- (Changsha)
- Wiktionary: ku6
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰu²⁴/
- (Changsha)
- Dialectal data
- Middle Chinese: khowk
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*kʰˤuk/
- (Zhengzhang): /*kʰuːɡ/
Definitions
[edit]酷
Compounds
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]trad. | 酷 | |
---|---|---|
simp. # | 酷 |
Phono-semantic matching of English cool.
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄎㄨˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: kù
- Wade–Giles: kʻu4
- Yale: kù
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: kuh
- Palladius: ку (ku)
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰu⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
Definitions
[edit]酷
Usage notes
[edit]Whilst English "cool" may be used in a wide variety of contexts, 酷 (and, by extension, 酷斃/酷毙 (kùbì)) is usually only used to describe something fashionable or extraordinary.
See also
[edit]Compounds
[edit]Etymology 3
[edit]trad. | 酷 | |
---|---|---|
simp. # | 酷 |
Pronunciation
[edit]- Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khok
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Philippines)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khok
- Tâi-lô: khok
- Phofsit Daibuun: qog
- IPA (Quanzhou, Philippines): /kʰɔk̚⁵/
- IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kʰɔk̚³²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Philippines)
Definitions
[edit]酷
- (Hokkien, business) to drive a hard bargain; to economically take advantage of; to exploit economically; to penny-pinch; to profiteer; to swindle; to cheat; to be stingy/miserly with (such as overpricing to favor sellers or undervaluing to favor buyers)
Synonyms
[edit]- 啄 (tok, top)
References
[edit]- Embree, Bernard L.M. (1973) “khok”, in A Dictionary of Southern Min (overall work in Hokkien, English, and Mandarin), Hong Kong: Hong Kong Language Institute, page 160.
- 小川尚義 (OGAWA Naoyoshi), editor (1931–1932), “酷”, in 臺日大辭典 [Taiwanese-Japanese Dictionary][2] (overall work in Hokkien and Japanese), Taihoku: Government-General of Taiwan, →OCLC, page 491
- 小川尚義 (OGAWA Naoyoshi), editor (1931–1932), “酷”, in 臺日大辭典 [Taiwanese-Japanese Dictionary][3] (overall work in Hokkien and Japanese), Taihoku: Government-General of Taiwan, →OCLC, page 475
- 東方孝義 (TŌHŌ Takayoshi) (1931) “酷”, in 臺日新辭書 [New Taiwanese–Japanese dictionary] (overall work in Hokkien and Japanese), Taihoku: 臺灣警察協會, page 265
- 東方孝義 (TŌHŌ Takayoshi) (1931) “酷”, in 臺日新辭書 [New Taiwanese–Japanese dictionary] (overall work in Hokkien and Japanese), Taihoku: 臺灣警察協會, page 673
- The template Template:R:nan:Campbell does not use the parameter(s):
1=22240
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.William Campbell (1913) “tok (酷 Khok)”, in A dictionary of the Amoy vernacular spoken throughout the prefectures of Chin-Chiu, Chiang-Chiu and Formosa (in Hokkien), 8th edition, Tainan: Taiwan Church Press, published 1961, →OCLC, page 720. - Douglas, Carstairs (1873) “tok”, in Chinese-English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy, [With 1923 Supplement after the Appendix by Thomas Barclay, Shanghai: Commercial Press, Ltd.] edition (overall work in Hokkien and English), London: Trübner & Co., page 526; New Edition (With Chinese Character Glosses) edition, London: Presbyterian Church of England, 1899, page 526
