差

Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Jump to navigation Jump to search
See also: 着 and 羞
差 U+5DEE, 差
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5DEE
← 巭
[U+5DED] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 巯 →
[U+5DEF]

Translingual[edit]

Japanese 差
Simplified 差
Traditional 差

Alternative forms[edit]

Note that the character in simplified Chinese has 9 strokes. Simplified from 差 (𦍌丿 → ⺶)

Han character[edit]

Taiwan and Hong Kong stroke order

差 (radical 48, 工+7 in traditional Chinese, 工+6 in simplified Chinese, 10 strokes in traditional Chinese, 9 strokes in simplified Chinese, cangjie input 廿手一 (TQM), four-corner 80211, composition ⿱𦍌⿰丿工(HTJK) or ⿸⺶工(GV))

Stroke order
10 strokes

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 326, character 2
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 8732
  • Dae Jaweon: page 629, character 12
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 413, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+5DEE

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 差
alternative forms 荖
𢀩
𢀠
𢀞

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 差
Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
差-bronze.svg 差-seal.svg 差-bigseal.svg
Characters in the same phonetic series (左) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
左 *ʔsaːlʔ, *ʔsaːls
佐 *ʔsaːls
袏 *ʔslaːls
蹉 *sʰlaːl
瑳 *sʰlaːl, *sʰlaːlʔ
搓 *sʰlaːl
磋 *sʰlaːl
溠 *sʰlaːl, *sraːl, *ʔsraːls
傞 *sʰlaːl, *slaːl
醝 *zlaːl
瘥 *zlaːl, *ʔsljal, *sʰreːls
鹺 *zlaːl
嵯 *zlaːl, *sʰral
嵳 *zlaːl
蒫 *zlaːl, *ʔsljal, *ʔslɯl
艖 *zlaːl, *sʰraːl
齹 *zlaːl, *sʰral, *zral
縒 *slaːlʔ, *sʰral, *sʰlaːɡ
褨 *slaːlʔ
嗟 *ʔsljal
差 *sʰraːl, *sʰraːls, *sʰreːl, *sʰreːl, *sʰreːls, *sʰral
鎈 *sʰraːl
槎 *zraːl, *zraːlʔ
髊 *zlals

Ideogrammic compound (會意): 來 (“wheat”) + 𠂇 (“left hand”) – to hull wheat by rubbing grains inside hands. Original form of 搓 (OC *sʰlaːl, “to rub with hands; to scrub; to twist”).

工 or 口 was later added under 𠂇 to form 左 (OC *ʔsaːlʔ, *ʔsaːls, “left”), which is also this character's phonetic component.

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Note:
  • chā - literary (“to differ; mistake; (maths) difference; barely”);
  • chà - colloquial (“to differ; wrong; inferior; to be short of; to owe”).
  • Cantonese
  • Hakka
  • Min Dong
  • Min Nan
  • Wu
    • Rime
    Character 差 差 差
    Reading # 1/5 2/5 3/5
    Initial (聲) 初 (19) 初 (19) 初 (19)
    Final (韻) 支 (13) 佳 (31) 皆 (33)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø) Level (Ø) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open Open Open
    Division (等) Chongniu III II II
    Fanqie 楚宜切 楚佳切 楚皆切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/t͡ʃʰˠiᴇ/ /t͡ʃʰˠɛ/ /t͡ʃʰˠɛi/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ʈ͡ʂʰᵚiɛ/ /ʈ͡ʂʰᵚæ/ /ʈ͡ʂʰᵚæi/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/t͡ʃʰiɛ/ /t͡ʃʰæi/ /t͡ʃʰɐi/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ʈ͡ʂʰjiə̆/ /ʈ͡ʂʰaɨj/ /ʈ͡ʂʰəɨj/
    Li
    Rong         		/t͡ʃʰje/ /t͡ʃʰɛ/ /t͡ʃʰɛi/
    Wang
    Li         		/t͡ʃʰǐe/ /t͡ʃʰai/ /t͡ʃʰɐi/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ʈ͡ʂʰie̯/ /ʈ͡ʂʰai/ /ʈ͡ʂʰăi/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		chī chāi chāi
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		ci1 caai1 caai1
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 差
    Reading # 1/5
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		chā
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ tsrhæ ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*tsʰraj/
    English distinction; to select

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 差 差 差
    Reading # 2/6 3/6 4/6
    No. 18030 18037 18038
    Phonetic
    component         		左 左 左
    Rime
    group         		歌 歌 歌
    Rime
    subdivision         		1 2 2
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		差 釵
    Old
    Chinese         		/*sʰraːls/ /*sʰreːl/ /*sʰreːl/
    Notes 金文上從來，本指以手揀麥子分等次，
    左亦聲

    Definitions[edit]

