得
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Translingual[edit]
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Han character[edit]
得 (Kangxi radical 60, 彳+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 竹人日一戈 (HOAMI), four-corner 26241, composition ⿰彳㝵)
Derived characters[edit]
Further reading[edit]
- KangXi: page 367, character 31
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10137
- Dae Jaweon: page 691, character 16
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 828, character 3
- Unihan data for U+5F97
Chinese[edit]
simp. and trad. |
得 | |
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2nd round simp. | 𬁟 | |
alternative forms | 㝵 𠭁 𧴫 䙷 㝶 |
Glyph origin[edit]
Historical forms of the character 得 | ||||
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Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | |
Bronze inscriptions | Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script |
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Ideogrammic compound (會意). The ancient form of 得 is 㝵, composed of 貝 (“cowry”) + 又 (“hand”) — to pick up a cowry > to obtain valuables. A component 彳 was sometimes added to show that the cowry was picked up on the road.
In the Qin Bamboo and Slip script:
- a horizontal line was added to the 又, which means it is replaced with the related 寸. This is a feature of Qin script, and many characters that used to compound with 又 now compound with 寸.
In the Shuowen seal script:
- the 貝 corrupts into something resembling 見. However, this should be an error of Shuowen because it can only be only found in Shuowen and not in historical Qin Seal script, Qin Bamboo, and Slip script.
In the clerical script:
- the 貝 is simplified as 目 (“eye”); such simplification can be seen in its early form in Spring and Autumn and Warring States bronze inscriptions, Chu Bamboo, and Silk script, as well as other characters such as 具. Then it corrupts into 旦 (“dawn”) in later clerical script, and Regular script inherited it.
Etymology[edit]
Pulleyblank (1991) relates it to Tibetan ཐུབ (thub, “to be able to; to withstand”).
This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.
Pronunciation 1[edit]
Definitions[edit]
得
- to get; to obtain; to gain, to acquire
- to contract (disease); to become ill with
- to result in; to produce
- to be ready; finished
- to suit; to fit
- satisfied; contented
- 洋洋自得 ― yángyángzìdé ― to be very pleased with oneself; to be self-satisfied
- (formal, often used in the negative) can; may; to be permitted
- 非依法定程序之逮捕、拘禁、審問、處罰,得拒絕之。 [MSC, trad.]
- From: Article 8, Constitution of the Republic of China (Taiwan)
- Fēi yī fǎdìng chéngxù zhī dàibǔ, jūjìn, shěnwèn, chùfá, dé jùjué zhī. [Pinyin]
- Any arrest, detention, trial, or punishment which is not in accordance with the procedure prescribed by law can be resisted.
非依法定程序之逮捕、拘禁、审问、处罚,得拒绝之。 [MSC, simp.]
- (Cantonese) to only have; to just have
- interjective particle expressing approval or prohibition; see 得了
- 得了,別再說了。 / 得了,别再说了。 ― Dé le, bié zài shuō le. ― OK! OK! That's enough.
- 得喇,知道喇。 [Cantonese] ― dak1 laa3, zi1 dou3 laa3. [Jyutping] ― OK! Got it.
- 我有個表姪女兒,今年二十六,談了好幾個對象了都沒談成。她媽啊,一直託我幫忙呢。得,甭別人了,就是她了。 [Beijing Mandarin, trad.]
- From: 2000, 梁左 and 梁欢, 《闲人马大姐》, episode 7
- Wǒ yǒu ge biǎozhínür, jīnnián èrshíliù, tán le hǎo jǐ ge duìxiàng le dōu méi tán chéng. Tā mā a, yīzhí tuō wǒ bāngmáng ne. Dé, béng biérén le, jiù shi tā le. [Pinyin]
- I've got a niece who's 26 years old this year, who's already dated several guys but none worked out. Her mum's been nagging me to find a guy for her. Alright, we'll set the two up then. There's no need to find someone else.
我有个表侄女儿,今年二十六,谈了好几个对象了都没谈成。她妈啊,一直托我帮忙呢。得,甭别人了,就是她了。 [Beijing Mandarin, simp.]
- interjective particle expressing frustration or helplessness
- (Cantonese) OK; good
- (Cantonese, often sarcastic) remarkable
Synonyms[edit]
Compounds[edit]
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Pronunciation 2[edit]
Definitions[edit]
得
- Used after a verb or an adjective and before a degree complement.
- alt. forms: 的 historical or nonstandard
- 好得很 ― hǎo de hěn ― very good
- 他痛得直哭。 ― Tā tòng de zhí kū. ― He is in so much pain that he won't stop crying.
- 他跑得快。 ― Tā pǎo de kuài. ― He runs fast.
