紅

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See also: 红
紅 U+7D05, 紅
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7D05
← 約
[U+7D04] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 紆 →
[U+7D06]

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

紅 (Kangxi radical 120, 糸+3, 9 strokes, cangjie input 女火一 (VFM), four-corner 21910, composition ⿰糹工)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 916, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 27243
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1343, character 8
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3363, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+7D05

Chinese[edit]

trad. 紅
simp. 红
Wikipedia has articles on:
  • 紅 (Written Standard Chinese?)
  • 紅 (Cantonese)
  • 紅 (Classical)
  • 紅 (Gan)

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 紅
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (工) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
缸 *kroːŋ, *ɡroːŋ
篢 *kluːmʔ, *koːŋ
贑 *kluːmʔ
涳 *ŋr'oːŋ, *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ
江 *kroːŋ
肛 *kroːŋ, *qʰroːŋ
扛 *kroːŋ
杠 *kroːŋ
豇 *kroːŋ
茳 *kroːŋ
釭 *kroːŋ, *koːŋ, *kuːŋ
矼 *kroːŋ
玒 *kroːŋ, *koːŋ
虹 *kroːŋs, *koːŋs, *ɡoːŋ
腔 *kʰroːŋ
崆 *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ
羫 *kʰroːŋ
控 *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋs
椌 *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ
悾 *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs
跫 *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoŋ, *ɡoŋ
啌 *qʰroːŋ
谾 *qʰroːŋ, *qʰoːŋ
舡 *qʰroːŋ
缻 *ɡroːŋ
項 *ɡroːŋʔ
屸 *ɡ·roːŋ
功 *koːŋ
工 *koːŋ
疘 *koːŋ
魟 *koːŋ, *qʰoːŋ, *ɡoːŋ
攻 *koːŋ, *kuːŋ
愩 *koːŋ
碽 *koːŋ
貢 *koːŋs
羾 *koːŋs
空 *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs
箜 *kʰoːŋ
硿 *kʰoːŋ
埪 *kʰoːŋ
鵼 *kʰoːŋ
倥 *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋʔ, *kʰoːŋs
鞚 *kʰoːŋs
叿 *qʰoːŋ
嗊 *qʰoːŋʔ
訌 *ɡoːŋ
紅 *ɡoːŋ
仜 *ɡoːŋ
葒 *ɡoːŋ
渱 *ɡoːŋ
鴻 *ɡoːŋ, *ɡoːŋʔ
汞 *ɡoːŋʔ
澒 *ɡoːŋʔ
鞏 *koŋʔ
巩 *koŋʔ
銎 *kʰoŋ, *qʰoŋ
恐 *kʰoŋʔ, *kʰoŋs
蛩 *ɡoŋ
筇 *ɡoŋ
桏 *ɡoŋ
邛 *ɡoŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡoːŋ): semantic 糸 (“silk”) + phonetic 工 (OC *koːŋ).

Etymology[edit]

彤 (OC *l'uːŋ, “red”) could be a variant of 紅 (OC *ɡoːŋ) (Schuessler, 2007). May be related to 虹 (OC *kroːŋs, *ɡoːŋ, “rainbow”).

Originally referred to lighter shades of red; gradually replaced 赤 (chì, “red”) as the basic color term for "red".

