造

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造 U+9020, 造
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9020
← 速
[U+901F] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 逡 →
[U+9021]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
10 strokes

Han character[edit]

造 (Kangxi radical 162, 辵+7, 11 strokes in traditional Chinese and Korean, 10 strokes in simplified Chinese and Japanese, cangjie input 卜竹土口 (YHGR), four-corner 34306, composition ⿺辶告)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 1258, character 12
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 38898
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1746, character 6
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3841, character 6
  • Unihan data for U+9020

Chinese[edit]

trad. 造
simp. # 造
alternative forms 艁

Glyph origin[edit]

Characters in the same phonetic series (告) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
造 *skʰuːɡs, *sɡuːʔ
慥 *skʰuːɡs
艁 *skʰuːɡs, *sɡuːʔ
糙 *skʰuːɡs
告 *kuːɡs, *kuːɡ
誥 *kuːɡs
郜 *kuːɡs, *kuːɡ
祰 *kʰuːʔ, *kuːɡ
靠 *kʰuːɡs
浩 *ɡuːʔ, *kuːb
晧 *ɡuːʔ
皓 *ɡuːʔ
窖 *kruːɡs
簉 *skʰruɡs
梏 *kruːɡ, *kuːɡ
硞 *kʰruːɡ, *kʰuːɡ
牿 *kuːɡ
鵠 *kuːɡ, *ɡuːɡ
酷 *kʰuːɡ
焅 *kʰuːɡ
嚳 *kʰuːɡ
頶 *ɡuːɡ

Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *skʰuːɡs, *sɡuːʔ): semantic 辶 (“to walk”) + phonetic 告 (OC *kuːɡs, *kuːɡ).

Etymology 1[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • Quanzhou:
    • chǒ - vernacular;
    • chǒ͘ - literary.
  • (Teochew)
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    • Note:
    • zau5 - used in 造孽 (“pitiful; pitiable”).
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 造
    Mandarin Beijing /t͡sɑu⁵¹/
    Harbin /t͡sau⁵³/
    Tianjin /t͡sɑu⁵³/
    Jinan /t͡sɔ²¹/
    Qingdao /t͡sɔ⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /t͡sau³¹²/
    Xi'an /t͡sʰau⁴⁴/
    Xining /t͡sɔ²¹³/
    Yinchuan /t͡sɔ¹³/
    Lanzhou /t͡sɔ¹³/
    Ürümqi /t͡sɔ²¹³/
    Wuhan /t͡sʰau³⁵/
    Chengdu /t͡sʰau¹³/
    /t͡sau¹³/
    Guiyang /t͡sʰao²¹³/
    Kunming /t͡sʰɔ²¹²/
    Nanjing /t͡sɔo⁴⁴/
    Hefei /t͡sʰɔ⁵³/
    /t͡sɔ⁵³/
    Jin Taiyuan /t͡sʰau⁴⁵/
    Pingyao /t͡sʰɔ³⁵/
    Hohhot /t͡sɔ⁵⁵/
    Wu Shanghai /zɔ²³/
    Suzhou /zæ³¹/
    Hangzhou /d͡zɔ¹³/
    Wenzhou /zɜ³⁵/
    Hui Shexian /t͡sʰɔ²²/
    Tunxi /t͡sʰə²⁴/
    Xiang Changsha /t͡sʰau⁵⁵/ 建～
    /t͡sau¹¹/ ～孽
    Xiangtan /t͡sʰaɯ⁵⁵/
    Gan Nanchang /t͡sʰɑu²¹/
    Hakka Meixian /t͡sʰau⁵³/
    Taoyuan /t͡sʰo⁵⁵/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /t͡sou²²/
    Nanning /t͡su²²/
    Hong Kong /t͡sou²²/
    Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /t͡sʰo²¹/
    Fuzhou (Min Dong) /t͡sʰɔ²¹²/
    Jian'ou (Min Bei) /t͡sau⁴²/
    Shantou (Min Nan) /t͡sau³⁵/
    Haikou (Min Nan) /tau³³/
    Rime
    Character 造
    Reading # 1/2
    Initial (聲) 從 (15)
    Final (韻) 豪 (89)
    Tone (調) Rising (X)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 昨早切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/d͡zɑuX/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/d͡zɑuX/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/d͡zɑuX/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/d͡zawX/
    Li
    Rong         		/d͡zɑuX/
    Wang
    Li         		/d͡zɑuX/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/d͡zʱɑuX/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		zào
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		zou6
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 造
    Reading # 1/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		zào
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ dzawX ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[dzˁ]uʔ/
    English make

