惡

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See also: 悪, 恶, 亞, and 噩
惡 U+60E1, 惡
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-60E1
← 惠
[U+60E0] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 惢 →
[U+60E2]
惡 U+F9B9, 惡
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9B9
← 隸
[U+F9B8] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 了 →
[U+F9BA]

Translingual

[edit]
Traditional 惡
Shinjitai 悪
Simplified 恶

Han character

[edit]

惡 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+8, 12 strokes, cangjie input 一一心 (MMP), four-corner 10331, composition ⿱亞心)

Derived characters

[edit]

Descendants

[edit]
  • Japanese: 𛀅

References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 391, character 25
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10824
  • Dae Jaweon: page 724, character 7
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2307, character 12
  • Unihan data for U+60E1

Chinese

[edit]

Glyph origin

[edit]
Historical forms of the character 惡
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (亞) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
椏 *qaːʔ, *qraː
錏 *qraː
鵶 *qraː
啞 *qraːʔ, *qraːɡs, *qraːɡ, *qraːɡ
瘂 *qraːʔ
亞 *qraːɡs
婭 *qraːɡs
俹 *qraːɡs
稏 *qraːɡs
惡 *qaː, *qaːɡs, *qaːɡ
噁 *qaːɡs
堊 *qaːɡ
蝁 *qaːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qaː, *qaːɡs, *qaːɡ) : phonetic 亞 (OC *qraːɡs) + semantic 心 (“heart”).

Etymology 1

[edit]
trad. 惡
simp. 恶*
alternative forms
僫／𱏀 (oh) Hokkien (common)
悪
𢛫
𢝏
䜑
僫／𱏀 (oh) Hokkien (common)
悪
𢛫
𢝏
䜑
䛩／𲂉
 

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ʔak (“bad”); cognate with Tibetan ཨག་པོ (ag po, “bad”) (Coblin, 1986; Schuessler, 2007). Also related to Thai ยาก (yâak, “difficult”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

[edit]
Note: The zero initial /∅-/ is commonly pronounced with a ng-initial /ŋ-/ in some varieties of Cantonese, including Hong Kong Cantonese.
Note:
  • ok - literary (“hostile; to reprimand”);
  • oh - vernacular (“difficult; slow”).
Note:
  • ag4 - literary;
  • oh4 - vernacular (“difficult”).
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 惡 (善惡)
Mandarin Beijing /ɤ⁵¹/
Harbin /ɤ⁴⁴/
/nɤ⁴⁴/
Tianjin /nɤ⁵³/
Jinan /ŋə²¹³/
Qingdao /və⁴²/
Zhengzhou /ɤ²⁴/
Xi'an /ŋɤ²¹/
Xining /nu⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /ə¹³/
Lanzhou /ə¹³/
Ürümqi /ŋɤ²¹³/
Wuhan /uo²¹³/
Chengdu /ŋo³¹/
/o³¹/
Guiyang /ŋo²¹/
Kunming /o³¹/
Nanjing /oʔ⁵/
Hefei /ʐɐʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /ɣaʔ²/
Pingyao /ŋʌʔ¹³/
Hohhot /ŋaʔ⁴³/
Wu Shanghai /oʔ⁵/
Suzhou /oʔ⁵/
Hangzhou /ʔoʔ⁵/
Wenzhou /o²¹³/
Hui Shexian /ŋɔʔ²¹/
Tunxi /ŋo⁵/
Xiang Changsha /o²⁴/
Xiangtan /o²⁴/
Gan Nanchang /ŋɔʔ⁵/
Hakka Meixian /ok̚¹/
Taoyuan /ok̚²²/
Cantonese Guangzhou /ɔk̚³/
Nanning /ɔk̚³³/
Hong Kong /ɔk̚³/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /ok̚³²/
/oʔ³²/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /ɔuʔ²³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /ɔ²⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /ak̚²/
Haikou (Hainanese) /ɔk̚⁵/
Rime
Character 惡
Reading # 3/3
Initial (聲) 影 (34)
Final (韻) 鐸 (103)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 烏各切
Baxter 'ak
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ʔɑk̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ʔɑk̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ʔɑk̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ʔak̚/
Li
Rong 		/ʔɑk̚/
Wang
Li 		/ɑk̚/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ʔɑk̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		e
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		ok3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 惡
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		è
Middle
Chinese 		‹ ʔak ›
Old
Chinese 		/*ʔˁak/
English bad, ugly