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Note:
  • è̤ng - colloquial;
  • hùng - literary ("successful;
  • red bunting").
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • âng - colloquial;
    • hông - literary.
    Note:
    • ang5 - colloquial;
    • hong5 - literary.
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 紅
    Mandarin Beijing /xuŋ³⁵/
    Harbin /xuŋ²⁴/
    Tianjin /xuŋ⁴⁵/
    Jinan /xuŋ⁴²/
    Qingdao /xəŋ⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /xuŋ⁴²/
    Xi'an /xuŋ²⁴/
    Xining /xuə̃²⁴/
    Yinchuan /xuŋ⁵³/
    Lanzhou /xũn⁵³/
    Ürümqi /xuŋ⁵¹/
    Wuhan /xoŋ²¹³/
    Chengdu /xoŋ³¹/
    Guiyang /xoŋ²¹/
    Kunming /xoŋ³¹/
    Nanjing /xoŋ²⁴/
    Hefei /xəŋ⁵⁵/
    Jin Taiyuan /xuəŋ¹¹/
    Pingyao /xuŋ¹³/
    Hohhot /xũŋ³¹/
    Wu Shanghai /ɦoŋ²³/
    Suzhou /ɦoŋ¹³/
    Hangzhou /ɦoŋ²¹³/
    Wenzhou /ɦoŋ³¹/
    Hui Shexian /xuʌ̃⁴⁴/
    Tunxi /xan⁴⁴/
    Xiang Changsha /xoŋ¹³/
    Xiangtan /ɦən¹²/
    Gan Nanchang /fuŋ⁴⁵/
    Hakka Meixian /fuŋ¹¹/
    Taoyuan /fuŋ¹¹/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /hoŋ²¹/
    Nanning /huŋ²¹/
    Hong Kong /huŋ²¹/
    Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /hɔŋ³⁵/
    /aŋ³⁵/
    Fuzhou (Min Dong) /øyŋ⁵³/
    Jian'ou (Min Bei) /ɔŋ²¹/
    Shantou (Min Nan) /hoŋ⁵⁵/
    /aŋ⁵⁵/
    Haikou (Min Nan) /hɔŋ³¹/
    /aŋ³¹/
    Rime
    Character 紅
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
    Final (韻) 東 (1)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 戸公切
    Baxter huwng
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ɦuŋ/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ɦuŋ/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ɣuŋ/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ɦəwŋ/
    Li
    Rong         		/ɣuŋ/
    Wang
    Li         		/ɣuŋ/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ɣuŋ/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		hóng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		hung4
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 紅
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		hóng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ huwng ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ɡˁoŋ/
    English pink

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 紅
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 4055
    Phonetic
    component         		工
    Rime
    group         		東
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		洪
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ɡoːŋ/

    Definitions[edit]

    紅

    1. red
      紅色／红色  ―  hóngsè  ―  red (color)
      紅茶／红茶  ―  hóngchá  ―  black tea (literally, “red tea”)
      紅包／红包  ―  hóngbāo  ―  red packet
      紅綠色盲／红绿色盲  ―  hónglǜ sèmáng  ―  red-green colour blindness
    2. (colloquial) popular; in vogue
      翻紅／翻红  ―  fānhóng  ―  to be popular again
      邁克爾·傑克遜沒有以前那麼紅了。 [MSC, trad.]
      迈克尔·杰克逊没有以前那么红了。 [MSC, simp.]
      Màikè'ěr Jiékèxùn méiyǒu yǐqián nàme hóng le. [Pinyin]
      Michael Jackson is not as popular as he used to be.
    3. the red clothes and bunting used on festive occasions
      披紅／披红  ―  pīhóng  ―  to drape in red silk as a sign of honor or for festivity
    4. festive occasion; wedding
      紅白喜事／红白喜事  ―  hóngbáixǐshì  ―  weddings and funerals
    5. (figurative) revolutionary; Communist; Red
      紅軍／红军  ―  hóngjūn  ―  Red army
      又紅又專／又红又专  ―  yòuhóngyòuzhuān  ―  to have a procommunist mindset along with professional skill
    6. (business, finance) bonus; extra dividend
      分紅／分红  ―  fēnhóng  ―  distribute or draw dividends
    7. (literary) flower
      殘紅／残红  ―  cánhóng  ―  fallen petals
    8. (literary) beautiful woman
    9. (literary) blood
      落紅／落红  ―  luòhóng  ―  to bleed as an indication of a broken virginity
    10. (euphemistic, Cantonese, Hakka) blood tofu
      豬紅／猪红 [Cantonese]  ―  zyu1 hung4 [Jyutping]  ―  pig blood tofu
      雞紅／鸡红 [Cantonese]  ―  gai1 hung4 [Jyutping]  ―  chicken blood tofu
    11. a surname: Hong

    Synonyms[edit]

