得

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得 U+5F97, 得
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5F97
← 徖
[U+5F96] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 徘 →
[U+5F98]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
11 strokes
Stroke order

Han character[edit]

得 (Kangxi radical 60, 彳+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 竹人日一戈 (HOAMI), four-corner 26241, composition ⿰彳㝵)

Derived characters[edit]

Further reading[edit]

  • KangXi: page 367, character 31
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10137
  • Dae Jaweon: page 691, character 16
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 828, character 3
  • Unihan data for U+5F97

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 得
2nd round simp. 𬁟
alternative forms 㝵
𠭁
𧴫
䙷
㝶

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 得
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (得) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
得 *tɯːɡ
淂 *tɯːɡ
棏 *dɯːɡ, *rtɯːɡ

Ideogrammic compound (會意). The ancient form of 得 is 㝵, composed of 貝 (“cowry”) + 又 (“hand”) — to pick up a cowry > to obtain valuables. A component 彳 was sometimes added to show that the cowry was picked up on the road.

In the Qin Bamboo and Slip script:

  • a horizontal line was added to the 又, which means it is replaced with the related 寸. This is a feature of Qin script, and many characters that used to compound with 又 now compound with 寸.

In the Shuowen seal script:

  • the 貝 corrupts into something resembling 見. However, this should be an error of Shuowen because it can only be only found in Shuowen and not in historical Qin Seal script, Qin Bamboo, and Slip script.

In the clerical script:

  • the 貝 is simplified as 目 (“eye”); such simplification can be seen in its early form in Spring and Autumn and Warring States bronze inscriptions, Chu Bamboo, and Silk script, as well as other characters such as 具. Then it corrupts into 旦 (“dawn”) in later clerical script, and Regular script inherited it.

Etymology[edit]

Pulleyblank (1991) relates it to Tibetan ཐུབ (thub, “to be able to; to withstand”).

This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Note:
  • tit - vernacular;
  • tek/tiak - literary.
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 得
    Mandarin Beijing /tɤ³⁵/
    /tei²¹⁴/
    Harbin /tɤ²⁴/ ～意
    /tɤ²¹³/ ～病
    Tianjin /tɤ⁴⁵/
    /tei¹³/ ～虧
    Jinan /tə²¹³/
    /tei²¹³/
    Qingdao /te⁵⁵/
    Zhengzhou /tɛ²⁴/
    Xi'an /tei²¹/
    Xining /ti⁴⁴/
    Yinchuan /ta¹³/
    /tia¹³/
    /tə¹³/
    Lanzhou /tə¹³/
    Ürümqi /tɤ⁵¹/
    /tei⁵¹/
    Wuhan /tɤ²¹³/
    Chengdu /te³¹/
    Guiyang /tɛ²¹/
    Kunming /tə³¹/
    Nanjing /təʔ⁵/
    Hefei /tɐʔ⁵/
    Jin Taiyuan /tiəʔ²/ ～罪
    /təʔ²/ ～到
    Pingyao /tiʌʔ¹³/ 吃～
    /tʌʔ¹³/ ～手
    Hohhot /tiəʔ⁴³/
    Wu Shanghai /təʔ⁵/
    Suzhou /təʔ⁵/
    Hangzhou /təʔ⁵/
    Wenzhou /te²¹³/
    Hui Shexian /teʔ²¹/
    Tunxi /ti⁵/
    Xiang Changsha /tə²⁴/
    Xiangtan /tæ²⁴/
    Gan Nanchang /tɛʔ⁵/
    Hakka Meixian /tet̚¹/
    Taoyuan /tet̚²²/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /tɐk̚⁵/
    Nanning /tɐk̚⁵⁵/
    Hong Kong /tɐk̚⁵/
    Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /tik̚³²/
    /tit̚³²/
    Fuzhou (Min Dong) /taiʔ²³/
    Jian'ou (Min Bei) /tɛ²⁴/
    Shantou (Min Nan) /tik̚²/
    Haikou (Min Nan) /ʔdit̚⁵/
    Rime
    Character 得
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 端 (5)
    Final (韻) 登 (131)
    Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 多則切
    Baxter tok
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/tək̚/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/tək̚/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/tək̚/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/tək̚/
    Li
    Rong         		/tək̚/
    Wang
    Li         		/tək̚/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/tək̚/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		de
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		dak1
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 得
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		dé
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ tok ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*tˁək/
    English obtain

