艦

See also: 舰

艦 U+8266, 艦 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8266 ← 艥 [U+8265] CJK Unified Ideographs 艧 → [U+8267]

Translingual

Han character

艦 (Kangxi radical 137, 舟+14 in Chinese, 舟+15 in Japanese, 20 strokes in Chinese, 21 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 竹卜尸戈廿 (HYSIT) or 竹卜尸一廿 (HYSMT), four-corner 2841₇, composition ⿰舟監)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 1013, character 1
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30571
• Dae Jaweon: page 1471, character 29
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3069, character 8
• Unihan data for U+8266

Chinese

trad.		艦
simp.		舰*
nonstandard simp.		𮶙

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (監) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
藍	*ɡ·raːm
襤	*ɡ·raːm
籃	*ɡ·raːm
懢	*ɡ·raːm, *ɡ·raːms
儖	*ɡ·raːm
蘫	*ɡ·raːm, *qʰlaːms
攬	*ɡ·raːmʔ
欖	*ɡ·raːmʔ
覽	*ɡ·raːmʔ
爁	*ɡ·raːmʔ, *ɡ·raːms, *ɡ·rams
擥	*ɡ·raːmʔ
灠	*ɡ·raːmʔ
濫	*ɡ·raːms, *ɡraːmʔ
嚂	*ɡ·raːms, *kʰlaːms, *qʰlaːmʔ
纜	*ɡ·raːms
監	*kraːm, *kraːms
礛	*kraːm
鑑	*kraːm, *kraːms, *kraːms
艦	*ɡraːmʔ
檻	*ɡraːmʔ, *ɡraːms
壏	*ɡraːmʔ
轞	*ɡraːmʔ
鹽	*ɡ·lam, *ɡ·lams

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡraːmʔ): semantic 舟 + phonetic 監 (OC *kraːm, *kraːms).

Etymology

"Warship (with boards installed on its four sides to defend against arrow attacks)" (Shiming) > "warship" > "ship" (Guangya). A specialised character derived from 檻 (OC *ɡraːmʔ, *ɡraːms, “fence, railing, board”); see there for more on the external etymology.

This character is a classic example of historical misreadings of unfamiliar characters. The l- initial in southern dialects is probably due to confusion with 濫 (MC lamH, “to overflow”), not due to divergent evolutions of the Old Chinese cluster initial *gr- as this character is often cited as an example of. Likewise, the readings in other Chinese are misreadings, although this is more subtle. Expected Mandarin reflex is xiàn, and jiàn is due to confusion with 鑑 (MC kaemH, “mirror; to reflect”). Wu and Eastern Min readings are results of confusion with 檻 / 槛 (“doorsill”). Despite these irregularities, all the Sinoxenic readings are regular.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): jiàn (jian⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄢˋ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): jian⁴

  (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): jiān

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): laam⁶

  (Dongguan, Jyutping++): ngaang⁴

• Gan (Wiktionary): gan⁴
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): kam

  (Meixian, Guangdong): gam⁴

• Jin (Wiktionary): jie³
• Northern Min (KCR): ka̿ng
• Eastern Min (BUC): kāng
• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): lang⁵
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): lām / hām / kàm

  (Teochew, Peng'im): lam²

  (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): lam²

• Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): laam⁵
• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵khe
• Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): gan⁴

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jiàn
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jiàn
    • Wade–Giles: chien⁴
    • Yale: jyàn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiann
    • Palladius: цзянь (czjanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: jian⁴
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gian
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕiɛn²¹³/
  • (Xi'an)
    • Guanzhong Pinyin: jiān
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕiã⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: laam⁶
    • Yale: laahm
    • Cantonese Pinyin: laam⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: lam⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /laːm²²/
  • (Dongguan, Guancheng)
    • Jyutping++: ngaang⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋaŋ²¹/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: gan⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kan³⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kam
    • Hakka Romanization System: gam
    • Hagfa Pinyim: gam⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /kam⁵⁵/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: gam⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /kam⁵³/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: jie³
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕie⁴⁵/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ka̿ng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰaŋ³³/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: kāng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰaŋ³³/
• Puxian Min
  • (Putian)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: lang⁵
    • Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: lāng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /laŋ¹¹/
  • (Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: lang⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /laŋ²¹/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lām
    • Tâi-lô: lām
    • Phofsit Daibuun: lam
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /lam⁴¹/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /lam²²/
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /lam³³/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hām
    • Tâi-lô: hām
    • Phofsit Daibuun: ham
    • IPA (Xiamen): /ham²²/
  • (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kàm
    • Tâi-lô: kàm
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kaxm
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kam²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kam¹¹/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: lam²
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: lám
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lam⁵²/
  • (Leizhou)
    • Leizhou Pinyin: lam²
    • Sinological IPA: /lam³¹/
• Southern Pinghua
  • (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
    • Jyutping++: laam⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lam²⁴/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁵khe
    • MiniDict: khe^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²khe
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kʰe³⁴/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: gan⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kan⁴⁵/