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 造
    Reading # 2/2
    No. 3803
    Phonetic
    component         		告
    Rime
    group         		幽
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		皁
    Old
    Chinese         		/*sɡuːʔ/

    Definitions[edit]

    造

    1. to make; to build; to manufacture
      造船  ―  zàochuán  ―  to build a ship
      仿造  ―  fǎngzào  ―  to produce something after a model; to copy
      創造 / 创造  ―  chuàngzào  ―  to create
      造房子  ―  zào fángzǐ  ―  to build a house
      造輿論 / 造舆论  ―  zào yúlùn  ―  to manufacture public opinion
      造一臺手機 / 造一台手机  ―  zào yī tái shǒujī  ―  to manufacture a mobile phone
    2. to make up; to fabricate
      造假帳 / 造假帐  ―  zào jiǎzhàng  ―  to cook the books
      造謠 / 造谣  ―  zàoyáo  ―  to fabricate stories
    3. (colloquial) to spend money without constraint
    4. (literary, obsolete) to start
    5. (literary, obsolete) to establish
    6. (dialectal) harvest of crops
      早造  ―  zǎozào  ―  early crops
    7. (dialectal) Classifier for harvests.
      一年可以收三造米 [Cantonese, trad. and simp.]
      jat1 nin4 ho2 ji5 sau1 saam1 zou6 mai5 [Jyutping]
      to be able to gather three harvests of rice a year
    8. (law) party concerned in the suit

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 造

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Rime
    Character 造
    Reading # 2/2
    Initial (聲) 清 (14)
    Final (韻) 豪 (89)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 七到切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/t͡sʰɑuH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/t͡sʰɑuH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/t͡sʰɑuH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/t͡sʰawH/
    Li
    Rong         		/t͡sʰɑuH/
    Wang
    Li         		/t͡sʰɑuH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/t͡sʰɑuH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		cào
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		cou3
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 造
    Reading # 2/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		zào
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ tshawH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*(mə-)tsʰˁuʔ-s/
    English go to

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 造
    Reading # 1/2
    No. 3799
    Phonetic
    component         		告
    Rime
    group         		奧
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		操
    Old
    Chinese         		/*skʰuːɡs/

    Definitions[edit]

    造

    1. (literary) to go to; to visit; to reach
      造訪 / 造访  ―  zàofǎng  ―  to pay a visit; to call on
      登峰造極 / 登峰造极  ―  dēngfēngzàojí  ―  to reach great heights; to reach the peak of perfection
    2. (literary) attainments; achievements
      造詣 / 造诣  ―  zàoyì  ―  attainments; achievements
    3. (literary) to train
      深造  ―  shēnzào  ―  to pursue advanced studies
      可造之材  ―  kězàozhīcái  ―  a promising talent deserving training
    4. (literary) to give a life
      再造之恩  ―  zàizàozhī'ēn  ―  great benevolence of saving one's life
    5. (literary) era

    Compounds[edit]

    Etymology 3[edit]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Definitions[edit]

    造

    1. Used in 新造 (xīnzào, “Xinzao, a town in Guangzhou”).

    Etymology 4[edit]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Definitions[edit]

    造

    1. (Mandarin, slang) Contraction of 知道 (zhīdào).
      你造嗎？ / 你造吗？  ―  Nǐ zào ma?  ―  Didja know?

    Etymology 5[edit]

    For pronunciation and definitions of 造 – see 𢲵 (“(Sichuan) to stir; to flip over; to rummage”).
    (This character, 造, is a variant form of 𢲵.)

    References[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    造

    (grade 5 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. create, make, physique, structure

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Korean[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 造 (MC d͡zɑuX).

    Historical readings

    Pronunciation[edit]

    • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [t͡ɕo̞(ː)]
    • Phonetic hangul: [조(ː)]
      • Though still prescriptive in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

    Hanja[edit]

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    造 (eumhun 지을 조 (jieul jo))

    1. Hanja form? of 조 (“to create; to make”).
    2. Hanja form? of 조 (“physique; structure”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    Etymology 2[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 造 (MC t͡sʰɑuH).

    Historical readings

    Pronunciation[edit]

    • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [t͡ɕo̞(ː)]
    • Phonetic hangul: [조(ː)]
      • Though still prescriptive in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

    Hanja[edit]

    造 (eumhun 이룰 조 (irul jo))

    1. (literary) Hanja form? of 조 (“to achieve”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    References[edit]

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    造: Hán Nôm readings: tạo, xáo, xạo, tháo

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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