米
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See also: 釆
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Translingual[edit]
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Han character[edit]
米 (Kangxi radical 119, 米+0, 6 strokes, cangjie input 火木 (FD), four-corner 90904, composition ⿻丷木(GHJKV) or ⿻十⿱丷八(T) or ⿻丷⿻十八(T))
- Kangxi radical #119, ⽶.
Derived characters[edit]
- Appendix:Chinese radical/米
- 侎, 咪, 𪤹, 𫰤, 𢘺, 𢬊, 洣, 𤝸, 迷, 𭥻, 𭩽, 𣧲, 毩, 𤇿, 𤥄, 脒, 眯, 𥒄, 𥞪, 䋛, 詸, 𧵵, 𨀷, 𮠩, 𡲸, 銤, 𩗐, 𩡅, 䱊, 𫜇, 𪌬, 𮮒, 𪓋, 𡅊
- 釆, 冞, 夈, 宩, 屎, 㪰, 㫧, 𭽀, 𥅼, 𥞫, 𥥪, 䍘, 𥭁, 𦊮, 𩂮, 𫡿, 𢊪, 𤌟, 𩭄, 𪀳, 麋, 𮒷
- 𫥾, 𫦨, 敉, 料, 𭩼, 𧊾, 頪, 𪀿, 㐘, 𢘻, 𢍨, 𭫮, 麊, 匊, 氣, 𠩕, 𢈍, 𠤻, 𡇒, 𧗱, 歯
References[edit]
- KangXi: page 906, character 31
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 26832
- Dae Jaweon: page 1331, character 28
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3141, character 1
- Unihan data for U+7C73
Chinese[edit]
| trad. | 米 | |
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| simp. # | 米 | |
Glyph origin[edit]
| Historical forms of the character 米 | |||||
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| Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) | |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Pictogram (象形) – rice kernels.
Etymology 1[edit]
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma-j ~ mej (“rice; paddy”). Cognate with Garo mi (“rice”), Atong (India) mai (“rice”), Jingpho ma (“rice; paddy”), Rabha মাই (mai), Dimasa mai.
Pronunciation[edit]
Definitions[edit]
米
- hulled or husked uncooked rice
- husked seed
- grain-like things
- (chiefly Cantonese) Short for 米粉 (mǐfěn, “rice vermicelli”).
- 星洲炒米 ― Xīngzhōu chǎomǐ ― Singapore-style noodles
- A surname.
Synonyms[edit]
Compounds[edit]
Etymology 2[edit]
Short for 米突 (mǐtū), from English metre.
Pronunciation[edit]
Definitions[edit]
米
- metre
Synonyms[edit]
Dialectal synonyms of 米 (“metre”) [map]
Compounds[edit]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- “米”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[3], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- “Entry #2599”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.
Japanese[edit]
Kanji[edit]
米
Readings[edit]
- Go-on: まい (mai, Jōyō)
- Kan-on: べい (bei, Jōyō)
- Kun: こめ (kome, 米, Jōyō); めめ (meme, 米); よね (yone, 米); メートル (mētoru, 米)
- Nanori: こん (kon); たから (takara); めい (mei)
Compounds[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 米 |
| こめ Grade: 2 |
| kun’yomi |
⟨ko2me2⟩ → */kəməj/ → /kome/
From Old Japanese.
Many theories exist regarding the ultimate derivation:
- Perhaps from 籠め (kome), the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 籠める (komeru, “do with one's heart”), from the way rice is farmed.
- Possibly cognate with Proto-Vietic *kəːm (“cooked rice”), modern cơm.
- Possibly cognate with Proto-Austronesian *Semay and Old Chinese 糜 (OC *mral).[1][2] However, none of the known derivations from Proto-Austronesian *Semay develop initial /k/, nor is this shift explainable by any known mechanism within Japonic.
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
- rice (husked grains of the Asian rice plant, Oryza sativa), one of the five grains
- Hypernym: 五穀 (gokoku)
Derived terms[edit]
Proverbs[edit]
Proverbs
- 米の飯とお天道様はどこへ行っても付いて回る (kome no meshi to o-tentō-sama wa doko e itte mo tsuite mawaru)
- 乞食が米を零したよう (kojiki ga kome o koboshita yō)
- 糠を舐りて米に及ぶ (nuka o neburi te kome ni oyobu)
- 熊野松風は米の飯 (Yuya Matsukaze wa kome no meshi)
Coordinate terms[edit]
- 五穀 (gokoku, “five grains”): 米 (kome, “rice”), 麦 (mugi, “wheat”), 粟 (awa, “foxtail millet”), 黍 (kibi, “proso millet”), 豆 (mame, “soybeans”)
See also[edit]
Proper noun[edit]
- a female given name
- a surname
Etymology 2[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 米 |
| よね Grade: 2 |
| kun’yomi |
⟨yo2nai⟩ → */jənai/ → */jəne/ → /jone/
First attested in the Wamyō Ruijushō (938 CE).
Possibly from Proto-Japonic *jənaC- (Vovin, 1998)[6] and related to 稲 (ine, “rice plant”).
