得

Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Jump to navigation Jump to search
得 U+5F97, 得
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5F97
← 徖
[U+5F96] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 徘 →
[U+5F98]
Emoji u1f250.svg
🉐 U+1F250, 🉐
CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH ADVANTAGE
[unassigned: U+1F249–U+1F24F]
← 🉈
[U+1F248] 		Enclosed Ideographic Supplement 🉑 →
[U+1F251]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
11 strokes
Stroke order
得-order.gif

Han character[edit]

得 (radical 60, 彳+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 竹人日一戈 (HOAMI), four-corner 26241, composition ⿰彳㝵)

Derived characters[edit]

Further reading[edit]

  • KangXi: page 367, character 31
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10137
  • Dae Jaweon: page 691, character 16
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 828, character 3
  • Unihan data for U+5F97

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 得
alternative forms 𬁟 second round simplified
𠭁
𧴫
㝵

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 得
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu Slip and silk script Small seal script
得-bronze-shang.svg 得-oracle.svg 得-bronze.svg 得-silk.svg 得-seal.svg
Characters in the same phonetic series (得) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
得 *tɯːɡ
淂 *tɯːɡ
棏 *dɯːɡ, *rtɯːɡ

Ideogrammic compound (會意). The ancient form of 得 is 㝵, composed of 貝 (“cowry”) + 又 (“hand”) — to pick up a cowry > to obtain valuables. A component 彳 was sometimes added to show that the cowry was picked up on the road.

In the Qin Bamboo and Slip script:

  • a horizontal line was add to the 又, which means it is replaced with the related 寸. This is a feature of Qin script, and many characters that used to compound with 又 now compound with 寸.

In the Shuowen seal script:

  • the 貝 corrupts into something resembling 見. However, this should be an error of Shuowen because it can only be only found in Shuowen and not in historical Qin Seal script, Qin Bamboo, and Slip script.

In the clerical script:

  • the 貝 is simplified as 目 (“eye”); such simplification can be seen in its early form in Spring and Autumn and Warring States bronze inscriptions, Chu Bamboo, and Silk script, as well as other characters such as 具. Then it corrupts into 旦 (“dawn”) in later clerical script, and Regular script inherited it.

Etymology[edit]

Pulleyblank (1991) relates it to Tibetan ཐུབ (thub, “to be able to; to withstand”).

This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Note:
  • tit - vernacular;
  • tek/tiak - literary.
  • Wu
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 得
    Mandarin Beijing /tɤ³⁵/
    /tei²¹⁴/
    Harbin /tɤ²⁴/ ～意
    /tɤ²¹³/ ～病
    Tianjin /tɤ⁴⁵/
    /tei¹³/ ～虧
    Jinan /tə²¹³/
    /tei²¹³/
    Qingdao /te⁵⁵/
    Zhengzhou /tɛ²⁴/
    Xi'an /tei²¹/
    Xining /ti⁴⁴/
    Yinchuan /ta¹³/
    /tia¹³/
    /tə¹³/
    Lanzhou /tə¹³/
    Ürümqi /tɤ⁵¹/
    /tei⁵¹/
    Wuhan /tɤ²¹³/
    Chengdu /te³¹/
    Guiyang /tɛ²¹/
    Kunming /tə³¹/
    Nanjing /təʔ⁵/
    Hefei /tɐʔ⁵/
    Jin Taiyuan /tiəʔ²/ ～罪
    /təʔ²/ ～到
    Pingyao /tiʌʔ¹³/ 吃～
    /tʌʔ¹³/ ～手
    Hohhot /tiəʔ⁴³/
    Wu Shanghai /təʔ⁵/
    Suzhou /təʔ⁵/
    Hangzhou /təʔ⁵/
    Wenzhou /te²¹³/
    Hui Shexian /teʔ²¹/
    Tunxi /ti⁵/
    Xiang Changsha /tə²⁴/
    Xiangtan /tæ²⁴/
    Gan Nanchang /tɛʔ⁵/
    Hakka Meixian /tet̚¹/
    Taoyuan /tet̚²²/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /tɐk̚⁵/
    Nanning /tɐk̚⁵⁵/
    Hong Kong /tɐk̚⁵/
    Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /tik̚³²/
    /tit̚³²/
    Fuzhou (Min Dong) /taiʔ²³/
    Jian'ou (Min Bei) /tɛ²⁴/
    Shantou (Min Nan) /tik̚²/
    Haikou (Min Nan) /ʔdit̚⁵/
    Rime
    Character 得
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 端 (5)
    Final (韻) 德 (131)
    Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 多則切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/tək̚/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/tək̚/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/tək̚/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/tək̚/
    Li
    Rong         		/tək̚/
    Wang
    Li         		/tək̚/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/tək̚/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		de
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		dak1
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 得
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		dé
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ tok ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*tˁək/
    English obtain

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 得
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 2165
    Phonetic
    component         		得
    Rime
    group         		職
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		德
    Old
    Chinese         		/*tɯːɡ/