    差

    1. to differ from; to be different; dissimilar; incongruous
    2. wrong; incorrect; erroneous
    3. inferior; poor; substandard
    4. difference; discrepancy
    5. mistake; wrongdoing
    6. (mathematics) difference
    7. to be short of; to fall short of
    8. to owe
    9. rather; barely; nearly; almost
    10. 11th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "divergence" (𝌐)
    Synonyms[edit]
    Dialectal synonyms of 錯 (“wrong”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 錯, 不對
    Mandarin Beijing 錯, 左
    Taiwan 錯, 不對
    Jinan 錯, 差
    Xi'an 錯
    Ürümqi 錯
    Wuhan 錯, 左
    Chengdu 錯, 拐
    Yangzhou 錯
    Nanjing 差
    Hefei 錯
    Malaysia 錯, 不對
    Singapore 錯, 不對
    Cantonese Guangzhou 錯, 唔啱
    Hong Kong 錯, 唔啱
    Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 錯
    Macau 錯
    Panyu 錯
    Huadu (Huashan) 唔啱
    Conghua 錯
    Zengcheng 錯
    Foshan 錯
    Nanhai (Shatou) 錯
    Shunde 錯
    Sanshui 錯, 唔啱
    Gaoming (Mingcheng) 錯
    Zhongshan (Shiqi) 錯
    Zhuhai (Qianshan) 錯
    Doumen (Shangheng Tanka) 錯
    Doumen 錯
    Jiangmen (Baisha) 錯
    Xinhui 錯
    Taishan 錯
    Kaiping (Chikan) 錯
    Enping (Niujiang) 錯
    Heshan (Yayao) 錯
    Dongguan 錯
    Bao'an (Shajing) 錯
    Yangjiang 錯
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 唔啱, 錯
    Singapore (Guangfu) 唔啱, 錯
    Gan Nanchang 錯
    Lichuan 錯
    Hakka Meixian 差, 唔啱
    Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 錯
    Dongguan (Qingxi) 錯
    Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 錯
    Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 錯
    Conghua (Lütian) 錯
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 唔著
    Liudui (S. Sixian) 唔著
    Hsinchu (Hailu) 唔著
    Dongshi (Dabu) 唔著
    Hsinchu (Raoping) 唔著
    Yunlin (Zhao'an) 唔著
    Jin Taiyuan 錯, 不對, 差
    Min Bei Jian'ou 錯
    Min Dong Fuzhou 賺
    Matsu 賺
    Min Nan Xiamen 賺, 毋著
    Quanzhou 賺, 毋著
    Zhangzhou 賺, 毋著
    Zhao'an 毋著
    Taipei 毋著
    Kaohsiung 毋著
    Penang (Hokkien) salah, 毋著, 賺
    Singapore (Hokkien) salah, 毋著
    Manila (Hokkien) 毋著, 賺
    Chaozhou 賺
    Shantou 賺, 唔對, 唔著
    Jieyang 賺
    Singapore (Teochew) salah, 唔著
    Wenchang 無著
    Haikou 錯
    Singapore (Hainanese) 無著
    Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 錯
    Wu Shanghai 錯
    Suzhou 錯
    Danyang 賺
    Wenzhou 賺
    Xiang Changsha 錯, 左
    Shuangfeng 造, 錯
    • (inferior):
    edit
    Synonyms of 差

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 差

    Pronunciation 2[edit]

    Note:
    • chhe/chhee - vernacular;
    • chhai - literary.
  • Wu
    • Rime
    Character 差
    Reading # 4/5
    Initial (聲) 初 (19)
    Final (韻) 麻 (98)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) II
    Fanqie 初加切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/t͡ʃʰˠa/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ʈ͡ʂʰᵚa/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/t͡ʃʰa/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ʈ͡ʂʰaɨ/
    Li
    Rong         		/t͡ʃʰa/
    Wang
    Li         		/t͡ʃʰa/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ʈ͡ʂʰa/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		chā
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		caa1
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 差 差
    Reading # 2/5 3/5
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		chāi chāi
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ tsrhɛ › ‹ tsrhɛj ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[tsʰ]raj/ /*[tsʰ](ˁ)raj/
    English distinction; to select distinction; to select

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 差
    Reading # 1/6
    No. 18029
    Phonetic
    component         		左
    Rime
    group         		歌
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime
    Old
    Chinese         		/*sʰraːl/

    Definitions[edit]

    差

    1. to dispatch; to assign; to send on an errand
    2. to select; to choose
    3. (historical) runner; courier; envoy; messenger
    4. (historical) corvée
    5. errand; task

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 差

    Pronunciation 3[edit]

