破

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破 U+7834, 破
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7834
← 砳
[U+7833] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 砵 →
[U+7835]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
10 strokes

Han character[edit]

破 (Kangxi radical 112, 石+5, 10 strokes, cangjie input 一口木竹水 (MRDHE), four-corner 14647, composition ⿰石皮)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 829, character 28
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24124
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1244, character 16
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2426, character 3
  • Unihan data for U+7834

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 破

Glyph origin[edit]

Characters in the same phonetic series (皮) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
陂 *pral, *prals
詖 *pral, *prals
彼 *pralʔ
柀 *pralʔ
佊 *pralʔ, *prals
貱 *prals
跛 *prals, *paːlʔ
披 *pʰral, *pʰralʔ
鈹 *pʰral
帔 *pʰral, *pʰrals
鮍 *pʰral
耚 *pʰral
狓 *pʰral
翍 *pʰral
旇 *pʰral, *brals
秛 *pʰral, *pʰrals
紴 *pʰralʔ, *paːl
皮 *bral
疲 *bral
被 *bralʔ, *brals
髲 *brals
鞁 *brals
骳 *mbralʔ
波 *paːl
碆 *paːl, *baːl
菠 *paːl
簸 *paːlʔ, *paːls
駊 *paːlʔ, *pʰaːlʔ
頗 *pʰaːl, *pʰaːlʔ, *pʰaːls
坡 *pʰaːl
玻 *pʰaːl
破 *pʰaːls
婆 *baːl
蔢 *baːl

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *pʰaːls): semantic 石 + phonetic 皮 (OC *bral).

Etymology[edit]

According to Schuessler (2007), cognate with Burmese ဖဲ့ (hpai., “to break off a small piece”), Dimasa bai (“break”), Mizo peh (peʔ, “to break; be broken”). However, STEDT derives the above three terms from Proto-Tibeto-Burman *(p/b)aj (“to break out; to break off; to hatch”) and does not compare 破 (OC *pʰaːls) to it.

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • puái - vernacular;
  • pó̤ - literary.
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • phò͘/phò - literary;
    • phòa - vernacular.
  • Wu
    • Note:
    • 2pha - vernacular;
    • 2phu - literary.
  • Xiang
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 破
    Mandarin Beijing /pʰo⁵¹/
    Harbin /pʰɤ⁵³/
    Tianjin /pʰo⁵³/
    Jinan /pʰə²¹/
    Qingdao /pʰə⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /pʰo³¹²/
    Xi'an /pʰo⁴⁴/
    Xining /pʰɔ²¹³/
    Yinchuan /pʰuə¹³/
    Lanzhou /pʰə¹³/
    Ürümqi /pʰɤ²¹³/
    Wuhan /pʰo³⁵/
    Chengdu /pʰo¹³/
    Guiyang /pʰo²¹³/
    Kunming /pʰo²¹²/
    Nanjing /pʰo⁴⁴/
    Hefei /pʰʊ⁵³/
    Jin Taiyuan /pʰɤ⁴⁵/
    Pingyao /pʰei³⁵/
    /pʰʌʔ¹³/
    /pʰɔ³⁵/
    Hohhot /pʰɤ⁵⁵/
    Wu Shanghai /pʰu³⁵/
    Suzhou /pʰu⁵¹³/
    Hangzhou /pʰo⁴⁴⁵/
    Wenzhou /pʰøy⁴²/
    /pʰa⁴²/
    Hui Shexian /pʰo³²⁴/
    Tunxi /pʰa⁴²/
    Xiang Changsha /pʰo⁵⁵/
    Xiangtan /pʰo⁵⁵/
    Gan Nanchang /pʰo²¹³/
    Hakka Meixian /pʰo⁵³/
    Taoyuan /pʰo⁵⁵/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /pʰɔ³³/
    Nanning /pʰɔ³³/
    Hong Kong /pʰɔ³³/
    Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /pʰo²¹/
    /pʰua²¹/
    Fuzhou (Min Dong) /pʰuɑi²¹²/
    Jian'ou (Min Bei) /pʰɔ³³/
    /pʰuɛ³³/
    /pʰo⁴⁴/ ～命
    Shantou (Min Nan) /pʰua²¹³/
    Haikou (Min Nan) /fo³⁵/
    /fua³⁵/
    Rime
    Character 破
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 滂 (2)
    Final (韻) 戈 (95)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Closed
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 普過切
    Baxter phaH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/pʰuɑH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/pʰuɑH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/pʰuɑH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/pʰwaH/
    Li
    Rong         		/pʰuɑH/
    Wang
    Li         		/pʰuɑH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/pʰuɑH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		pò
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		po3
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 破
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		pò
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ phaH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*pʰˁaj-s/
    English break (v.)

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 破
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 9732
    Phonetic
    component         		皮
    Rime
    group         		歌
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		破
    Old
    Chinese         		/*pʰaːls/

    Definitions[edit]

    破

    1. to break; to tear
    2. to break; to break with; to smash
    3. to ruin; to destroy
    4. to rout; to drive out; to drive away; to banish
    5. to remove; to clear; to eliminate; to dispel
    6. to spend; to expend
    7. to cleave (with a tool or hands); to cut open; to split open
    8. to expose; to lay bare; to show up
    9. to break a banknote into small change
    10. broken; worn out; damaged
    11. (colloquial) low-quality; poor; lousy
    12. (slang) to handle; to deal with; to do
      怎麼破？／怎么破？  ―  Zěnme pò?  ―  (slang) What to do?

    Synonyms[edit]

    • (to smash):
    edit
    • (to ruin):
    edit
    Synonyms of 破
    • (to rout):
    edit
    • (to remove):
    edit
    Synonyms of 破
    edit
    Synonyms of 破
    • (broken):
    edit
    Synonyms of 破
    • (low-quality):
    edit
    Synonyms of 破

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 破

    Descendants[edit]

    • → Thai: ผ่า (pàa)

    References[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    破

    (grade 5 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. break
    2. cut

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    Korean[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    破 • (pa) (hangeul 파, revised pa, McCune–Reischauer p'a, Yale pha)

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    破: Hán Nôm readings: phá, vỡ

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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