    • (red):
    Dialectal synonyms of 紅 (“red”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 赤, 紅, 彤
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 紅
    Mandarin Beijing 紅
    Taiwan 紅
    Tianjin 紅
    Tangshan 紅
    Cangzhou 紅
    Baoding 紅
    Shijiazhuang 紅
    Chifeng 紅
    Hulunbuir (Hailar) 紅
    Harbin 紅
    Shenyang 紅
    Yantai (Muping) 紅
    Qingdao 紅
    Jinan 紅
    Luoyang 紅
    Wanrong 紅
    Zhengzhou 紅
    Xi'an 紅
    Yinchuan 紅
    Lanzhou 紅
    Xining 紅
    Ürümqi 紅
    Wuhan 紅
    Chengdu 紅
    Chongqing 紅
    Guiyang 紅
    Kunming 紅
    Guilin 紅
    Liuzhou 紅
    Xuzhou 紅
    Yangzhou 紅
    Nanjing 紅
    Hefei 紅
    Nantong 紅
    Malaysia 紅
    Singapore 紅
    Cantonese Guangzhou 紅
    Hong Kong 紅
    Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 紅
    Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 紅
    Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 紅
    Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 紅
    Macau 紅
    Guangzhou (Panyu) 紅
    Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 紅
    Guangzhou (Conghua) 紅
    Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 紅
    Foshan 紅
    Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 紅
    Foshan (Shunde) 紅
    Foshan (Sanshui) 紅
    Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 紅
    Zhongshan (Shiqi) 紅
    Zhuhai (Qianshan) 紅
    Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka) 紅
    Zhuhai (Doumen) 紅
    Jiangmen (Baisha) 紅
    Jiangmen (Xinhui) 紅
    Taishan 紅
    Kaiping (Chikan) 紅
    Enping (Niujiang) 紅
    Heshan (Yayao) 紅
    Dongguan 紅
    Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 紅
    Yangjiang 紅
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 紅
    Singapore (Guangfu) 紅
    Gan Nanchang 紅
    Lichuan 紅
    Pingxiang 紅
    Hakka Meixian 紅
    Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 紅
    Dongguan (Qingxi) 紅
    Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 紅
    Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 紅
    Wuhua (Huacheng) 紅
    Heyuan (Bendihua) 紅
    Wengyuan 紅
    Liannan 紅
    Conghua (Lütian) 紅
    Jiexi 紅
    Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) 紅
    Changting 紅
    Wuping (Yanqian) 紅
    Ninghua 紅
    Yudu 紅
    Ningdu 紅
    Tonggu (Sandu) 紅
    Ganzhou (Panlong) 紅
    Dayu 紅
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 紅
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 紅
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 紅
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 紅
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 紅
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 紅
    Hong Kong 紅
    Mengshan (Xihe) 紅
    Luchuan 紅
    Senai (Huiyang) 紅
    Kuching (Hepo) 紅
    Huizhou Jixi 紅
    Shexian 紅
    Jin Taiyuan 紅
    Xinzhou 紅
    Linhe 紅
    Jining 紅
    Hohhot 紅
    Zhangjiakou 紅
    Handan 紅
    Min Bei Jian'ou 紅
    Min Dong Fuzhou 紅
    Min Nan Xiamen 紅
    Xiamen (Tong'an) 紅
    Quanzhou 紅
    Yongchun 紅
    Zhangzhou 紅
    Zhao'an 紅
    Taipei (Wanhua) 紅
    Kaohsiung 紅
    Yilan 紅
    Changhua (Lukang) 紅
    Taichung 紅
    Taichung (Wuqi) 紅
    Tainan 紅
    Taitung 紅
    Hsinchu 紅
    Penghu (Magong) 紅
    Penang (Hokkien) 紅
    Singapore (Hokkien) 紅
    Manila (Hokkien) 紅
    Chaozhou 紅
    Shantou 紅
    Shantou (Chenghai) 紅
    Jieyang 紅
    Haifeng 紅
    Bangkok (Teochew) 紅
    Johor Bahru (Teochew) 紅
    Singapore (Teochew) 紅
    Leizhou 紅
    Wenchang 紅
    Haikou 紅
    Singapore (Hainanese) 紅
    Shaojiang Min Shaowu 赤
    Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 紅
    Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 紅
    Shehua Fu'an 赤
    Fuding 赤
    Luoyuan 赤
    Sanming 紅
    Shunchang 紅
    Hua'an 紅
    Guixi (Zhangping) 紅
    Cangnan 赤
    Jingning 赤
    Lishui 赤
    Longyou 赤
    Chaozhou 紅
    Fengshun 紅
    Wu Shanghai 紅
    Shanghai (Chongming) 紅
    Suzhou 紅
    Danyang 紅
    Hangzhou 紅
    Ningbo 紅
    Wenzhou 紅
    Jinhua 紅
    Xiang Changsha 紅
    Loudi 紅