- Douglas, Carstairs (1873) “khok”, in Chinese-English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy, [With 1923 Supplement after the Appendix by Thomas Barclay, Shanghai: Commercial Press, Ltd.] edition (overall work in Hokkien and English), London: Trübner & Co., page 283; New Edition (With Chinese Character Glosses) edition, London: Presbyterian Church of England, 1899, page 283
Japanese
[edit]Shinjitai | 酷 | |
Kyūjitai [1] |
酷󠄁 酷+ 󠄁 ?(Adobe-Japan1) |
|
酷󠄃 酷+ 󠄃 ?(Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) | ||
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |
Kanji
[edit]Readings
[edit]- Go-on: こく (koku, Jōyō)
- Kan-on: こく (koku, Jōyō)
- Kun: きびしい (kibishii, 酷しい)、はなはだ (hanahada, 酷だ)、はなはだしい (hanahadashī, 酷だしい)、ひどい (hidoi, 酷い)、むごい (mugoi, 酷い)
- Nanori: あつ (atsu)
Compounds
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
酷 |
こく Grade: S |
on'yomi |
Ultimately from Middle Chinese 酷 (MC khowk). First cited in Japanese as a standalone term in 1754.[2]
Pronunciation
[edit]Adjective
[edit]酷 • (koku) ←こく (koku)?-na (adnominal 酷な (koku na), adverbial 酷に (koku ni))
- [from 1754] cruel, severe, harsh, merciless
- [from 1878] extremely, excessively
- Synonym: 甚だしい (hanahadashii)
Inflection
[edit]Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Imperfective (未然形) | 酷だろ | こくだろ | koku daro |
Continuative (連用形) | 酷で | こくで | koku de |
Terminal (終止形) | 酷だ | こくだ | koku da |
Attributive (連体形) | 酷な | こくな | koku na |
Hypothetical (仮定形) | 酷なら | こくなら | koku nara |
Imperative (命令形) | 酷であれ | こくであれ | koku de are |
Key constructions | |||
Informal negative | 酷ではない 酷じゃない |
こくではない こくじゃない |
koku de wa nai koku ja nai |
Informal past | 酷だった | こくだった | koku datta |
Informal negative past | 酷ではなかった 酷じゃなかった |
こくではなかった こくじゃなかった |
koku de wa nakatta koku ja nakatta |
Formal | 酷です | こくです | koku desu |
Formal negative | 酷ではありません 酷じゃありません |
こくではありません こくじゃありません |
koku de wa arimasen koku ja arimasen |
Formal past | 酷でした | こくでした | koku deshita |
Formal negative past | 酷ではありませんでした 酷じゃありませんでした |
こくではありませんでした こくじゃありませんでした |
koku de wa arimasen deshita koku ja arimasen deshita |
Conjunctive | 酷で | こくで | koku de |
Conditional | 酷なら(ば) | こくなら(ば) | koku nara (ba) |
Provisional | 酷だったら | こくだったら | koku dattara |
Volitional | 酷だろう | こくだろう | koku darō |
Adverbial | 酷に | こくに | koku ni |
Degree | 酷さ | こくさ | kokusa |
Stem forms | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Irrealis (未然形) | 酷なら | こくなら | kokunara | |
Continuative (連用形) | 酷に[1] 酷なり[2] |
こくに こくなり |
kokuni kokunari | |
Terminal (終止形) | 酷なり | こくなり | kokunari | |
Attributive (連体形) | 酷なる | こくなる | kokunaru | |
Realis (已然形) | 酷なれ | こくなれ | kokunare | |
Imperative (命令形) | 酷なれ | こくなれ | kokunare | |
Key constructions | ||||
Negative | 酷ならず | こくならず | kokunarazu | |
Contrasting conjunction | 酷なれど | こくなれど | kokunaredo | |
Causal conjunction | 酷なれば | こくなれば | kokunareba | |
Conditional conjunction | 酷ならば | こくならば | kokunaraba | |
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 酷なりき | こくなりき | kokunariki | |
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 酷なりけり | こくなりけり | kokunarikeri | |
Adverbial | 酷に | こくに | kokuni | |
[1]Without auxiliary verb. [2]With auxiliary verb. |
Noun
[edit]- [from 1754] cruelty, severity, harshness, mercilessness
References
[edit]- ^ Haga, Gōtarō (1914) 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, , page 2155 (paper), page 1129 (digital)
- ^ “酷”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
Korean
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Middle Chinese 酷 (MC khowk).
Hanja
[edit]Compounds
[edit]References
[edit]- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [4]
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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