濫

See also: 滥

濫	U+6FEB, 濫 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6FEB

← 濪
[U+6FEA]

CJK Unified Ideographs

濬 →
[U+6FEC]

濫	U+F922, 濫 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F922

← 嵐
[U+F921]

CJK Compatibility Ideographs

藍 →
[U+F923]

Translingual

Han character

濫 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+14 in Chinese, 水+15 in Japanese, 17 strokes in Chinese, 18 strokes in Japanese, Cangjie input 水尸戈廿 (ESIT) or 水尸一廿 (ESMT), four-corner 3811₇, composition ⿰氵監)

Derived characters

蘫 (𬞫) 𠑈𪸄

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 657, character 3
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 18521
Dae Jaweon: page 1067, character 8
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1766, character 9
Unihan data for U+6FEB

Unihan data for U+F922

Chinese

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (監) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
藍	*ɡ·raːm
襤	*ɡ·raːm
籃	*ɡ·raːm
懢	ɡ·raːm, ɡ·raːms
儖	*ɡ·raːm
蘫	ɡ·raːm, qʰlaːms
攬	*ɡ·raːmʔ
欖	*ɡ·raːmʔ
覽	*ɡ·raːmʔ
爁	ɡ·raːmʔ, ɡ·raːms, *ɡ·rams
擥	*ɡ·raːmʔ
灠	*ɡ·raːmʔ
濫	ɡ·raːms, ɡraːmʔ
嚂	ɡ·raːms, kʰlaːms, *qʰlaːmʔ
纜	*ɡ·raːms
監	kraːm, kraːms
礛	*kraːm
鑑	kraːm, kraːms, *kraːms
艦	*ɡraːmʔ
檻	ɡraːmʔ, ɡraːms
壏	*ɡraːmʔ
轞	*ɡraːmʔ
鹽	ɡ·lam, ɡ·lams

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡ·raːms, *ɡraːmʔ): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 監 (OC *kraːm, *kraːms).

Pronunciation 1

trad.		濫
simp.		滥
2nd round simp.		㳕

Mandarin
(Pinyin): làn (lan⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄌㄢˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): laam⁶ / laam⁵
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): lam

(Meixian, Guangdong): lam⁴
Eastern Min (BUC): lâng
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): lang⁵
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): lām

(Teochew, Peng'im): lam⁷
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶le

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: làn
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄢˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: làn
  - Wade–Giles: lan⁴
  - Yale: làn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lann
  - Palladius: лань (lanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /län⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: laam⁶ / laam⁵
  - Yale: laahm / láahm
  - Cantonese Pinyin: laam⁶ / laam⁵
  - Guangdong Romanization: lam⁶ / lam⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /laːm²²/, /laːm¹³/

Note: laam5 - colloquial variant (“excessive”).

Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lam
  - Hakka Romanization System: lam
  - Hagfa Pinyim: lam⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /lam⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: lam⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /lam⁵³/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: lâng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /l̃ɑŋ²⁴²/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: lang⁵
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: lāng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /laŋ¹¹/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: lang⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /laŋ²¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lām
  - Tâi-lô: lām
  - Phofsit Daibuun: lam
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /lam⁴¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /lam²²/
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /lam³³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: lam⁷
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: lām
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lam¹¹/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁶le
  - MiniDict: le^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³le
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /le²³/

Middle Chinese: lamH

Rime
Character	濫
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	談 (143)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	盧𣊟切
Baxter	lamH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/lɑm^H/
Pan Wuyun	/lɑm^H/
Shao Rongfen	/lɑm^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/lam^H/
Li Rong	/lɑm^H/
Wang Li	/lɑm^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/lɑm^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	làn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	laam⁶

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*ɡ·raːms/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	濫
Reading #	1/2
No.	6094
Phonetic component	監
Rime group	談
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime
Old Chinese	/*ɡ·raːms/

