藍
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Translingual
[edit]Han character
[edit]藍 (Kangxi radical 140, 艸+14 in Chinese and Korean, 艸+15 in Japanese, 18 strokes in traditional Chinese, Japanese and Korean, 17 strokes in mainland China, cangjie input 廿尸戈廿 (TSIT) or 廿尸一廿 (TSMT), four-corner 44107, composition ⿱艹監)
Derived characters
[edit]References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 1064, character 16
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 32258
- Dae Jaweon: page 1528, character 35
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3311, character 8
- Unihan data for U+85CD
Chinese
[edit]trad. | 藍 | |
---|---|---|
simp. | 蓝 | |
2nd round simp. | 兰 |
Glyph origin
[edit]Old Chinese | |
---|---|
藍 | *ɡ·raːm |
襤 | *ɡ·raːm |
籃 | *ɡ·raːm |
懢 | *ɡ·raːm, *ɡ·raːms |
儖 | *ɡ·raːm |
蘫 | *ɡ·raːm, *qʰlaːms |
攬 | *ɡ·raːmʔ |
欖 | *ɡ·raːmʔ |
覽 | *ɡ·raːmʔ |
爁 | *ɡ·raːmʔ, *ɡ·raːms, *ɡ·rams |
擥 | *ɡ·raːmʔ |
灠 | *ɡ·raːmʔ |
濫 | *ɡ·raːms, *ɡraːmʔ |
嚂 | *ɡ·raːms, *kʰlaːms, *qʰlaːmʔ |
纜 | *ɡ·raːms |
監 | *kraːm, *kraːms |
礛 | *kraːm |
鑑 | *kraːm, *kraːms, *kraːms |
艦 | *ɡraːmʔ |
檻 | *ɡraːmʔ, *ɡraːms |
壏 | *ɡraːmʔ |
轞 | *ɡraːmʔ |
鹽 | *ɡ·lam, *ɡ·lams |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *ɡ·raːm) : semantic 艸 (“grass”) + phonetic 監 (OC *kraːm, *kraːms).
Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-ram (“indigo”); cognate with Lepcha ᰛᰤᰨᰮ (ryom), Mru [script needed] (charam), Tibetan རམས (rams, “indigo”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007; Hill, 2019). However, Laufer (1916) considers the Tibetan word to be borrowed from Chinese.
Schuessler (2007) considers this an areal word, possibly from Southeast Asia; cf. Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *taʀum (“indigo plant and dye”) (> Malay tarum).
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): nan2
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): лан (lan, I)
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): lan4
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): lan1
- Northern Min (KCR): lâng
- Eastern Min (BUC): làng
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): lang2
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6le
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): lan2
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄌㄢˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: lán
- Wade–Giles: lan2
- Yale: lán
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lan
- Palladius: лань (lanʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /län³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: nan2
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: lan
- Sinological IPA (key): /nan²¹/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: лан (lan, I)
- Sinological IPA (key): /læ̃²⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: laam4
- Yale: làahm
- Cantonese Pinyin: laam4
- Guangdong Romanization: lam4
- Sinological IPA (key): /laːm²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: lam3
- Sinological IPA (key): /lam²²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: lan4
- Sinological IPA (key): /lan³⁵/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: làm
- Hakka Romanization System: lamˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: lam2
- Sinological IPA: /lam¹¹/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: lan1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /læ̃¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: lâng
- Sinological IPA (key): /laŋ³³/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: làng
- Sinological IPA (key): /l̃aŋ⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Puxian Min
- (Putian, Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: lang2
- Sinological IPA (key): /laŋ¹³/
- (Putian, Xianyou)
- Southern Min
- nâ - vernacular (incl. surname);
- lâm - literary.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: lam5 / nam5 / nang5 / na5
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: lâm / nâm / nâng / nâ
- Sinological IPA (key): /lam⁵⁵/, /nam⁵⁵/, /naŋ⁵⁵/, /na⁵⁵/
- lam5 - Chaozhou, Raoping;
- nam5 - Shantou, Chaoyang, Jieyang, Pontianak;
- nang5 - Chenghai;
- na5 - surname.