    Definitions[edit]

    得

    1. to get; to obtain; to gain, to acquire
      他得了個壞名聲。 / 他得了个坏名声。  ―  Tā dé le ge huài míngshēng.  ―  He gained a bad reputation.
    2. to contract (disease); to become ill with
    3. to result in; to produce
    4. to be ready; finished
    5. to suit; to fit
    6. fit; proper
    7. satisfied; contented
    8. (formal, often used in the negative) can; may; to be permitted
    9. (Cantonese) to only have; to just have
      得佢想去公園咋。 [Cantonese, trad.]
      得佢想去公园咋。 [Cantonese, simp.]
      dak1 keoi5 soeng2 heoi3 gung1 jyun4-2 zaa3. [Jyutping]
      Only he wants to go to the park.
      得返一分鐘。 / 得返一分钟。 [Cantonese]  ―  dak1 faan1 jat1 fan1 zung1. [Jyutping]  ―  There's just one minute left.
    10. interjective particle expressing approval or prohibition; see 得了
      得了，別再說了。 / 得了，别再说了。  ―  Dé le, bié zài shuō le.  ―  OK! OK! That's enough.
      得喇，知道喇。 [Cantonese]  ―  dak1 laa3, zi1 dou3 laa3. [Jyutping]  ―  OK! Got it.
    11. interjective particle expressing frustration or helplessness
    12. (Cantonese) OK; good
      你噉做真係唔得。 [Cantonese, trad.]
      你噉做真系唔得。 [Cantonese, simp.]
      nei5 gam2 zou6 zan1 hai6 m4 dak1. [Jyutping]
      You really mustn't do it this way.
    13. (Cantonese) remarkable (often sarcastic)

    Synonyms[edit]

    Dialectal synonyms of 行 (“OK”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 行
    Mandarin Beijing 行
    Taiwan 行
    Cantonese Guangzhou 得
    Hong Kong 得

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 得

    Pronunciation 2[edit]

    Note: di is used in poetry, songs.
    Note:
    • Quanzhou:
      • tiak - literary;
      • tit - vernacular.

    Definitions[edit]

    得

    1. Used after a verb or an adjective and before a degree complement.
      好得很  ―  hǎo de hěn  ―  very good
      他痛得直哭。  ―  Tā tòng de zhí kū.  ―  He is in so much pain that he won't stop crying.
      他跑得快。  ―  Tā pǎo de kuài.  ―  He runs fast.
      他跑得像一陣風。 / 他跑得像一阵风。  ―  Tā pǎo de xiàng yī zhèn fēng.  ―  He runs like wind.
      他畫得好。 / 他画得好。  ―  Tā huà de hǎo.  ―  He paints well.
      alt. forms: 的 historical or nonstandard
    2. Used after a verb to express possibility or capability.
      吃得  ―  chī de  ―  eatable, edible
      看得見 / 看得见  ―  kàn de jiàn  ―  able to see
      做不得  ―  zuò bù de  ―  must not be done
      這雙鞋穿得。 / 这双鞋穿得。  ―  Zhè shuāng xié chuān de.  ―  These shoes fit well.
      這個人批評不得。 / 这个人批评不得。  ―  Zhège rén pīpíng bù de.  ―  He's not a man to criticize.
      alt. forms: 的 historical or nonstandard

    Usage notes[edit]

    • When it is used between a verb and the complement, and the complement is used to indicate possibility or capacity, the negative form replaces 得 with 不 (bù).
      If there is no complement, or if the complement describes the result or the extent of the verb, the negative form has 得不 in the place of 得.
    • If it is used after a verb-object construction, the verb is repeated again as "verb-object-verb-得-complement".
      "Object-verb-得-complement" is also used.
      • 字寫得好 / 字写得好  ―  zì xiě de hǎo  ―  characters being well-written

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 得

    Pronunciation 3[edit]

    Definitions[edit]

    得

    1. (colloquial) to need (something)
    2. (colloquial) must; to have to
      我得走了。  ―  Wǒ děi zǒu le.  ―  I must go (now).
      ……是種病，得治！ [MSC, trad.]
      ……是种病，得治！ [MSC, simp.]
      ...... shì zhǒng bìng, děi zhì! [Pinyin]
      ... is actually an illness. It has to be treated! (humorous, slang)

    Synonyms[edit]

    • (must):
    edit

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 得

    References[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    得

    (grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. acquire

    Readings[edit]

    Korean[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 得 (MC tək̚).

    Hanja[edit]

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    得 (eumhun 얻을 득 (eodeul deuk))

    1. Hanja form? of 득 (“obtain, achieve”).
    2. Hanja form? of 득 (“gain, benefit”).
    3. Hanja form? of 득 (“satisfaction”).

    Derived terms[edit]

    Compounds

    References[edit]

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    得: Hán Việt readings: đắc
    得: Nôm readings: đác, được, đắc, đắt

    1. to get, to obtain

    References[edit]

    Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=得&oldid=62377303"