差

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See also: 着 and 羞
差 U+5DEE, 差
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5DEE
← 巭
[U+5DED] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 巯 →
[U+5DEF]

Translingual[edit]

Japanese 差
Simplified 差
Traditional 差

Alternative forms[edit]

Note that the character in simplified Chinese has 9 strokes. Simplified from 差 (𦍌丿 → ⺶)

Han character[edit]

Taiwan and Hong Kong stroke order

差 (Kangxi radical 48, 工+7 in traditional Chinese, 工+6 in simplified Chinese, 10 strokes in traditional Chinese, 9 strokes in simplified Chinese, cangjie input 廿手一 (TQM), four-corner 80211, composition ⿱𦍌⿰丿工(HTJK) or ⿸⺶工(GV))

Stroke order
10 strokes

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 326, character 2
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 8732
  • Dae Jaweon: page 629, character 12
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 413, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+5DEE

Chinese[edit]

trad. 差
simp. # 差
alternative forms 荖
𢀩
𢀠
𢀞

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 差
Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (左) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
左 *ʔsaːlʔ, *ʔsaːls
佐 *ʔsaːls
袏 *ʔslaːls
蹉 *sʰlaːl
瑳 *sʰlaːl, *sʰlaːlʔ
搓 *sʰlaːl
磋 *sʰlaːl
溠 *sʰlaːl, *sraːl, *ʔsraːls
傞 *sʰlaːl, *slaːl
醝 *zlaːl
瘥 *zlaːl, *ʔsljal, *sʰreːls
鹺 *zlaːl
嵯 *zlaːl, *sʰral
嵳 *zlaːl
蒫 *zlaːl, *ʔsljal, *ʔslɯl
艖 *zlaːl, *sʰraːl
齹 *zlaːl, *sʰral, *zral
縒 *slaːlʔ, *sʰral, *sʰlaːɡ
褨 *slaːlʔ
嗟 *ʔsljal
差 *sʰraːl, *sʰraːls, *sʰreːl, *sʰreːl, *sʰreːls, *sʰral
鎈 *sʰraːl
槎 *zraːl, *zraːlʔ
髊 *zlals

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 來 (“wheat”) + 𠂇 (“left hand”) – to hull wheat by rubbing grains inside hands. Original form of 搓 (OC *sʰlaːl, “to rub with hands; to scrub; to twist”).

工 or 口 was later added under 𠂇 to form 左 (OC *ʔsaːlʔ, *ʔsaːls, “left”), which is also this character's phonetic component.

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Note:
  • chā - literary (“to differ; mistake; (maths) difference; barely”);
  • chà - colloquial (“to differ; wrong; inferior; to be short of; to owe”).
Rime
Character 差 差 差
Reading # 1/5 2/5 3/5
Initial (聲) 初 (19) 初 (19) 初 (19)
Final (韻) 支 (13) 佳 (31) 皆 (33)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Level (Ø) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open Open Open
Division (等) III II II
Fanqie 楚宜切 楚佳切 楚皆切
Baxter tsrhje tsrhea tsrheaj
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/t͡ʃʰˠiᴇ/ /t͡ʃʰˠɛ/ /t͡ʃʰˠɛi/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ʈ͡ʂʰᵚiɛ/ /ʈ͡ʂʰᵚæ/ /ʈ͡ʂʰᵚæi/
Shao
Rongfen 		/t͡ʃʰiɛ/ /t͡ʃʰæi/ /t͡ʃʰɐi/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ʈ͡ʂʰjiə̆/ /ʈ͡ʂʰaɨj/ /ʈ͡ʂʰəɨj/
Li
Rong 		/t͡ʃʰje/ /t͡ʃʰɛ/ /t͡ʃʰɛi/
Wang
Li 		/t͡ʃʰǐe/ /t͡ʃʰai/ /t͡ʃʰɐi/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ʈ͡ʂʰie̯/ /ʈ͡ʂʰai/ /ʈ͡ʂʰăi/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		chī chāi chāi
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		ci1 caai1 caai1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 差
Reading # 1/5
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		chā
Middle
Chinese 		‹ tsrhæ ›
Old
Chinese 		/*tsʰraj/
English distinction; to select

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 差 差 差
Reading # 2/6 3/6 4/6
No. 18030 18037 18038
Phonetic
component 		左 左 左
Rime
group 		歌 歌 歌
Rime
subdivision 		1 2 2
Corresponding
MC rime 		差 釵
Old
Chinese 		/*sʰraːls/ /*sʰreːl/ /*sʰreːl/
Notes 金文上從來，本指以手揀麥子分等次，
左亦聲

Definitions[edit]