Definitions

濫

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 濕 (“wet”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		濕
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		濕
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	濕
	Taiwan	濕
	Malaysia	濕
	Singapore	濕
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	濕
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	濕
Central Plains Mandarin	Wanrong	濕
	Xi'an	濕
	Xining	濕
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	濕
	Wuhan	濕
	Guiyang	濕
Jianghuai Mandarin	Yangzhou	潮, 濕
Jianghuai Mandarin	Hefei	潮
Cantonese	Guangzhou	濕
	Hong Kong	濕
	Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou)	濕
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou)	濕
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	濕
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	濕
	Macau	濕
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	濕
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	濕
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	濕
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	濕
	Foshan	濕
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	濕
	Foshan (Shunde)	濕
	Foshan (Sanshui)	濕
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	濕
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	濕
	Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou)	濕
	Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka)	削
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	削
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	濕, 削
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	濕, 削
	Taishan	削
	Kaiping (Chikan)	濕, 削
	Enping (Niujiang)	削, 濕
	Heshan (Yayao)	濕
	Dongguan	濕
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	濕
	Shenzhen (Dapeng)	濕
	Qingyuan	濕
	Fogang	濕
	Yingde (Hanguang)	濕
	Yangshan	濕
	Lianshan (Butian)	濕
	Lianzhou (Qingshui; Sihui)	濕
	Shaoguan	濕
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	濕
	Renhua	濕
	Lechang	濕
	Zhaoqing (Gaoyao)	濕
	Sihui	濕
	Guangning	濕
	Deqing	濕
	Huaiji	濕
	Fengkai (Nanfeng)	濕
	Yunfu	濕
	Xinxing	濕
	Luoding	濕
	Yunan (Pingtai)	濕
	Yangjiang	濕
	Xinyi	濕
	Lianjiang	濕
	Nanning	濕
	Hepu (Lianzhou)	濕
	Danzhou	濕
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	濕
	Penang (Guangfu)	濕
	Singapore (Guangfu)	濕
	Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)	濕
Gan	Nanchang	濕
Hakka	Meixian	濕
	Changting	濕
	Wuping	濕
	Liancheng	濕
	Ninghua	濕
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	濕
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	濕
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	濕
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	濕
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	濕
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	濕
	Hong Kong	濕
	Senai (Huiyang)	濕
Jin	Taiyuan	濕
Northern Min	Jian'ou	濕
	Jian'ou (Dikou)	濕
	Songxi	濕
	Zhenghe	濕
	Zhenghe (Zhenqian)	濕
	Jianyang	濕
	Wuyishan	濕
	Pucheng (Shibei)	濕
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	濫
	Fuzhou (Changle)	濫
	Lianjiang	濫
	Fuqing	濫
	Pingtan	濫
	Yongtai	濫
	Minqing	濫
	Gutian	濫
	Pingnan	濫
	Luoyuan	濫
	Fu'an	澹, 濫
	Ningde	澹, 濫
	Xiapu	澹
	Zherong	濫, 澹
	Shouning	澹
	Zhouning	澹
	Fuding	澹
	Matsu	濫
Southern Min	Xiamen	澹
	Xiamen (Tong'an)	澹
	Quanzhou	澹, 濕
	Jinjiang	澹
	Nan'an	澹
	Shishi	澹
	Hui'an	澹
	Anxi	澹
	Yongchun	澹, 濕
	Dehua	澹
	Zhangzhou	澹
	Zhangzhou (Longhai)	澹
	Zhangzhou (Changtai)	澹
	Hua'an	澹
	Nanjing	澹
	Pinghe	澹
	Zhangpu	澹
	Yunxiao	澹
	Zhao'an	澹, 濕
	Dongshan	澹
	Taipei	澹
	Taipei (Wanhua)	澹
	New Taipei (Tamsui)	澹
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	澹
	New Taipei (Pingxi)	澹
	Kaohsiung	澹, 濕
	Kaohsiung (Cijin)	澹, 濕
	Kaohsiung (Hongmaogang, Siaogang)	澹, 濕
	Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang)	澹, 濕
	Kaohsiung (Tianliao)	澹, 濕
	Yilan	澹
	Yilan (Toucheng)	澹, 濕
	Changhua (Lukang)	濕
	Tainan	澹
	Tainan (Anping)	澹
	Taitung	濕
	Hsinchu	澹
	Kinmen	澹
	Penghu (Magong)	澹
	Penghu (Xiyu)	澹
	Penang (Hokkien)	澹
	Singapore (Hokkien)	澹
	Manila (Hokkien)	澹
	Longyan	澹
	Zhangping	澹
	Datian	澹
	Pingnan (Shangdu)	濕
	Chaozhou	澹
	Shantou	澹
	Shantou (Chenghai)	澹
	Shantou (Chaoyang)	澹
	Jieyang	澹
	Haifeng	澹
	Bangkok (Teochew)	澹
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	澹
	Singapore (Teochew)	澹
	Leizhou	澹
	Wenchang	澹
	Haikou	澹
	Qionghai	澹
	Singapore (Hainanese)	澹
Puxian Min	Putian	澹, 澬
	Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang)	泱
	Putian (Jiangkou, Hanjiang)	澹
	Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu)	澹
	Xianyou	泱, 澹 rare, 澬
	Xianyou (Fengting)	泱, 澹 rare, 澬
	Xianyou (Youyang)	泱, 澹
Central Min	Yong'an	濕
	Sanming (Sanyuan)	濕
	Sanming (Shaxian)	濕
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi)	澹
Shehua	Fu'an	濕
	Fuding	濕
	Luoyuan	濕
	Sanming	濕
	Shunchang	濕
	Hua'an	濕
	Guixi (Zhangping)	濕
	Cangnan	濕
	Jingning (Hexi)	濕
	Lishui	濕
	Longyou	濕
	Chaozhou	濕
	Fengshun	濕
Wu	Shanghai	濕, 潮
	Shanghai (Yangpu)	濕
	Shanghai (Xinzhuang, Minhang)	濕
	Shanghai (Songjiang)	濕
	Shanghai (Chuansha, Pudong)	濕
	Shanghai (Huinan, Pudong)	濕
	Shanghai (Fengxian)	濕
	Shanghai (Jinshan)	濕
	Shanghai (Qingpu)	濕
	Shanghai (Jiading)	濕
	Shanghai (Yuepu, Baoshan)	濕
	Shanghai (Chongming)	濕
	Suzhou	濕, 潮
	Hangzhou	潮
	Wenzhou	濫, 濕
Xiang	Changsha	濕
Xiang	Shuangfeng	濕

