衰
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Translingual
[edit]Han character
[edit]衰 (Kangxi radical 145, 衣+4, 10 strokes, cangjie input 卜田一女 (YWMV), four-corner 00732, composition ⿴衣⿻口一 or ⿳亠⿻口一𧘇 or ⿻哀一)
Derived characters
[edit]References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 1112, character 14
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 34127
- Dae Jaweon: page 1577, character 21
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3076, character 9
- Unihan data for U+8870
Chinese
[edit]| simp. and trad. |
衰 | |
|---|---|---|
| alternative forms | 𠆏 𠆂 𠱗 | |
Glyph origin
[edit]| Historical forms of the character 衰 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) | |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Pictogram (象形) — a piece of clothing made from palm fibers to be used as a raincoat (original form of 蓑) (Ji Xusheng, 2004).
Etymology 1
[edit]Compare Khmer រៀវ (riəw, “to diminish; to decrease”), Mizo zuai (“to decline (in diligence, enthusiasm, industry, etc.)”) (Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): seoi1
- Hakka
- Northern Min (KCR): só
- Eastern Min (BUC): sŏi
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 1se
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: shuāi
- Zhuyin: ㄕㄨㄞ
- Tongyong Pinyin: shuai
- Wade–Giles: shuai1
- Yale: shwāi
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shuai
- Palladius: шуай (šuaj)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʂu̯aɪ̯⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: seoi1
- Yale: sēui
- Cantonese Pinyin: soey1
- Guangdong Romanization: sêu1
- Sinological IPA (key): /sɵy̯⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sôi
- Hakka Romanization System: soiˊ
- Hagfa Pinyim: soi1
- Sinological IPA: /soi̯²⁴/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: só
- Sinological IPA (key): /so⁵⁴/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: sŏi
- Sinological IPA (key): /søy⁵⁵/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- Wu
- Dialectal data
- Middle Chinese: srwij
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*sruj/
- (Zhengzhang): /*srul/
Definitions
[edit]衰
- to grow weak; to decrease in strength; to decline
- 未老先衰 ― wèilǎoxiānshuāi ― to decline in health before becoming old
- (Cantonese, Hakka, Min) to have bad luck
- (Cantonese, Hakka) bad; detestable; awful
- 咁衰㗎！ [Cantonese] ― gam3 seoi1 gaa4! [Jyutping] ― That's awful!
- 咁衰都有！ [Cantonese] ― gam3 seoi1 dou1 jau5! [Jyutping] ― How can it be this awful!
- 做衰嘢 [Cantonese] ― zou6 seoi1 je5 [Jyutping] ― to do bad things
- 衰人 [Cantonese] ― seoi1 jan4 [Jyutping] ― bad person
- 衰婆 [Cantonese] ― seoi1 po4-2 [Jyutping] ― bitch
- (Cantonese) to make a grave mistake
- 我衰咗啦！ [Cantonese] ― ngo5 seoi1 zo2 laa1! [Jyutping] ― I've made a mistake!
- 我衰咗三年，我等緊個機會，爭返口氣。 [Cantonese, trad.]
- From: 1986, 《英雄本色》 (“A Better Tomorrow”)
- ngo5 seoi1 zo2 saam1 nin4, ngo5 dang2 gan2 go3 gei1 wui6, caang1 faan1 hau2 hei3. [Jyutping]
- I had suffered three years of bad luck, I’m waiting for my turn to get everything back. (In context: spent three years in jail)
我衰咗三年，我等紧个机会，争返口气。 [Cantonese, simp.]
- (Cantonese, transitive) to mess up (something); to be caught for (wrongdoing)
- (Cantonese) to suffer from faulty personality traits or habits, or commit minor faults with moderate to significant consequences.