- Dialectal data
- Middle Chinese: lam
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*[N-k.]rˤam/
- (Zhengzhang): /*ɡ·raːm/
Definitions
[edit]藍
- blue
- indigo plant (Indigofera tinctoria)
- (politics) related to the pro-unification pan-Blue coalition of Taiwan
- (HK politics) supportive of the Hong Kong Police Force and the Hong Kong government
- (literary) Short for 伽藍/伽蓝 (qiélán, “Buddhist temple”).
- a surname: Lan
Synonyms
[edit]See also
[edit]Descendants
[edit]Others:
- → Proto-Hmong-Mien: *ŋglam ~ ŋgram (“indigo”)
- White Hmong: nkaj
- → Proto-Tai: *g.raːmᴬ (“indigo”)
- → Proto-Tai: *kromꟲ (“indigo”)
- →? Proto-Vietic: *ɟaːm (“indigo”)
- → Khmer: ត្រុំ (trom)
- → Zhuang: lamz
Compounds
[edit]- 二藍/二蓝
- 亞甲藍/亚甲蓝 (yàjiǎlán)
- 亮藍/亮蓝
- 伽藍/伽蓝 (qiélán)
- 伽藍鳥/伽蓝鸟 (qiélánniǎo)
- 僧伽藍/僧伽蓝
- 天藍色/天蓝色 (tiānlánsè)
- 寶藍/宝蓝 (bǎolán)
- 寶藍色/宝蓝色
- 小藍人/小蓝人 (xiǎolánrén)
- 景泰藍/景泰蓝 (jǐngtàilán)
- 普魯士藍/普鲁士蓝 (pǔlǔshìlán)
- 毛藍/毛蓝
- 水渰藍橋/水渰蓝桥
- 海軍藍/海军蓝 (hǎijūnlán)
- 湛藍/湛蓝 (zhànlán)
- 燒藍/烧蓝
- 甘藍/甘蓝 (gānlán)
- 發藍/发蓝
- 碧藍/碧蓝 (bìlán)
- 碧藍如黛/碧蓝如黛
- 篳路藍縷/筚路蓝缕 (bìlùlánlǚ)
- 結球甘藍/结球甘蓝 (jiéqiú gānlán)
- 絞股藍/绞股蓝 (jiǎogǔlán)
- 胡藍之獄/胡蓝之狱
- 芥藍/芥蓝
- 芥藍菜/芥蓝菜
- 蔚藍/蔚蓝 (wèilán)
- 蓼藍/蓼蓝 (liǎolán)
- 蓽路藍縷/荜路蓝缕 (bìlùlánlǚ)
- 蓽露藍蔞/荜露蓝蒌 (bìlùlánlǚ)
- 薄藍/薄蓝
- 藍傘/蓝伞
- 藍十字會/蓝十字会
- 藍單/蓝单
- 藍圖/蓝图 (lántú)
- 藍天/蓝天 (lántiān)
- 藍姑草/蓝姑草
- 藍寶石/蓝宝石 (lánbǎoshí)
- 藍尼羅河/蓝尼罗河 (Lánníluóhé)
- 藍德公司/蓝德公司
- 藍晶/蓝晶
- 藍晶晶/蓝晶晶 (lánjīngjīng)
- 藍普燈/蓝普灯
- 藍晶石/蓝晶石
- 藍本/蓝本 (lánběn)
- 藍橋/蓝桥 (Lánqiáo)
- 藍橋會/蓝桥会
- 藍波/蓝波
- 藍波主義/蓝波主义
- 藍湛湛/蓝湛湛 (lánzhànzhàn)
- 藍玉/蓝玉
- 藍瑩瑩/蓝莹莹 (lányíngyíng)
- 藍田/蓝田 (Lántián)
- 藍田出玉/蓝田出玉
- 藍田猿人/蓝田猿人
- 藍田玉/蓝田玉
- 藍田生玉/蓝田生玉 (lántiánshēngyù)
- 藍田種玉/蓝田种玉