    Compounds[edit]

    Pronunciation 2[edit]

    Note:
    • kang - vernacular;
    • kong - literary.

    Definitions[edit]

    紅

    1. † Substitute character for 功 (gōng).
    2. † Substitute character for 工 (gōng).
      女紅／女红  ―  nǚgōng  ―  the feminine arts (e.g. needlework, sewing, embroidery)
    3. Placename in the State of Lu during the Spring and Autumn Period in Chinese history, northeast of modern Tai'an, Shandong.

    Compounds[edit]

    Pronunciation 3[edit]

    Definitions[edit]

    紅

    1. † Substitute character for 絳／绛 (jiàng).

    References[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    紅

    (grade 6 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    Etymology 1[edit]

    紅 (kurenai, beni, kō): hexadecimal color code #D71345
    紅 (kurenai, beni): the safflower, Carthamus tinctorius
    Kanji in this term
    紅
    くれない
    Grade: 6
    kun’yomi

    ⟨kure no2 awi⟩ → /kurenawi/ → /kurenai/

    From Old Japanese.

    Shift from 呉の藍 (Kure no ai),[1][2] itself a compound of 呉 (Kure, “China”) +‎ の (no, possessive particle) +‎ 藍 (ai, “indigo → dye”)). The safflower, from which the crimson dye was extracted, was brought to Japan from China.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    紅(くれない) • (kurenai) ←くれなゐ (kurenawi)?

    1. the color crimson, a vivid red edging towards pink
      Synonyms: 紅色 (kurenai-iro, kōshoku, beni-iro), 丹紅 (tankō)
    2. the safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), from which this color is extracted
      Synonyms: 呉の藍 (Kure no ai), 紅花 (kōka, benibana), 末摘花 (suetsumuhana)
      • 905, Kokin Wakashū (book 13, poem 661)
        紅(くれなゐ)の色(いろ)にはいでじ隠(かく)れ沼(ぬ)の下(した)にかよひて恋(こひ)は死(し)ぬとも
        kurenai no iro ni wa ideji kakure nu no shita ni kayoite koi wa shinu to mo
        I shall not show it as a safflower flaunts its red―not though I perish of a love kept as secret as streams in a hidden marsh.[3]
    3. a 伽羅 (kyara)-class incense
    Derived terms[edit]
    Derived terms
    Proverbs[edit]

    Proper noun[edit]

    紅(くれない) • (Kurenai) ←くれなゐ (kurenawi)?

    1. a female given name
    2. a surname

    Etymology 2[edit]

    紅 (beni): lipstick
    紅 (beni): rouge
    Kanji in this term
    紅
    べに
    Grade: 6
    kun’yomi

    */peni/ → /beni/

    First attested in The Pillow Book, completed in 1002.

    Shift from *heni, attested in the Wamyō Ruijushō (938 CE) with the original sense of "rouge".