Synonyms
[edit]| Variety | Location | Words |
|---|---|---|
| Classical Chinese | 惡 | |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 壞 | |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 壞, 賴 |
| Taiwan | 壞 | |
| Malaysia | 壞 | |
| Singapore | 壞 | |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 壞, 孬, 賴 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 瞎, 壞 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 壞 |
| Wuhan | 壞, 拐 | |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 壞 |
| Hefei | 壞 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 壞, 弊, 衰 |
| Hong Kong | 壞, 衰 | |
| Zhongshan (Shiqi) | 衰 | |
| Yangjiang | 壞 | |
| Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 衰 | |
| Singapore (Guangfu) | 衰 | |
| Gan | Nanchang | 壞 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 壞 |
| Wuhua (Meilin) | 衰 | |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 賴, 壞 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 壞, 獰 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 呆, 否 |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 歹, 䆀 |
| Xiamen (Tong'an) | 歹 | |
| Quanzhou | 歹 | |
| Jinjiang | 歹 | |
| Nan'an | 歹 | |
| Shishi | 歹 | |
| Zhangzhou | 䆀 | |
| Zhao'an | 䆀, 孬 | |
| Tainan | 歹 | |
| Penang (Hokkien) | 䆀, 歹 | |
| Singapore (Hokkien) | 歹 | |
| Manila (Hokkien) | 歹 | |
| Datian | 歹 | |
| Chaozhou | 孬 | |
| Shantou | 孬 | |
| Jieyang | 孬, 歹 | |
| Puning | 孬 | |
| Singapore (Teochew) | 歹, 孬 | |
| Leizhou | 㾀 | |
| Wenchang | 㾀 | |
| Haikou | 㾀 | |
| Singapore (Hainanese) | 㾀 | |
| Wu | Shanghai | 壞, 恘 |
| Suzhou | 壞, 恘 | |
| Ningbo | 歪, 推扳, 嘸做 | |
| Wenzhou | 毛 | |
| Xiang | Changsha | 壞, 拐 |
| Shuangfeng | 壞, 拐 | |
Antonyms
[edit]- (antonym(s) of “Cantonese: disagreeable”): 好 (hou2)
See also
[edit]Compounds
[edit]- 三衰六旺
- 不衰
- 世衰道微 (shìshuāidàowēi)
- 中衰
- 乖衰
- 佗衰
- 佗衰家
- 假好衰
- 先盛後衰 / 先盛后衰
- 再衰三竭
- 力乏兵衰
- 力衰
- 半衰期 (bànshuāiqī)
- 口衰
- 唱衰 (chàngshuāi)
- 大嚿衰
- 就衰 (jiùshuāi)
- 帶衰 / 带衰
- 影衰
- 心力衰竭 (xīnlì shuāijié)
- 心臟衰竭 / 心脏衰竭 (xīnzàng shuāijié)
- 拍觸衰 / 拍触衰
- 振衰起敝
- 攞嚟衰 / 𫽋嚟衰
- 早衰 (zǎoshuāi)
- 𣍐曉衰 / 𫧃晓衰
- 未老先衰 (wèilǎoxiānshuāi)
- 樣衰 / 样衰
- 樣衰衰 / 样衰衰
- 歷久不衰 / 历久不衰 (lìjiǔbùshuāi)
- 河陽衰鬢 / 河阳衰鬓
- 物極則衰 / 物极则衰
- 物盛則衰 / 物盛则衰
- 當衰 / 当衰
- 盛不忘衰
- 盛必慮衰 / 盛必虑衰
- 盛極必衰 / 盛极必衰
- 盛衰 (shèngshuāi)
- 盛衰利害
- 盛衰榮枯 / 盛衰荣枯
- 盛衰榮辱 / 盛衰荣辱 (shèngshuāiróngrǔ)
- 盛衰相乘
- 盛衰興廢 / 盛衰兴废
- 看衰 (kànshuāi)
- 睇衰
- 神經衰弱 / 神经衰弱 (shénjīng shuāiruò)
- 積衰新造 / 积衰新造
- 紅衰翠減 / 红衰翠减
- 興衰 / 兴衰 (xīngshuāi)
- 色衰愛寢 / 色衰爱寝
- 色衰愛弛 / 色衰爱弛
- 落衰
- 衰三代
- 衰世
- 衰亡 (shuāiwáng)
- 衰人
- 衰仔
- 衰佬
- 衰公
- 衰到貼地 / 衰到贴地
- 衰十一
- 衰嘢
- 衰塌
- 衰女
- 衰女包
- 衰婆
- 衰尾
- 衰尾道人
- 衰弱 (shuāiruò)
- 衰微 (shuāiwēi)
- 衰收尾
- 衰敗 / 衰败 (shuāibài)
- 衰旺
- 衰暮
- 衰替
- 衰朽 (shuāixiǔ)
- 衰格
- 衰樣 / 衰样
- 衰歇
- 衰潲
- 衰相
- 衰神
- 衰䆀
- 衰竭 (shuāijié)
- 衰老 (shuāilǎo)
- 衰落 (shuāiluò)
- 衰謝 / 衰谢
- 衰變 / 衰变 (shuāibiàn)
- 衰退 (shuāituì)
- 衰運 / 衰运 (shuāiyùn)
- 衰邁 / 衰迈
- 衰頹 / 衰颓 (shuāituí)
- 衰顏 / 衰颜
- 衰颯 / 衰飒
- 衰鬼
- 過盛必衰 / 过盛必衰
- 避衰
- 門衰祚薄 / 门衰祚薄
- 陰盛陽衰 / 阴盛阳衰 (yīnshèngyángshuāi)
Descendants
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]Schuessler (2007) reconstructs the Old Chinese minimally as *k-sroi, treating it as 衰 (OC *srui) (etymology 1) with the initial *k.