- 藍田遺址/蓝田遗址
- 藍皮書/蓝皮书
- 藍皮綠骨/蓝皮绿骨 (lánpílǜgǔ)
- 藍盈盈/蓝盈盈
- 藍礬/蓝矾
- 藍籌/蓝筹 (lánchóu)
- 藍籌股/蓝筹股 (lánchóugǔ)
- 藍綠藻/蓝绿藻 (lánlǜzǎo)
- 藍縷/蓝缕 (lánlǚ)
- 藍翎/蓝翎
- 藍色/蓝色 (lánsè)
- 藍菊/蓝菊 (lánjú)
- 藏藍/藏蓝
- 藍藻/蓝藻 (lánzǎo)
- 藍蝴蝶/蓝蝴蝶
- 藍衫/蓝衫
- 藍調/蓝调 (lándiào)
- 藍閃閃/蓝闪闪
- 藍關/蓝关 (Lánguān)
- 藍青/蓝青 (lánqīng)
- 藍青官話/蓝青官话 (lánqīng guānhuà)
- 藍靛/蓝靛 (lándiàn)
- 藍領/蓝领 (lánlǐng)
- 藍領階級/蓝领阶级
- 藍鬍子/蓝胡子
- 藍鯨/蓝鲸 (lánjīng)
- 藍黑/蓝黑
- 藍點頦/蓝点颏
- 藍鼓藻/蓝鼓藻
- 衣冠藍縷/衣冠蓝缕
- 衣衫藍褸/衣衫蓝褛 (yīshānlánlǚ)
- 迦藍/迦蓝
- 鈷藍/钴蓝
- 青出於藍/青出于蓝 (qīngchūyúlán)
- 青過於藍/青过于蓝
- 靛藍/靛蓝 (diànlán)
Japanese
[edit]Kanji
[edit]- the Japanese indigo or Chinese indigo plant, Persicaria tinctoria
- the color indigo
- kanji used to transliterate Buddhist terms borrowed from Sanskrit
Readings
[edit]- Go-on: らん (ran, Jōyō)←らん (ran, historical)←らむ (ramu, ancient)
- Kan-on: らん (ran, Jōyō)←らん (ran, historical)←らむ (ramu, ancient)
- Kun: あい (ai, 藍, Jōyō)←あゐ (awi, あゐ, historical)
Compounds
[edit]- 藍衣社 (Ran'isha)
- 藍玉 (rangyoku): aquamarine (gem)
- 藍紫色 (ranshishoku)
- 藍綬褒章 (Ranju Hōshō)
- 藍晶石 (ranshōseki, “cyanite”)
- 藍色 (ranshoku): the color indigo: dark blue
- 藍閃石 (ransenseki)
- 藍藻 (ransō)
- 藍鉄鉱 (rantekkō)
- 藍田 (Randen)
- 藍靛 (ranten)
- 藍銅鉱 (randōkō)
- 藍毘尼園 (Ranbini-on)
- 藍碧 (ranpeki)
- 芥藍 (kairan)
- 伽藍 (garan)
- 甘藍 (kanran)
- 洎夫藍 (safuran)
- 芥藍菜 (jierantsai)
- 出藍 (shutsuran)
- 青藍 (seiran)
- 僧伽藍摩 (sōgaranma)
- 堆藍 (tairan)
- 洞庭藍 (tōteiran)
- 銅藍 (dōran)
- 白藍 (hakuran)
- 板藍根 (banrankon)
- 毘藍婆 (Biranba)
- 洋藍 (yōran)
Etymology
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
藍 |
あい Grade: S |
kun'yomi |
/awi/ → */aji/ → /ai/
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *awoy.