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 得
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 2165
    Phonetic
    component         		得
    Rime
    group         		職
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		德
    Old
    Chinese         		/*tɯːɡ/

    Definitions[edit]

    得

    1. to get; to obtain; to gain, to acquire
      我得了亞軍。／我得了亚军。  ―  Wǒ dé le yàjūn.  ―  I got second place.
      他得了個壞名聲。／他得了个坏名声。  ―  Tā dé le ge huài míngshēng.  ―  He gained a bad reputation.
    2. to contract (disease); to become ill with
      他得了肺癌，活不了多久。 [MSC, trad. and simp.]
      Tā dé le fèi'ái, huó bù liǎo duōjiǔ. [Pinyin]
      He got lung cancer and won't live for long.
    3. to result in; to produce
      三三得九  ―  sān sān dé jiǔ  ―  three times three is nine
      二五得一十 [Cantonese]  ―  ji6 ng5 dak1 jat1 sap6 [Jyutping]  ―  two times five is ten
      八減三得五／八减三得五  ―  bā jiǎn sān dé wǔ  ―  eight minus three is five
    4. to be ready; finished
    5. to suit; to fit
      得體／得体  ―  détǐ  ―  appropriate
    6. satisfied; contented
      洋洋自得  ―  yángyángzìdé  ―  to be very pleased with oneself; to be self-satisfied
    7. (formal, often used in the negative) can; may; to be permitted
      乘客不得在車廂內飲食。 [MSC, trad.]
      乘客不得在车厢内饮食。 [MSC, simp.]
      Chéngkè bùdé zài chēxiāng nèi yǐnshí. [Pinyin]
      Passengers are not allowed to eat and drink on the train.
    8. (Cantonese) to only have; to just have
      得佢想去公園咋。 [Cantonese, trad.]
      得佢想去公园咋。 [Cantonese, simp.]
      dak1 keoi5 soeng2 heoi3 gung1 jyun4-2 zaa3. [Jyutping]
      Only he wants to go to the park.
      得返一分鐘。／得返一分钟。 [Cantonese]  ―  dak1 faan1 jat1 fan1 zung1. [Jyutping]  ―  There's just one minute left.
    9. interjective particle expressing approval or prohibition; see 得了
      得了，別再說了。／得了，别再说了。  ―  Dé le, bié zài shuō le.  ―  OK! OK! That's enough.
      得喇，知道喇。 [Cantonese]  ―  dak1 laa3, zi1 dou3 laa3. [Jyutping]  ―  OK! Got it.
    10. interjective particle expressing frustration or helplessness
    11. (Cantonese) OK; good
      你噉做真係唔得。 [Cantonese, trad.]
      你噉做真系唔得。 [Cantonese, simp.]
      nei5 gam2 zou6 zan1 hai6 m4 dak1. [Jyutping]
      You really mustn't do it this way.
    12. (Cantonese, often sarcastic) remarkable
      Synonym: 行 (xíng)
      你哋真係得。／你哋真系得。 [Cantonese]  ―  nei5 dei6 zan1 hai6 dak1. [Jyutping]  ―  You guys are really something.

    Synonyms[edit]

    Dialectal synonyms of 能 (“can”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 能
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 能, 能夠, 可以
    Mandarin Taiwan 能, 能夠, 可以
    Malaysia 能
    Singapore 能, 能夠, 可以
    Cantonese Hong Kong 可以
    Hakka Kuching (Hepo) 得
    Min Dong Singapore (Fuqing) 會
    Min Nan Penang (Hokkien) 會, 會使
    Singapore (Hokkien) 會, 會使
    Manila (Hokkien) 會, 會通
    Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 得
    Wu Shanghai 好
    Suzhou 好
    Ningbo 好
    Dialectal synonyms of 行 (“OK”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 行
    Mandarin Beijing 行
    Taiwan 行
    Cantonese Guangzhou 得
    Hong Kong 得
    Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 得
    Wu Shanghai 來三, 來事
    Suzhou 來三

    Compounds[edit]

    Pronunciation 2[edit]

    Note: di is used in poetry, songs.
    Note:
    • Quanzhou:
      • tiak - literary;
      • tit - vernacular.