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 惡
Reading # 3/3
No. 14220
Phonetic
component 		亞
Rime
group 		鐸
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		惡
Old
Chinese 		/*qaːɡ/

Definitions

[edit]

惡

  1. evil; wicked; foul
    惡毒／恶毒  ―  èdú  ―  malicious
    他經常作惡，這回終於犯事了。 [MSC, trad.]
    他经常作恶，这回终于犯事了。 [MSC, simp.]
    Tā jīngcháng zuò'è, zhè huí zhōngyú fànshì le. [Pinyin]
    He often does bad things and has finally been caught.
    Antonym: 善 (shàn)
  2. fierce; hostile; ferocious
    惡戰／恶战  ―  èzhàn  ―  to fight fiercely
    內有惡犬／内有恶犬  ―  nèi yǒu è quǎn  ―  there is a fierce dog inside
    佢心情唔好就好惡㗎喇。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    佢心情唔好就好恶㗎喇。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    keoi5 sam1 cing4 m4 hou2 zau6 hou2 ok3 gaa3 laa3. [Jyutping]
    When he's upset, he gets really hostile.
  3. (Cantonese, transitive) to be hostile against (someone)
  4. bad; poor
    惡習／恶习  ―  èxí  ―  bad habits
    惡化／恶化  ―  èhuà  ―  to deteriorate
  5. (Cantonese, Southern Min) difficult
    呢單嘢好惡搞。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    呢单嘢好恶搞。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    ni1 daan1 je5 hou2 ok3 gaau2. [Jyutping]
    This is really hard to deal with.
  6. (Quanzhou, Xiamen and Philippine Hokkien) to verbally abuse; to reprimand; to curse; to rebuke
  7. (Taiwanese Hokkien) slow
Synonyms
[edit]
Dialectal synonyms of 難 (“difficult”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 難, 困難, 艱難
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 難, 困難, 艱難
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 難
Taiwan 難
Singapore 難
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 難
Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 難
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 難
Wuhan 難
Guilin 難
Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 難
Hefei 難
Cantonese Guangzhou 難, 惡 †
Hong Kong 難, 惡 †
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 難
Taishan 難, 惡 †
Yangjiang 難, 惡 †
Singapore (Guangfu) 難
Gan Nanchang 難
Hakka Meixian 難
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 難
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 難
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 難
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 難
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 難
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 難
Jin Taiyuan 難
Northern Min Jian'ou 難
Eastern Min Fuzhou 艱難, 難
Southern Min Xiamen 惡, 艱苦, 歹 †
Quanzhou 惡
Jinjiang 難
Zhangzhou 惡
Zhao'an 惡, 䆀 †
Dongshan 惡
Taipei 惡
New Taipei (Sanxia) 惡
Kaohsiung 惡
Yilan 惡
Changhua (Lukang) 惡
Taichung 惡
Tainan 惡, 歹 †
Hsinchu 惡
Kinmen 惡
Penghu (Magong) 惡
Penang (Hokkien) 艱苦, 歹 †
Singapore (Hokkien) 惡, 艱苦, 歹 †
Manila (Hokkien) 艱苦, 惡, 歹 †
Chaozhou 惡
Shantou 難, 惡
Shantou (Chenghai) 惡
Jieyang 惡, 艱苦
Haifeng 惡
Singapore (Teochew) 惡, 歹 †
Wenchang 惡
Haikou 惡
Singapore (Hainanese) 惡
Wu Suzhou 難
Wenzhou 難
Xiang Changsha 難
Shuangfeng 難
Note † - only used with a verbal complement
Dialectal synonyms of 慢 (“slow”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 慢, 緩慢
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 慢
Taiwan 慢
Malaysia 慢
Singapore 慢
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 慢
Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 慢
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 慢
Wuhan 慢
Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 慢
Hefei 慢
Cantonese Guangzhou 慢, 嚤
Hong Kong 慢, 嚤
Yangjiang 慢
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 慢
Singapore (Guangfu) 慢
Gan Nanchang 慢
Hakka Meixian 慢
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 慢
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 慢
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 慢
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 慢
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 慢
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 慢
Kuching (Hepo) 慢
Jin Taiyuan 慢
Northern Min Jian'ou 慢
Eastern Min Fuzhou 慢
Southern Min Xiamen 慢
Quanzhou 慢
Zhangzhou 慢
Taipei 慢, 惡
New Taipei (Sanxia) 慢, 惡
Kaohsiung 慢, 惡
Yilan 慢, 惡
Changhua (Lukang) 慢, 惡
Taichung 慢, 惡
Tainan 慢, 惡
Hsinchu 慢, 惡
Kinmen 慢, 惡
Penghu (Magong) 慢, 惡
Penang (Hokkien) 慢, 惡
Singapore (Hokkien) 慢
Manila (Hokkien) 慢
Chaozhou 慢
Shantou 慢
Singapore (Teochew) 慢
Wenchang 慢
Singapore (Hainanese) 慢
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 慢
Wu Shanghai 慢
Suzhou 慢
Ningbo 慢, 緩
Wenzhou 慢
Xiang Changsha 慢
Shuangfeng 慢