    The ni is definitely 丹 (ni, “red earth, cinnabar”), while the initial pe/be remains uncertain.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    紅(べに) • (beni) 

    1. the color crimson, a vivid red edging towards pink
      Synonyms: 紅色 (kurenai-iro, kōshoku, beni-iro), 丹紅 (tankō)
    2. Short for 紅花 (benibana). the safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), from which this color is extracted
    3. the crimson pigment extracted from safflower petals, used in cosmetics and as a food coloring
      Synonym: 臙脂 (enji)
    4. rouge (red cosmetic traditionally made from safflowers)
      Synonym: 頬紅 (hōbeni)
    5. lipstick, lip liner (also traditionally made from safflowers)
      Synonym: 口紅 (kuchibeni)
    Derived terms[edit]
    Derived terms
    Idioms[edit]

    Proper noun[edit]

    紅(べに) • (Beni) 

    1. a female given name
    2. a surname

    Etymology 3[edit]

    紅 (aka): hexadecimal color code #FF0000
    Kanji in this term
    紅
    あか
    Grade: 6
    kun’yomi

    Alternate spelling for 赤 (aka, “red”).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    紅(あか) • (aka) 

    1. Alternative spelling of 赤 (aka, “red”)
    Usage notes[edit]

    The 紅 spelling for aka carries connotations of a deeper red or crimson color.

    Proper noun[edit]

    紅(あか) • (Aka) 

    1. a female given name

    Etymology 4[edit]

    紅 (momi): A princess doll showing the momi kimono liner.
    Kanji in this term
    紅
    もみ
    Grade: 6
    kun’yomi

    From 揉み (momi, “kneading”, stem form of verb momu), by extension from the kneading of cloth during the dyeing process.

    Alternative forms[edit]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    紅(もみ) • (momi) 

    1. silk cloth dyed an even shade of one color, often a deep gold dyed again with crimson, traditionally used as a kimono liner
      Synonym: 本紅 (hon-momi)
    Derived terms[edit]

    Proper noun[edit]

    紅(もみ) • (Momi) 

    1. a female given name

    Etymology 5[edit]

    紅 (kō): hexadecimal color code #D71345
    Kanji in this term
    紅
    こう
    Grade: 6
    kan’on

    From Middle Chinese 紅 (MC huwng).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    紅(こう) • (kō) 

    1. the color crimson, a vivid red edging towards pink
      Synonym: 紅色 (kurenai-iro, kōshoku, beni-iro)
    Idioms[edit]
    Derived terms[edit]

    Affix[edit]

    紅(こう) • (kō) 

    1. crimson
    2. safflower
    3. female
    4. Substitute character for 工: work done by women

    Proper noun[edit]

    紅(こう) • (Kō) 

    1. a female given name

    References[edit]

    1. ^ 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    3. ^ Helen Craig McCullough (1985) Brocade by Night: Kokin Wakashū and the Court Style in Japanese Classical Poetry, Stanford University Press, →ISBN, page 264

    Korean[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    紅 (eumhun 붉을 홍 (bulgeul hong))

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    紅 (eumhun 상복 공 (sangbok gong))

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    Old Japanese[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    Shift from 呉の藍 (Kure no2 awi),[1][2] itself a compound of 呉 (Kure, “China”) +‎ の (no2, possessive particle) +‎ 藍 (awi, “indigo → dye”).

    Noun[edit]

    紅 (kurenawi) (kana くれなゐ)

    1. a safflower, Carthamus tinctorius
      • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 19, poem 4139:
        , text here
        春苑紅尓保布桃花下照道尓出立𡢳嬬
        paru no2 so2no2 kurenawi nipopu momo no2 pana sitaderu mi1ti ni idetatu woto2me1
        (please add an English translation of this usage example)

    Derived terms[edit]

    Descendants[edit]

    • Japanese:紅(くれない) (kurenai)

    References[edit]

    1. ^ 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
    2. ^ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Chữ Hán[edit]

    紅: Hán Việt readings: hồng (胡(hồ)公(công)切(thiết))[1][2][3][4][5], hường[5]
    紅: Nôm readings: hồng[1][2][4][5][3], hường[2][6][5], hông[7]

    1. chữ Hán form of hồng (“pink”).
    2. chữ Hán form of hường (“pink”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nguyễn (2014).
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Trần (2004).
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Bonet (1899).
    5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Génibrel (1898).
    6. ^ Hồ (1976).
    7. ^ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
    Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=紅&oldid=76740705"