---

• Middle Chinese: haemX

Rime
Character	艦
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	銜 (149)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	胡黤切
Baxter	haemX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦˠamX/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦᵚamX/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣamX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦaɨmX/
Li Rong	/ɣamX/
Wang Li	/ɣamX/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ɣamX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xiàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	haam6

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡraːmʔ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	艦
Reading #	1/1
No.	6109
Phonetic component	監
Rime group	談
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	檻
Old Chinese	/*ɡraːmʔ/
Notes	見釋名

Definitions

艦

1. warship

Compounds

• 主力艦 / 主力舰 (zhǔlìjiàn)
• 兵艦 / 兵舰 (bīngjiàn)
• 戰艦 / 战舰 (zhànjiàn)
• 旗艦 / 旗舰 (qíjiàn)
• 母艦 / 母舰 (mǔjiàn)
• 炮艦 / 炮舰 (pàojiàn)
• 無敵艦隊 / 无敌舰队
• 第七艦隊 / 第七舰队
• 義勇艦隊 / 义勇舰队
• 航空母艦 / 航空母舰 (hángkōng mǔjiàn)
• 船艦 / 船舰
• 艦橋 / 舰桥 (jiànqiáo)
• 艦炮 / 舰炮
• 艦艇 / 舰艇 (jiàntǐng)
• 艦長 / 舰长 (jiànzhǎng)
• 艦隊 / 舰队 (jiànduì)
• 艦隻 / 舰只 (jiànzhī)
• 護衛艦 / 护卫舰 (hùwèijiàn)
• 軍艦 / 军舰 (jūnjiàn)
• 軍艦鳥 / 军舰鸟
• 巡洋艦 / 巡洋舰 (xúnyángjiàn)
• 巡防艦 / 巡防舰 (xúnfángjiàn)
• 驅潛艦 / 驱潜舰
• 驅逐艦 / 驱逐舰 (qūzhújiàn)
• 鬥艦 / 斗舰

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (艦):

• → Japanese: 艦(かん) (kan)
• → Korean: 함(艦) (ham)
• → Vietnamese: hạm (艦)

References

• “艦”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

艦

(Jōyō kanji)

Readings

• Go-on: げん (gen)^{←げん (gen, historical)←げむ (gemu, ancient)}
• Kan-on: かん (kan, Jōyō)^{←かん (kan, historical)←かむ (kamu, ancient)}
• Kun: いくさぶね (ikusabune, 艦)

Pronunciation

Kanji in this term
艦
かん Grade: S
on'yomi

• (Tokyo) かん [káꜜǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [kã̠ɴ]

Noun

艦(かん) • (kan) 

1. warship

Synonyms

• 軍艦(ぐんかん) (gunkan)

Derived terms

• 母艦(ぼかん) (bokan): mothership
• 航空母艦(こうくうぼかん) (kōkū bokan): aircraft carrier

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 艦 (MC haemX).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448	ᅘᅡᆷ〯 (Yale: hhǎm)
Middle Korean
Text	Eumhun
	Gloss (hun)	Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2]	ᄇᆡ〮 (Yale: póy)	함〯 (Yale: hǎm)

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ha̠(ː)m]
• Phonetic hangul: [함(ː)]
  • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Wikisource

艦 (eumhun 싸움배 함 (ssaumbae ham))

1. hanja form^? of 함 (“warship”) [noun]

Compounds

• 군함 (軍艦, gunham)
• 모함 (母艦, moham)
• 쇄빙함 (碎氷艦, swaebingham)
• 잠수함 (潛水艦, jamsuham)
• 전함 (戰艦, jeonham)
• 함교 (艦橋, hamgyo)
• 함대 (艦隊, hamdae)
• 함렬 (艦列, hamnyeol)
• 함미 (艦尾, hammi)
• 함선 (艦船, hamseon)
• 함장 (艦長, hamjang)
• 함정 (艦艇, hamjeong)
• 함포 (艦砲, hampo)
• 항공모함 (航空母艦, hanggongmoham)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

Vietnamese

Han character

艦: Hán Nôm readings: hạm

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