    Definitions[edit]

    得

    1. Used after a verb or an adjective and before a degree complement.
      alt. forms: 的 historical or nonstandard
      好得很  ―  hǎo de hěn  ―  very good
      他痛得直哭。  ―  Tā tòng de zhí kū.  ―  He is in so much pain that he won't stop crying.
      他跑得快。  ―  Tā pǎo de kuài.  ―  He runs fast.
      他跑得像一陣風。／他跑得像一阵风。  ―  Tā pǎo de xiàng yī zhèn fēng.  ―  He runs like wind.
      他畫得好。／他画得好。  ―  Tā huà de hǎo.  ―  He paints well.
      呢啲嘢我哋見得多。 [Cantonese, trad.]
      呢啲嘢我哋见得多。 [Cantonese, simp.]
      ni1 di1 je5 ngo5 dei6 gin3 dak1 do1. [Jyutping]
      This sort of thing is nothing new (we have seen a lot of it).
    2. Used after a verb to express possibility or capability.
      alt. forms: 的 historical or nonstandard in Mandarin
      吃得  ―  chī de  ―  eatable, edible
      看得見／看得见  ―  kàn de jiàn  ―  able to see
      做不得  ―  zuò bù de  ―  must not be done
      這雙鞋穿得。／这双鞋穿得。  ―  Zhè shuāng xié chuān de.  ―  These shoes fit well.
      這個人批評不得。／这个人批评不得。  ―  Zhège rén pīpíng bù de.  ―  He's not a man to criticize.
    3. (Cantonese) Used after a verb to form an adjectival phrase expressing capability.
      佢好食得。 [Cantonese]  ―  keoi5 hou2 sik6 dak1. [Jyutping]  ―  He could eat a lot.
      呢本書都幾賣得。 [Cantonese, trad.]
      呢本书都几卖得。 [Cantonese, simp.]
      ne1 bun2 syu1 dou1 gei2 maai6 dak1. [Jyutping]
      This book sells quite a few copies.
      冇邊個衰得過佢。 [Cantonese, trad.]
      冇边个衰得过佢。 [Cantonese, simp.]
      mou5 bin1 go3 seoi1 dak1 gwo3 keoi5. [Jyutping]
      There's no one who could be worse than him.
    Usage notes[edit]
    • When it is used between a verb and the complement, and the complement is used to indicate possibility or capacity, the negative form replaces 得 with 不 (bù).
      If there is no complement, or if the complement describes the result or the extent of the verb, the negative form has 得不 in the place of 得.
    • If it is used after a verb-object construction, the verb is repeated again as "verb-object-verb-得-complement".
      "Object-verb-得-complement" is also used.
      • 字寫得好／字写得好  ―  zì xiě de hǎo  ―  characters being well-written

    Compounds[edit]

    Pronunciation 3[edit]

    Note: dêg4 - Jieyang.

    Definitions[edit]

    得

    1. (chiefly Mandarin, colloquial) to need (something)
      這份表格得多少時間才能填完？ [MSC, trad.]
      这份表格得多少时间才能填完？ [MSC, simp.]
      Zhè fèn biǎogé děi duōshào shíjiān cái néng tián wán? [Pinyin]
      How much time will one need to fill this form?
    2. (chiefly Mandarin, colloquial) must; to have to
      我得走了。  ―  Wǒ děi zǒu le.  ―  I must go (now).
      ……是種病，得治！ [MSC, trad.]
      ……是种病，得治！ [MSC, simp.]
      ...... shì zhǒng bìng, děi zhì! [Pinyin]
      ... is actually an illness. It has to be treated! (humorous, slang)
    3. (chiefly Mandarin, colloquial) (almost certainly) will
      再不回去，就得趕不上末班車了。 [MSC, trad.]
      再不回去，就得赶不上末班车了。 [MSC, simp.]
      Zài bù huíqù, jiù děi gǎnbùshàng mòbānchē le. [Pinyin]
      If we don't go back now, we won't be able to catch the last bus.
    4. (dialectal Mandarin) nice; satisfying

    Synonyms[edit]

    • (must):
    edit

    Compounds[edit]

    References[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    得

    (grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. acquire

    Readings[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    得
    とく
    Grade: 5
    on’yomi
    Alternative spelling
    徳

    From Middle Chinese 得 (MC tək̚).

