艦

See also: 舰

艦 U+8266, 艦 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8266 ← 艥 [U+8265] CJK Unified Ideographs 艧 → [U+8267]

Translingual

Han character

艦 (Kangxi radical 137, 舟+14 in Chinese, 舟+15 in Japanese, 20 strokes in Chinese, 21 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 竹卜尸戈廿 (HYSIT) or 竹卜尸一廿 (HYSMT), four-corner 2841₇, composition ⿰舟監)

References

• KangXi: page 1013, character 1
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30571
• Dae Jaweon: page 1471, character 29
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3069, character 8
• Unihan data for U+8266

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Chinese

trad.		艦
simp.		舰*

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (監) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
藍	*ɡ·raːm
襤	*ɡ·raːm
籃	*ɡ·raːm
懢	*ɡ·raːm, *ɡ·raːms
儖	*ɡ·raːm
蘫	*ɡ·raːm, *qʰlaːms
攬	*ɡ·raːmʔ
欖	*ɡ·raːmʔ
覽	*ɡ·raːmʔ
爁	*ɡ·raːmʔ, *ɡ·raːms, *ɡ·rams
擥	*ɡ·raːmʔ
灠	*ɡ·raːmʔ
濫	*ɡ·raːms, *ɡraːmʔ
嚂	*ɡ·raːms, *kʰlaːms, *qʰlaːmʔ
纜	*ɡ·raːms
監	*kraːm, *kraːms
礛	*kraːm
鑑	*kraːm, *kraːms, *kraːms
艦	*ɡraːmʔ
檻	*ɡraːmʔ, *ɡraːms
壏	*ɡraːmʔ
轞	*ɡraːmʔ
鹽	*ɡ·lam, *ɡ·lams

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɡraːmʔ): semantic 舟 + phonetic 監 (OC *kraːm, *kraːms).

Etymology

"Warship (with boards installed on its four sides to defend against arrow attacks)" (Shiming) > "warship" > "ship" (Guangya). A specialised character derived from 檻 (OC *ɡraːmʔ, *ɡraːms, “fence, railing, board”); see there for more on the external etymology.

This character is a classic example of historical misreadings of unfamiliar characters. The l- initial in southern dialects is probably due to confusion with 濫 (MC lɑm^H, “to overflow”), not due to divergent evolutions of the Old Chinese cluster initial *gr- as this character is often cited as an example of. Likewise, the readings in other Chinese are misreadings, although this is more subtle. Expected Mandarin reflex is xiàn, and jiàn is due to confusion with 鑑 (MC kˠam^H, “mirror; to reflect”). Wu and Min Dong readings are results of confusion with 檻 (MC ɦˠam^X, “doorsill”). Despite these irregularities, all the Sinoxenic readings are regular.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): jiàn (jian⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄢˋ

  (Chengdu, SP): jian⁴

• Cantonese (Jyutping): laam⁶
• Gan (Wiktionary): gan⁴
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): kam

  (Meixian, Guangdong): gam⁴

• Jin (Wiktionary): jie³
• Min Bei (KCR): ka̿ng
• Min Dong (BUC): kāng
• Min Nan

  (Hokkien, POJ): lām / hām / kàm

  (Teochew, Peng'im): lam²

• Wu (Wiktionary): khe (T2)
• Xiang (Wiktionary): gan⁴

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Pinyin: jiàn
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢˋ
    • Wade–Giles: chien4
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiann
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jiàn
    • Wade–Giles: chien4
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕjɛn⁵¹/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: jian⁴
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gian
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕiɛn²¹³/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: laam⁶
    • Yale: laahm
    • Cantonese Pinyin: laam⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: lam⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /läːm²²/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: gan⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kan³⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kam
    • Hakka Romanization System: gam
    • Hagfa Pinyim: gam⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /kam⁵⁵/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: gam⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /kam⁵³/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: jie³
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕie⁴⁵/
• Min Bei
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ka̿ng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰaŋ³³/
• Min Dong
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: kāng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰaŋ³³/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lām
    • Tâi-lô: lām
    • Phofsit Daibuun: lam
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /lam⁴¹/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /lam²²/
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /lam³³/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hām
    • Tâi-lô: hām
    • Phofsit Daibuun: ham
    • IPA (Xiamen): /ham²²/
  • (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kàm
    • Tâi-lô: kàm
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kaxm
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kam²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kam¹¹/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: lam²
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: lám
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lam⁵²/
• Wu
  • (Shanghainese)
    • Wiktionary: khe (T2)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰe̞³⁴/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: gan⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kan⁴⁵/