Compounds

[edit]

Descendants

[edit]
Sino-Xenic (惡):
  • Old Uyghur: 𐽰𐽰𐽵𐾄 (ak, “hateful, despicable”)

    • Etymology 2

    [edit]
    trad. 惡
    simp. 恶*
    alternative forms
    僫／𱏀
    悪
    𢛫
    𢝏
    䜑
    僫／𱏀
    悪
    𢛫
    𢝏
    䜑
    䛩／𲂉
     

    Exoactive of etymology 1 (Schuessler, 2007).

    Pronunciation

    [edit]
    Rime
    Character 惡
    Reading # 2/3
    Initial (聲) 影 (34)
    Final (韻) 模 (23)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 烏路切
    Baxter 'uH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ʔuoH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ʔuoH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ʔoH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ʔɔH/
    Li
    Rong         		/ʔoH/
    Wang
    Li         		/uH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ʔuoH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		wù
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		wu3
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 惡
    Reading # 2/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		wù
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ ʔuH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ʔˁak-s/
    English hate (v.)

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 惡
    Reading # 2/3
    No. 14219
    Phonetic
    component         		亞
    Rime
    group         		暮
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		汙
    Old
    Chinese         		/*qaːɡs/

    Definitions

    [edit]

    惡

    1. to hate; to loathe; to dislike
      厭惡／厌恶  ―  yànwù  ―  to loathe

    Compounds

    [edit]

    Etymology 3

    [edit]
    trad. 惡
    simp. 恶*
    alternative forms
    僫／𱏀
    悪
    𢛫
    𢝏
    䜑
    僫／𱏀
    悪
    𢛫
    𢝏
    䜑
    䛩／𲂉
     

    Cognate with 安 (OC *qaːn, “where; how”), 焉 (OC *qan, “where; how”).

    Pronunciation

    [edit]
    Rime
    Character 惡
    Reading # 1/3
    Initial (聲) 影 (34)
    Final (韻) 模 (23)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 哀都切
    Baxter 'u
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ʔuo/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ʔuo/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ʔo/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ʔɔ/
    Li
    Rong         		/ʔo/
    Wang
    Li         		/u/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ʔuo/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		wū
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		wu1
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 惡
    Reading # 1/3
    No. 14217
    Phonetic
    component         		亞
    Rime
    group         		魚
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		烏
    Old
    Chinese         		/*qaː/

    Definitions

    [edit]

    惡

    1. † An interrogative pronoun: how
    2. † Interjection used to express surprise: oh; ah

    Compounds

    [edit]

    See also

    [edit]

    Etymology 4

    [edit]
    For pronunciation and definitions of 惡 – see 噁.
    (This character is a variant traditional form of 噁).

    Etymology 5

    [edit]
    trad. 惡
    simp. 恶*
    alternative forms 污
    屙
    涴

    Probably related to etymologies 1 and 2 (Zhengzhang, 2011b; Xiang, 2019). Alternatively, 涴 (MC 'waH, “to soil; to stain”) has been proposed to be the etymon (Cao, 2008).

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Definitions

    [edit]