    Alternative forms[edit]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Adjective[edit]

    得(とく) • (toku) ←とく (toku)?-na (adnominal 得(とく)な (toku na), adverbial 得(とく)に (toku ni))

    1. beneficial; with gain
      Antonym: 損 (son)
      500円(ごひゃくえん)お得(とく)
      go-hyaku-en o-toku
      (please add an English translation of this example)
    Inflection[edit]
    Inflection of 得
    Stem forms
    Imperfective (未然形) 得だろ とくだろ toku daro
    Continuative (連用形) 得で とくで toku de
    Terminal (終止形) 得だ とくだ toku da
    Attributive (連体形) 得な とくな toku na
    Hypothetical (仮定形) 得なら とくなら toku nara
    Imperative (命令形) 得であれ とくであれ toku de are
    Key constructions
    Informal negative 得ではない
    得じゃない         		とくではない
    とくじゃない         		toku de wa nai
    toku ja nai
    Informal past 得だった とくだった toku datta
    Informal negative past 得ではなかった
    得じゃなかった         		とくではなかった
    とくじゃなかった         		toku de wa nakatta
    toku ja nakatta
    Formal 得です とくです toku desu
    Formal negative 得ではありません
    得じゃありません         		とくではありません
    とくじゃありません         		toku de wa arimasen
    toku ja arimasen
    Formal past 得でした とくでした toku deshita
    Formal negative past 得ではありませんでした
    得じゃありませんでした         		とくではありませんでした
    とくじゃありませんでした         		toku de wa arimasen deshita
    toku ja arimasen deshita
    Conjunctive 得で とくで toku de
    Conditional 得なら（ば） とくなら（ば） toku nara (ba)
    Provisional 得だったら とくだったら toku dattara
    Volitional 得だろう とくだろう toku darō
    Adverbial 得に とくに toku ni
    Degree 得さ とくさ tokusa

    Noun[edit]

    得(とく) • (toku) ←とく (toku)?

    1. beneficial; with gain
      Antonym: 損 (son)

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    得
    う
    Grade: 5
    kun’yomi

    Verb[edit]

    得(う) • (u) †nidan

    1. Classical Japanese form of 得る (uru)
    Conjugation[edit]
    Classical conjugation of "得" (ア行下二段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
    Stem forms
    Irrealis (未然形) 得 え e
    Continuative (連用形) 得 え e
    Terminal (終止形) 得 う u
    Attributive (連体形) 得る うる uru
    Realis (已然形) 得れ うれ ure
    Imperative (命令形) 得よ えよ eyo
    Key constructions
    Negative 得ず えず ezu
    Contrasting conjunction 得れど うれど uredo
    Causal conjunction 得れば うれば ureba
    Conditional conjunction 得ば えば eba
    Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 得き えき eki
    Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 得けり えけり ekeri
    Perfect tense (conscious action) 得つ えつ etu
    Perfect tense (natural event) 得ぬ えぬ enu
    Perfect-continuative tense 得たり えたり etari
    Volitional 得む えむ emu

    References[edit]

    1. ^ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

    Korean[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 得 (MC tək̚).

    Hanja[edit]

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    得 (eumhun 얻을 득 (eodeul deuk))

    1. Hanja form? of 득 (“obtain, achieve”).
    2. Hanja form? of 득 (“gain, benefit”).
    3. Hanja form? of 득 (“satisfaction”).

    Derived terms[edit]

    Compounds

    References[edit]

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    得: Hán Việt readings: đắc
    得: Nôm readings: đác, được, đắc, đắt

    1. Nôm form of được (“to get, to obtain”).

    References[edit]

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