Unknown "-C-" consonantal segment, reconstructed by Vovin, seems unlikely considering [a ~ e] vowel alternation, seen in bound form yona- and free form yone:[7]
- Compare 藍 (awi → ai, “indigo”) from 青 (awo → ao, “blue”) + い (i, emphatic nominative particle)[8] against 白い /siroi/ from ⟨siro1ki1⟩.[9]
The colloquial sense is derived from the components of the 米 kanji: 八 (hachi, “eight”) + 十 (jū, “ten”) + 八 (hachi, “eight”).
Noun[edit]
- the Asian rice plant, Oryza sativa
- Synonym: 稲 (ine)
- rice (husked grains of the Asian rice plant, Oryza sativa)
- (colloquial) an eighty-eight-year-old
- Synonym: 米寿 (beiju)
Derived terms[edit]
Proper noun[edit]
- a female given name
- a surname
Etymology 3[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 米 |
| めめ Grade: 2 |
| kun’yomi |
First attested around the Edo period.
Probably a shortened reduplication of kome (see above). (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)
Noun[edit]
- (colloquial) rice (husked grains of the rice plant)
Etymology 4[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 米 |
| めーとる Grade: 2 |
| kun’yomi |
Borrowing from French mètre.[3]
The use of this kanji is attested in the Meiji period and is an example of ateji (当て字), shortened from Mandarin 米突 (mǐtū), see Chinese section above.
Pronunciation[edit]
Noun[edit]
- Rare spelling of メートル (mētoru): meter, metre (SI unit of length)
- Rare spelling of メーター (mētā): a device or implement used for measurement
Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms
- 粍 (mirimētoru, “millimeter, millimetre”)
- 糎 (senchimētoru, “centimeter, centimetre”)
- 粉 (deshimētoru, “decimeter, decimetre”)
- 籵 (dekamētoru, “decameter, decametre”)
- 粨 (hekutomētoru, “hectometer, hectometre”)
- 粁 (kiromētoru, “kilometer, kilometre”)
Coordinate terms[edit]
See also[edit]
See also
Etymology 5[edit]
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 米 |
| べい Grade: 2 |
| on’yomi |
From Middle Chinese 米 (MC meiX).
Pronunciation[edit]
Affix[edit]
- rice
- Short for アメリカ合衆国／亜米利加合衆国 (Amerika Gasshūkoku, “United States (a country)”).
- 米国 (Beikoku, “US”)
- 日米関係 (Nichi-Bei kankei, “Japan–United States relations”)
References[edit]
|
- Source: EDICT and KANJIDIC files licensed by the Electronic Dictionaries Research Group.
- ^
- ^
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ 1974, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Second Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō
- ^ 1960, Tetsuo Hirayama (平山輝男, editor), 全国アクセント辞典 (Zenkoku Akusento Jiten, “Nationwide Accent Dictionary”), (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō, →ISBN
- ^ Whitman, John (2012). "Northeast Asian Linguistic Ecology and the Advent of Rice Agriculture in Korea and Japan, Rice, Volume 4, Issue 3–4, pp 149–158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12284-011-9080-0
- ^ Salingre, Maëlys Apophonic toponyms in Japanese 2019
- ^ Thomas Pellard (2013). Ryukyuan perspectives on the proto-Japonic vowel system. Frellesvig, Bjarke; Sells, Peter. Japanese/Korean Linguistics 20, CSLI Publications, pp.81–96, 2013.
- ^ Hamano, S. "Voicing of Obstruents in Old Japanese: Evidence from the Sound-Symbolic Stratum." Journal of East Asian Linguistics (2000) 9. 3: 207-225. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008367619295
Korean[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Middle Chinese 米 (MC meiX).
| Historical Readings | ||
|---|---|---|
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | 몡〯 (Yale: myěy) | |
| Middle Korean | ||
| Text | Eumhun | |
| Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
| Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[4] | ᄡᆞᆯ〮 (Yale: psól) | 미〯 (Yale: mǐ) |
Pronunciation[edit]
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [mi]
- Phonetic hangul: [미]
Hanja[edit]
Compounds[edit]
Compounds
References[edit]
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [5]
Old Korean[edit]
Suffix[edit]
米 (*-moy?)
Reconstruction notes[edit]
- This form is attested commonly in the hyangga poems of the first millennium, but nowhere else.
- In the twentieth century, this was conventionally compared to Modern Korean 으매 (-eumae, “because, since”), but this seems impossible given that the modern construction is a grammaticalization of elements not found in Old Korean, and is not attested in Middle Korean.
- Some scholars believe it is a mere orthographic variant of 㢱 (*-mye, connective suffix).
Further reading[edit]
- 이용 (Yi-Yong) (1999) 연결 어미의 형성에 관한 연구 [Study of the formation of connective suffixes], Seoul City University (PhD), pages 144—146
- 김지오 (Kim Ji-o) (2019), “고대국어 연결어미 연구의 현황과 과제 [The conditions and future tasks of analyzing connective endings in Old Korean]”, in Gugyeol Yeon'gu, volume 43, pages 55–87
Vietnamese[edit]
Han character[edit]
米: Hán Việt readings: mễ (
米: Nôm readings: mễ[1][2][3][4], mè[1]
Compounds[edit]
References[edit]
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