Compounds

下三濫 / 下三滥 (xiàsānlàn)
乞留惡濫 / 乞留恶滥
偏濫 / 偏滥
冒濫 / 冒滥
叨濫 / 叨滥
寧缺勿濫 / 宁缺勿滥 (nìngquēwùlàn)
寧缺毋濫 / 宁缺毋滥 (nìngquēwúlàn)
愚濫 / 愚滥
放刁把濫 / 放刁把滥
泛濫 / 泛滥 (fànlàn)
泛濫成災 / 泛滥成灾 (fànlànchéngzāi)
浮濫 / 浮滥
淫濫 / 淫滥
濫交 / 滥交 (lànjiāo)
濫伐 / 滥伐
濫刑 / 滥刑 (lànxíng)
濫取 / 滥取
濫吃濫用 / 滥吃滥用
濫吏贓官 / 滥吏赃官
濫墾 / 滥垦
濫套 / 滥套
濫好人 / 滥好人 (lànhǎorén)
濫官污吏 / 滥官污吏 (lànguān-wūlì)
濫情 / 滥情 (lànqíng)
濫支 / 滥支
濫殺無辜 / 滥杀无辜 (lànshā wúgū)
濫汙 / 滥污
濫漫 / 滥漫
濫用 / 滥用 (lànyòng)
濫發 / 滥发 (lànfā)
濫竽 / 滥竽 (lànyú)
濫竽充數 / 滥竽充数 (lànyúchōngshù)
濫葬 / 滥葬
濫行 / 滥行
濫觴 / 滥觞 (lànshāng)
濫調 / 滥调 (làndiào)
濫貨 / 滥货
濫造 / 滥造
狂嫖濫賭 / 狂嫖滥赌
粗製濫造 / 粗制滥造 (cūzhìlànzào)
苛濫 / 苛滥
陳腔濫調 / 陈腔滥调 (chénqiānglàndiào)

Pronunciation 2

trad.		濫
simp.		滥

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jiàn (jian⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄢˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): haam⁵