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: cuī
- Zhuyin: ㄘㄨㄟ
- Tongyong Pinyin: cuei
- Wade–Giles: tsʻui1
- Yale: tswēi
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tsuei
- Palladius: цуй (cuj)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: ceoi1
- Yale: chēui
- Cantonese Pinyin: tsoey1
- Guangdong Romanization: cêu1
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰɵy̯⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhûi
- Hakka Romanization System: cuiˊ
- Hagfa Pinyim: cui1
- Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰu̯i²⁴/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Southern Min
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: sui1
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sui
- Sinological IPA (key): /sui³³/
- (Teochew)
- Middle Chinese: tsrhjwe
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*[tsʰ]roj/
- (Zhengzhang): /*sʰrol/
Definitions
[edit]衰
- (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to reduce; to decrease in order
Etymology 3
[edit](This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: cuī
- Zhuyin: ㄘㄨㄟ
- Tongyong Pinyin: cuei
- Wade–Giles: tsʻui1
- Yale: tswēi
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tsuei
- Palladius: цуй (cuj)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: ceoi1
- Yale: chēui
- Cantonese Pinyin: tsoey1
- Guangdong Romanization: cêu1
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰɵy̯⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhûi
- Hakka Romanization System: cuiˊ
- Hagfa Pinyim: cui1
- Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰu̯i²⁴/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Southern Min
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: sui1
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sui
- Sinological IPA (key): /sui³³/
- (Teochew)
- Middle Chinese: tsrhjwe
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*[s.r̥]ˤruj/
- (Zhengzhang): /*sʰrol/
Definitions
[edit]衰
- Alternative form of 縗 / 缞 (cuī, “a type of mourning garment made of sackcloth”)
- (archaic, borrowing) Alternative form of 崔 (cuī, “a surname”)
- Used in 衰子/title for 崔杼. (As found in bronze pot inscription.)
Compounds
[edit]Etymology 3
[edit]| For pronunciation and definitions of 衰 – see 蓑 (“raincoat woven from straw or palm fiber; etc.”). (This character is an ancient form of 蓑). |
References
[edit]- “衰”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A03712
- zi.tools
- 承繼與拓新：漢語語言文字學研究 （上下卷合輯）: page 514, page 515 An origin of 衰 as borrowed form of 崔
Japanese
[edit]Kanji
[edit]衰
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.
Readings
[edit]- Go-on: せ (se)、し (shi)、すい (sui, Jōyō)
- Kan-on: さい (sai)、し (shi)、すい (sui, Jōyō)
- On: さ (sa)
- Kun: おとろえる (otoroeru, 衰える, Jōyō)
Compounds
[edit]- 老衰 (rōsui)
Korean
[edit]Hanja
[edit]衰 • (soe, choe, sa) (hangeul 쇠, 최, 사, revised soe, choe, sa, McCune–Reischauer soe, ch'oe, sa, Yale soy, choy, sa)
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]衰: Hán Nôm readings: suy, thôi, thoai
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.
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