    Rime
    Character 差 差 差
    Reading # 1/5 2/5 3/5
    Initial (聲) 初 (19) 初 (19) 初 (19)
    Final (韻) 支 (13) 佳 (31) 皆 (33)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø) Level (Ø) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open Open Open
    Division (等) Chongniu III II II
    Fanqie 楚宜切 楚佳切 楚皆切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/t͡ʃʰˠiᴇ/ /t͡ʃʰˠɛ/ /t͡ʃʰˠɛi/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ʈ͡ʂʰᵚiɛ/ /ʈ͡ʂʰᵚæ/ /ʈ͡ʂʰᵚæi/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/t͡ʃʰiɛ/ /t͡ʃʰæi/ /t͡ʃʰɐi/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ʈ͡ʂʰjiə̆/ /ʈ͡ʂʰaɨj/ /ʈ͡ʂʰəɨj/
    Li
    Rong         		/t͡ʃʰje/ /t͡ʃʰɛ/ /t͡ʃʰɛi/
    Wang
    Li         		/t͡ʃʰǐe/ /t͡ʃʰai/ /t͡ʃʰɐi/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ʈ͡ʂʰie̯/ /ʈ͡ʂʰai/ /ʈ͡ʂʰăi/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		chī chāi chāi
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		ci1 caai1 caai1
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 差
    Reading # 4/5
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		cī
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ tsrhje ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*tsʰraj/
    English 參差 uneven

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 差
    Reading # 6/6
    No. 18042
    Phonetic
    component         		左
    Rime
    group         		歌
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		差
    Old
    Chinese         		/*sʰral/
    Notes 見孟子

    Definitions[edit]

    差

    1. uneven; irregular; rough
      參差 / 参差  ―  cēncī  ―  uneven
    2. to distinguish; to grade; to classify
    3. grade; rank
    4. limit; boundary

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 差

    Pronunciation 4[edit]

    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 差
    Reading # 5/5
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		cuō
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ tsha ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[tsʰ]ˁaj/
    English rub, polish, file (v.)

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

    Definitions[edit]

    差

    1. † Original form of 搓 (cuō, “to rub with one's hands; to scrub; to twist”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 差

    Pronunciation 5[edit]

    Rime
    Character 差
    Reading # 5/5
    Initial (聲) 初 (19)
    Final (韻) 佳 (31)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) II
    Fanqie 楚懈切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/t͡ʃʰˠɛH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ʈ͡ʂʰᵚæH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/t͡ʃʰæiH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ʈ͡ʂʰaɨjH/
    Li
    Rong         		/t͡ʃʰɛH/
    Wang
    Li         		/t͡ʃʰaiH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ʈ͡ʂʰaiH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		chài
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		caai3
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 差
    Reading # 5/6
    No. 18039
    Phonetic
    component         		左
    Rime
    group         		歌
    Rime
    subdivision         		2
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		差
    Old
    Chinese         		/*sʰreːls/
    Notes 見方言後作瘥

    Definitions[edit]

    差

    1. † Original form of 瘥 (cuó, “to recover from an illness”).

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    差

    (grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    Etymology[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    差
    さ
    Grade: 4
    on’yomi

    From Middle Chinese 差 (MC t͡ʃʰˠiᴇ, t͡ʃʰˠɛ, t͡ʃʰˠɛi, t͡ʃʰˠa, t͡ʃʰˠɛH).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    差(さ) • (sa) 

    1. (generally) difference
      資(し)金(きん)力(りょく)で差(さ)を付(つ)ける
      shikin ryoku de sa o tsukeru
      to make a difference in the financial power
      Synonyms: 差異 (sai), 違い (chigai)
    2. (arithmetic) difference
      九(きゅう)十(じゅう)と七(なな)十(じゅう)八(はち)の差(さ)は十(じゅう)二(に)である。
      Kyūjū to nanajūhachi no sa wa jūni de aru.
      The difference of ninety and seventy-eight is twelve.
      Antonym: (sum) 和 (wa)

    See also[edit]

    References[edit]

    1. ^ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

    Korean[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 差 (MC t͡ʃʰˠɛ, t͡ʃʰˠa, t͡ʃʰˠɛH).

    Historical readings

    Recorded as Middle Korean 차訓 (Yale: cha) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

    “difference; to distinguish”
    From Middle Chinese 差 (MC t͡ʃʰˠɛ, “to differ”).
    Recorded as Middle Korean 챙 (Yale: chay) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
    “to select; to assign; to dispatch”
    From Middle Chinese 差 (MC t͡ʃʰˠa, “to select”).
    Recorded as Middle Korean 창 (Yale: cha) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
    “to recover from an illness”
    From Middle Chinese 差 (MC t͡ʃʰˠɛH, “to recover from an illness”).
    Recorded as Middle Korean 챙〮 (Yale: cháy) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    差 (eumhun 다를 차 (dareul cha))

    1. Hanja form? of 차 (“difference; to distinguish”).
    2. Hanja form? of 차 (“to select; to assign; to dispatch”).
    3. Hanja form? of 차 (“to recover from an illness”).
      쾌차 (快差) ― kwaecha ― complete recovery from an illness

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    Etymology 2[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 差 (MC t͡ʃʰˠiᴇ, “uneven”).

    Historical readings

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    差 (eumhun 어긋날 치 (eogeunnal chi))

    1. (literary) Hanja form? of 치 (“uneven; irregular; rough”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    References[edit]

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    差: Hán Nôm readings: sai, sái, si, sươi, sau, sây, soa

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
    Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=差&oldid=62247353"