- 他跑得像一陣風。 / 他跑得像一阵风。 ― Tā pǎo de xiàng yī zhèn fēng. ― He runs like wind.
- 他畫得好。 / 他画得好。 ― Tā huà de hǎo. ― He paints well.
- Used after a verb to express possibility or capability.
Usage notes[edit]
- When it is used between a verb and the complement, and the complement is used to indicate possibility or capacity, the negative form replaces 得 with 不 (bù).
- If it is used after a verb-object construction, the verb is repeated again as "verb-object-verb-得-complement".
Compounds[edit]
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Pronunciation 3[edit]
Definitions[edit]
得
- (colloquial) to need (something)
- (colloquial) must; to have to
- (colloquial) (almost certainly) will
Synonyms[edit]
- (must):
Compounds[edit]
References[edit]
- Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A01291
- “得”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese[edit]
Kanji[edit]
- acquire
Readings[edit]
Etymology 1[edit]
Kanji in this term |
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得 |
とく Grade: 5 |
on’yomi |
Alternative spelling |
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徳 |
From Middle Chinese 得 (MC tək̚).
Alternative forms[edit]
- (honorific) お得 (o-toku)
Pronunciation[edit]
Adjective[edit]
得 • (toku) ←とく (toku)? -na (adnominal 得な (toku na), adverbial 得に (toku ni))
- beneficial; with gain
- Antonym: 損 (son)
- 500円お得
- go-hyaku-en o-toku
- (please add an English translation of this example)
Inflection[edit]
Stem forms | |||
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Imperfective (未然形) | 得だろ | とくだろ | toku daro |
Continuative (連用形) | 得で | とくで | toku de |
Terminal (終止形) | 得だ | とくだ | toku da |
Attributive (連体形) | 得な | とくな | toku na |
Hypothetical (仮定形) | 得なら | とくなら | toku nara |
Imperative (命令形) | 得であれ | とくであれ | toku de are |
Key constructions | |||
Informal negative | 得ではない 得じゃない |
とくではない とくじゃない |
toku de wa nai toku ja nai |
Informal past | 得だった | とくだった | toku datta |
Informal negative past | 得ではなかった 得じゃなかった |
とくではなかった とくじゃなかった |
toku de wa nakatta toku ja nakatta |
Formal | 得です | とくです | toku desu |
Formal negative | 得ではありません 得じゃありません |
とくではありません とくじゃありません |
toku de wa arimasen toku ja arimasen |
Formal past | 得でした | とくでした | toku deshita |
Formal negative past | 得ではありませんでした 得じゃありませんでした |
とくではありませんでした とくじゃありませんでした |
toku de wa arimasen deshita toku ja arimasen deshita |
Conjunctive | 得で | とくで | toku de |
Conditional | 得なら(ば) | とくなら(ば) | toku nara (ba) |
Provisional | 得だったら | とくだったら | toku dattara |
Volitional | 得だろう | とくだろう | toku darō |
Adverbial | 得に | とくに | toku ni |
Degree | 得さ | とくさ | tokusa |
Noun[edit]
- beneficial; with gain
- Antonym: 損 (son)
Etymology 2[edit]
Kanji in this term |
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得 |
う Grade: 5 |
kun’yomi |
Verb[edit]
- Classical Japanese form of 得る (uru)
Conjugation[edit]
Stem forms | |||
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Irrealis (未然形) | 得 | え | e |
Continuative (連用形) | 得 | え | e |
Terminal (終止形) | 得 | う | u |
Attributive (連体形) | 得る | うる | uru |
Realis (已然形) | 得れ | うれ | ure |
Imperative (命令形) | 得よ | えよ | eyo |
Key constructions | |||
Negative | 得ず | えず | ezu |
Contrasting conjunction | 得れど | うれど | uredo |
Causal conjunction | 得れば | うれば | ureba |
Conditional conjunction | 得ば | えば | eba |
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 得き | えき | eki |
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 得けり | えけり | ekeri |
Perfect tense (conscious action) | 得つ | えつ | etu |
Perfect tense (natural event) | 得ぬ | えぬ | enu |
Perfect-continuative tense | 得たり | えたり | etari |
Volitional | 得む | えむ | emu |
References[edit]
Korean[edit]
Etymology[edit]
From Middle Chinese 得 (MC tək̚).
Hanja[edit]
- Hanja form? of 득 (“obtain, achieve”).
- Hanja form? of 득 (“gain, benefit”).
- Hanja form? of 득 (“satisfaction”).
Derived terms[edit]
References[edit]
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [2]
Vietnamese[edit]
Han character[edit]
得: Hán Việt readings: đắc
得: Nôm readings: đác, được, đắc, đắt
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