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jiàn
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jiàn
  - Wade–Giles: chien⁴
  - Yale: jyàn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiann
  - Palladius: цзянь (czjanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: haam⁵
  - Yale: háahm
  - Cantonese Pinyin: haam⁵
  - Guangdong Romanization: ham⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /haːm¹³/

Middle Chinese: haemX

Rime
Character	濫
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	銜 (149)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	胡黤切
Baxter	haemX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦˠam^X/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦᵚam^X/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣam^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦaɨm^X/
Li Rong	/ɣam^X/
Wang Li	/ɣam^X/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ɣam^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xiàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	haam⁶

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*ɡraːmʔ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	濫
Reading #	2/2
No.	6112
Phonetic component	監
Rime group	談
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	檻
Old Chinese	/*ɡraːmʔ/

Definitions

濫

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) alternative form of 監 / 监 (“eunuch, supervisor”)

Japanese

Kanji

濫

(Jōyō kanji)

Readings

Go-on: らん (ran, Jōyō)^{←らむ (ramu, historical)}
Kan-on: らん (ran, Jōyō)^{←らむ (ramu, historical)}
Kun: あふれる (afureru, 濫れる)、ひたす (hitasu, 濫す)、みだりに (midarini, 濫りに)、みだれる (midareru, 濫れる)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
濫
らん Grade: S
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 濫 (MC lamH).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ɾã̠ɴ]

Affix

濫(らん) • (ran)

to overflow
excessive; superfluous

Usage notes

乱 is a daiyōji replacing 濫 in various terms.

Japanese terms with 濫 replaced by daiyōji 乱:

乱伐 (ranbatsu)
乱発 (ranpatsu)
乱用 (ran'yō)

Derived terms

(Replaced by 乱 in modern orthography):

(Not replaced by 乱 in modern orthography):

濫(らん)觴(しょう) (ranshō)
氾濫(はんらん), 汎濫(はんらん), 泛濫(はんらん) (hanran)

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 濫 (MC lamH).

Historical readings
Dongguk Jeongun reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448	Recorded as Middle Korean 람〮 (Yale: lám) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
Middle Korean
Text	Eumhun
Text	*Gloss (hun)*	Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527	넘〯ᄯᅵᆯ 람〮	Recorded as Middle Korean 람〮 (lám) (Yale: lám) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Pronunciation

(initial position)
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [na̠(ː)m]
- Phonetic hangul: [남(ː)]
  - Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
(non-initial position)
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ɾa̠m]
- Phonetic hangul: [람]

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

濫

濫 (eumhun 넘칠 람 (neomchil ram), word-initial (South Korea) 넘칠 남 (neomchil nam))

hanja form^? of 람/남 (“to overflow”)
hanja form^? of 람/남 (“excessive; superfluous”)

Compounds

남발 (濫發, nambal)
남용 (濫用, namyong)
범람 (氾濫/汎濫, beomnam)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

Vietnamese

Han character

濫: Hán Việt readings: lạm^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]
濫: Nôm readings: làm^[1]^[2]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7], trộm^[1]^[2]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7], giậm^[2]^[3], lặm^[2], lầm^[2], lòm^[2], lộm^[2], lợm^[2], lụm^[2], luộm^[2]

chữ Hán form of lạm (“to overflow”)
chữ Nôm form of làm (“to do; to make; to work”)
chữ Nôm form of trộm (“to steal; (literary) to do something secretly”)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Nguyễn (2014).
↑ ^2.00 ^2.01 ^2.02 ^2.03 ^2.04 ^2.05 ^2.06 ^2.07 ^2.08 ^2.09 ^2.10 Trần (2004).
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Hồ (1976).
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Bonet (1899).
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Génibrel (1898).
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).

[tdcndg-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Nguyễn (2014).

[gdhn-2] 2.00 ^2.01 ^2.02 ^2.03 ^2.04 ^2.05 ^2.06 ^2.07 ^2.08 ^2.09 ^2.10 Trần (2004).

[btcn-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Hồ (1976).

[bonet-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Bonet (1899).

[genibrel-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Génibrel (1898).

[taberd-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).

[tdcntd-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).

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