There are various theories regarding the ultimate derivation, all suggesting a relation to 青 (awo → ao, “blue”):
- May be an alteration from 青色 (awoiro → aoiro):
- ⟨awoiro2⟩ → /awoirə/ → /awɨrə/ → /airo/ → /ai/
- May be a fusion of 青 (awo → ao) and い (i, emphatic particle)[1]
- */awo i/ → */awɨ/ → */awi/ → */aji/ → /ai/
- May be derived from a compound of 青 (awo → ao) + 居 (wi → i, “there is”), expressing the sense that the indigo plant contains the color blue:
- /awowi/ → */awːɨ/ → /awi/ → */aji/ → /ai/
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]藍 or 藍 • (ai) ←あゐ (awi) or アヰ (awi)?
- the Japanese indigo or Chinese indigo plant, Persicaria tinctoria
- the color indigo, from the dye processed from the stems and leaves of various indigo plants
- Short for 藍蝋 (airō): indigo pigment made from boiled-down indigo dye liquid
Usage notes
[edit]As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as アイ.
Derived terms
[edit]- 藍色 (aiiro)
- 藍絵 (ai-e)
- 藍返し (aigaeshi)
- 藍型 (aigata)
- 藍紙 (aigami)
- 藍瓶, 藍甕 (aigame)
- 藍革 (aikawa)
- 藍隈 (aiguma)
- 藍子 (aigo)
- 藍鮫 (aizame)
- 藍下 (aishita)
- 藍汁 (aishiru)
- 藍住 (Aizumi)
- 藍墨 (aizumi)
- 藍摺り (aizuri)
- 藍染, 藍染め (aizome)
- 藍建て (aidate)
- 藍蓼 (aitade)
- 藍茸 (aitake)
- 藍玉 (aidama) an indigo ball
- 藍韋 (ai-nameshi)
- 藍鼠 (ainezumi): bluish gray
- 藍花 (aibana)
- 藍棒 (aibō)
- 藍微塵 (ai-mijin)
- 藍水泥 (aimidoro)
- 藍海松茶 (aimirucha)
- 藍屋 (aiya)
- 藍焼, 藍焼き (aiyaki)
- 藍役 (aiyaku)
- 藍蝋 (airō): indigo pigment made from boiled-down indigo dye liquid
- 紫陽花 (ajisai)
- インド藍 (Indo-ai)
- 薄藍 (usuai)
- 韓藍 (karaai)
- 木藍 (kiai)
- 紅 (kurenai), 呉の藍 (Kure-no-ai)
- 濃藍 (koai), 濃藍 (koiai)
- 紺藍 (kon-ai)
- 地入れ藍 (jiire ai)
- 白藍 (shiroai)
- 人造藍 (jinzō-ai)
- 蓼藍 (tadeai)
- 漬藍 (tsukeai)
- 天然藍 (tennen-ai)
- 泥藍 (doroai)
- 二藍 (futa-ai)
- ベロ藍 (bero-ai)
- 襤褸藍 (boro-ai)
- 本藍 (hon-ai)
- 揉み藍 (momiai)
- 山藍 (yamaai), 山藍 (yamai)
- 琉球藍 (Ryūkyū-ai)
Proverbs
[edit]- 青は藍より出でて藍より青し (ao wa ai yori idete ai yori aoshi)
Proper noun
[edit]- a female given name
- a surname
References
[edit]- ^ Thomas Pellard (2013). Ryukyuan perspectives on the proto-Japonic vowel system. Frellesvig, Bjarke; Sells, Peter. Japanese/Korean Linguistics 20, CSLI Publications, pp.81–96, 2013.
- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
- ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
Further reading
[edit]- Entry at Nihonjiten (in Japanese)
Korean
[edit]Hanja
[edit]藍 (eumhun 쪽 람 (jjok ram), word-initial (South Korea) 쪽 남 (jjok nam))
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}
.
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]藍: Hán Nôm readings: lam, chàm, rôm, rườm, trôm, xám
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}
.
References
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- Japanese given names
- Japanese female given names
- Japanese surnames
- ja:Buckwheat family plants
- ja:Blues
- Korean lemmas
- Korean hanja
- Vietnamese lemmas
- Vietnamese Han characters