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• Middle Chinese: /ɦˠam^X/

Rime
Character	艦
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	銜 (149)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	胡黤切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦˠamX/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦᵚamX/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣamX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦaɨmX/
Li Rong	/ɣamX/
Wang Li	/ɣamX/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɣamX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xiàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	haam6

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡraːmʔ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	艦
Reading #	1/1
No.	6109
Phonetic component	監
Rime group	談
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	檻
Old Chinese	/*ɡraːmʔ/
Notes	見釋名

Definitions

艦

1. warship

Compounds

• 兵艦／兵舰 (bīngjiàn)
• 巡洋艦／巡洋舰 (xúnyángjiàn)
• 巡防艦／巡防舰
• 戰艦／战舰 (zhànjiàn)
• 旗艦／旗舰 (qíjiàn)
• 母艦／母舰 (mǔjiàn)
• 炮艦／炮舰 (pàojiàn)
• 無敵艦隊／无敌舰队

• 第七艦隊／第七舰队
• 義勇艦隊／义勇舰队
• 航空母艦／航空母舰 (hángkōng mǔjiàn)
• 船艦／船舰
• 艦橋／舰桥
• 艦炮／舰炮
• 艦艇／舰艇 (jiàntǐng)
• 艦長／舰长 (jiànzhǎng)

• 艦隊／舰队 (jiànduì)
• 艦隻／舰只
• 護衛艦／护卫舰 (hùwèijiàn)
• 軍艦／军舰 (jūnjiàn)
• 軍艦鳥／军舰鸟
• 驅潛艦／驱潜舰
• 驅逐艦／驱逐舰 (qūzhújiàn)
• 鬥艦／斗舰

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (艦):

• → Japanese: 艦(かん) (kan)
• → Korean: 함 (艦, ham)
• → Vietnamese: hạm (艦)

References

• “艦”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

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Japanese

Kanji

艦

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

Readings

• Go-on: げん (gen)
• Kan-on: かん (kan, Jōyō)
• Kun: いくさぶね (ikusabune, 艦)

Pronunciation

Kanji in this term
艦
かん Grade: S
on’yomi

• On’yomi: Kan’on
• (Tokyo) か​ん [káꜜǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [kã̠ɴ]

Noun

艦(かん) • (kan) 

1. warship

Synonyms

• 軍艦(ぐんかん) (gunkan)

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 母艦(ぼかん) (bokan): mothership
• 航空母艦(こうくうぼかん) (kōkū bokan): aircraft carrier

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Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 艦 (MC ɦˠam^X).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448	ᅘᅡᆷ〯 (Yale: hhǎm)
Middle Korean
Text	Eumhun
	Gloss (hun)	Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2]	ᄇᆡ〮 (Yale: póy)	함〯 (Yale: hǎm)

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ha̠(ː)m]
• Phonetic hangul: [함(ː)]
  • Though still prescriptive in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Wikisource

艦 (eumhun 싸움배 함 (ssaumbae ham))

1. Hanja form^? of 함 (“warship”). [noun]

Compounds

Compounds

• 함교 (艦橋, hamgyo)
• 함대 (艦隊, hamdae)
• 함렬 (艦列, hamnyeol)
• 함미 (艦尾, hammi)
• 함선 (艦船, hamseon)
• 함장 (艦長, hamjang)
• 함정 (艦艇, hamjeong)
• 함포 (艦砲, hampo)
• 군함 (軍艦, gunham)
• 모함 (母艦, moham)
• 전함 (戰艦, jeonham)
• 잠수함 (潛水艦, jamsuham)
• 쇄빙함 (碎氷艦, swaebingham)
• 항공모함 (航空母艦, hanggongmoham)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

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Vietnamese

Han character

艦: Hán Nôm readings: hạm

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.