    惡

    1. (Wu) excrement
    Synonyms
    [edit]
    Dialectal synonyms of 屎 (“faeces”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 糞, 屎, 糞便, 大便, 大恭
    Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 屎, 大外, 㞎㞎 childish
    Taiwan 大便, 屎
    Harbin 屎, 㞎㞎 childish
    Malaysia 屎, 大便
    Singapore 屎, 大便
    Jilu Mandarin Jinan 屎, 大糞, 㞎㞎 childish
    Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 屎
    Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 屎, 屎㞎㞎 childish
    Wanrong 屎
    Xi'an 屎
    Xining 大便
    Xuzhou 屎, 㞎㞎 childish
    Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 屎
    Lanzhou 屎
    Ürümqi 屎
    Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 屎, 屎㞎衣兒, 㞎㞎 childish, 屎㞎㞎 childish
    Wuhan 㞎㞎, 屎, 大糞, 糞, 糟兒 slang, 米田共 argot
    Guiyang 屎, 㞎㞎 childish, 屎㞎兒 childish
    Liuzhou 屎, 癟, 大便
    Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 屎
    Yangzhou 屎, 㞎㞎 childish
    Cantonese Guangzhou 屎, 茄
    Hong Kong 屎, 茄, 大便, 米田共 slang, 便便 childish, 唔唔 childish, 臭臭 childish, 坺坺 childish
    Macau 屎
    Zhuhai (Doumen) 屎, 茄
    Dongguan 屎
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 屎
    Penang (Guangfu) 屎
    Singapore (Guangfu) 屎
    Gan Nanchang 屎
    Lichuan 屎
    Pingxiang 屎
    Hakka Meixian 屎, 大糞
    Yudu 屎
    Kuching (Hepo) 屎
    Huizhou Jixi 屎, 練 childish
    Jin Taiyuan 屎, 㞎㞎 childish
    Northern Min Jian'ou 屎
    Eastern Min Fuzhou 屎
    Southern Min Xiamen 屎
    Quanzhou 屎
    Zhangzhou 屎
    Tainan 屎, 大便 GT
    Penang (Hokkien) 屎
    Singapore (Hokkien) 屎
    Manila (Hokkien) 屎
    Chaozhou 屎
    Singapore (Teochew) 屎
    Leizhou 屎
    Haikou 屎
    Singapore (Hainanese) 屎
    Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 屎
    Wu Shanghai 惡, 大解 dated
    Shanghai (Chongming) 惡
    Suzhou 惡
    Danyang 屎
    Hangzhou 惡
    Ningbo 惡
    Wenzhou 惡
    Jinhua 惡
    Xiang Changsha 屎, 㞎㞎 childish
    Loudi 屎, 㞎㞎 childish
    Hengyang 㞎㞎 childish
    Note GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)

    References

    [edit]

    Japanese

    [edit]

    Shinjitai

    		悪

    Kyūjitai

    		惡

    Kanji

    [edit]
    惡

    (Jinmeiyō kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 悪)

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    Readings

    [edit]
    • Go-on: あく (aku)、う (u)
    • Kan-on: あく (aku)、お (o)
    • Kun: わるい (warui, 惡い)

    Korean

    [edit]

    Etymology 1

    [edit]

    From Middle Chinese 惡 (MC 'ak).

    Historical Readings
    Dongguk Jeongun Reading
    Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 ᅙᅡᆨ〮 (Yale: qák)
    Middle Korean
    Text Eumhun
    Gloss (hun) Reading
    Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] 모〯딜 (Yale: mwǒtìl) 악〮 (Yale: ák)

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Hanja

    [edit]
    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    惡 (eumhun 악할 악 (akhal ak))

    1. hanja form? of 악 (“evil; wickedness”) [noun]
    Compounds
    [edit]
    Compounds

    Etymology 2

    [edit]

    From Middle Chinese 惡 (MC 'uH).

    Historical Readings
    Dongguk Jeongun Reading
    Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 ᅙᅩᆼ〮 (Yale: qwó)
    Middle Korean
    Text Eumhun
    Gloss (hun) Reading
    Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576 아쳐 (Yale: achye) 오 (Yale: wo)

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Hanja

    [edit]

    惡 (eumhun 미워할 오 (miwohal o))

    1. hanja form? of 오 (“to hate”) [affix]
    Compounds
    [edit]
    Compounds

    References

    [edit]
    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

    Tày

    [edit]

    Adjective

    [edit]

    惡 (ác)

    1. Nôm form of ác (“much”).
      坚惡平賊平獅
      Kin ác bặng slấc bặng slữa
      Eat a lot like invaders, like tigers
    2. Nôm form of ác (“cruel, evil”).
      老吱𫢱惡正𱺵父師
      Lạo chê là ác chính là po̱ slay
      Those who call us bad are our teachers

    References

    [edit]
    • Lục Văn Pảo, Hoàng Tuấn Nam (2003) Hoàng Triều Ân, editor, Từ điển chữ Nôm Tày [A Dictionary of (chữ) Nôm Tày]‎[4] (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Khoa học Xã hội

    Vietnamese

    [edit]

    Han character

    [edit]

    惡: Hán Nôm readings: ác, ố

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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