差

  1. to differ from; to be different; dissimilar; incongruous
  2. wrong; incorrect; erroneous
  3. inferior; poor; substandard
  4. difference; discrepancy
  5. mistake; wrongdoing
  6. (mathematics) difference
  7. to be short of; to fall short of
  8. to owe
  9. rather; barely; nearly; almost
  10. 11th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "divergence" (𝌐)
Synonyms[edit]
  • (wrong):
Dialectal synonyms of 錯 (“wrong”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 過誤, 誤, 謬, 謬誤, 訛
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 錯, 不對, 錯誤
Mandarin Beijing 錯, 左
Taiwan 錯, 不對
Jinan 錯, 差
Xi'an 錯
Ürümqi 錯
Wuhan 錯, 左
Chengdu 錯, 拐
Guilin 錯
Yangzhou 錯
Nanjing 差
Hefei 錯
Malaysia 錯, 不對
Singapore 錯, 不對
Cantonese Guangzhou 錯, 唔啱
Hong Kong 錯, 唔啱
Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 錯
Macau 錯
Guangzhou (Panyu) 錯
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 唔啱
Guangzhou (Conghua) 錯
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 錯
Foshan 錯
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 錯
Foshan (Shunde) 錯
Foshan (Sanshui) 錯, 唔啱
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 錯
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 錯
Zhuhai (Qianshan) 錯
Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka) 錯
Zhuhai (Doumen) 錯
Jiangmen (Baisha) 錯
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 錯
Taishan 錯
Kaiping (Chikan) 錯
Enping (Niujiang) 錯
Heshan (Yayao) 錯
Dongguan 錯
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 錯
Yangjiang 錯
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 唔啱, 錯
Singapore (Guangfu) 唔啱, 錯
Gan Nanchang 錯
Lichuan 錯
Hakka Meixian 差, 唔啱
Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 錯
Dongguan (Qingxi) 錯
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 錯
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 錯
Conghua (Lütian) 錯
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 唔著
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 唔著
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 唔著
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 唔著
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 唔著
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 唔著
Jin Taiyuan 錯, 不對, 差
Northern Min Jian'ou 錯
Eastern Min Fuzhou 賺
Matsu 賺
Southern Min Xiamen 賺, 毋著
Quanzhou 賺, 毋著
Shishi 賺
Zhangzhou 賺, 毋著
Zhao'an 毋著
Taipei 毋著
Kaohsiung 毋著
Penang (Hokkien) salah, 毋著, 賺
Singapore (Hokkien) salah, 毋著
Manila (Hokkien) 毋著, 賺
Chaozhou 賺
Shantou 賺, 唔對, 唔著
Jieyang 賺
Singapore (Teochew) salah, 唔著, 賺
Leizhou 無著
Wenchang 無著
Haikou 錯
Singapore (Hainanese) 無著
Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 錯, 唔啱
Wu Shanghai 錯
Suzhou 錯
Ningbo 錯, 賺
Wenzhou 賺
Jinhua 賺
Xiang Changsha 錯, 左
Shuangfeng 造, 錯
  • (inferior):

Compounds[edit]

Pronunciation 2[edit]

Note:
  • chhe/chhee - vernacular;
  • chhai - literary.
Rime
Character 差
Reading # 4/5
Initial (聲) 初 (19)
Final (韻) 麻 (98)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) II
Fanqie 初加切
Baxter tsrhae
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/t͡ʃʰˠa/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ʈ͡ʂʰᵚa/
Shao
Rongfen 		/t͡ʃʰa/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ʈ͡ʂʰaɨ/
Li
Rong 		/t͡ʃʰa/
Wang
Li 		/t͡ʃʰa/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ʈ͡ʂʰa/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		chā
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		caa1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 差 差
Reading # 2/5 3/5
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		chāi chāi
Middle
Chinese 		‹ tsrhɛ › ‹ tsrhɛj ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[tsʰ]raj/ /*[tsʰ](ˁ)raj/
English distinction; to select distinction; to select

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 差
Reading # 1/6
No. 18029
Phonetic
component 		左
Rime
group 		歌
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese 		/*sʰraːl/

Definitions[edit]

差

  1. to dispatch; to assign; to send on an errand
  2. to select; to choose
  3. (historical) runner; courier; envoy; messenger
  4. (historical) corvée
  5. errand; task

Compounds[edit]

Pronunciation 3[edit]

Rime
Character 差 差 差
Reading # 1/5 2/5 3/5
Initial (聲) 初 (19) 初 (19) 初 (19)
Final (韻) 支 (13) 佳 (31) 皆 (33)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Level (Ø) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open Open Open
Division (等) III II II
Fanqie 楚宜切 楚佳切 楚皆切
Baxter tsrhje tsrhea tsrheaj
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/t͡ʃʰˠiᴇ/ /t͡ʃʰˠɛ/ /t͡ʃʰˠɛi/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ʈ͡ʂʰᵚiɛ/ /ʈ͡ʂʰᵚæ/ /ʈ͡ʂʰᵚæi/
Shao
Rongfen 		/t͡ʃʰiɛ/ /t͡ʃʰæi/ /t͡ʃʰɐi/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ʈ͡ʂʰjiə̆/ /ʈ͡ʂʰaɨj/ /ʈ͡ʂʰəɨj/
Li
Rong 		/t͡ʃʰje/ /t͡ʃʰɛ/ /t͡ʃʰɛi/
Wang
Li 		/t͡ʃʰǐe/ /t͡ʃʰai/ /t͡ʃʰɐi/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ʈ͡ʂʰie̯/ /ʈ͡ʂʰai/ /ʈ͡ʂʰăi/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		chī chāi chāi
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		ci1 caai1 caai1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 差
Reading # 4/5
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		cī
Middle
Chinese 		‹ tsrhje ›
Old
Chinese 		/*tsʰraj/
English 參差 uneven

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 差
Reading # 6/6
No. 18042
Phonetic
component 		左
Rime
group 		歌
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		差
Old
Chinese 		/*sʰral/
Notes 見孟子

Definitions[edit]

差

  1. uneven; irregular; rough
    參差／参差  ―  cēncī  ―  uneven
  2. to distinguish; to grade; to classify
  3. grade; rank
  4. limit; boundary

Compounds[edit]

Pronunciation 4[edit]

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 差
Reading # 5/5
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		cuō
Middle
Chinese 		‹ tsha ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[tsʰ]ˁaj/
English rub, polish, file (v.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Definitions[edit]

差

  1. † Original form of 搓 (cuō, “to rub with one's hands; to scrub; to twist”).

Compounds[edit]

Pronunciation 5[edit]

Rime
Character 差
Reading # 5/5
Initial (聲) 初 (19)
Final (韻) 佳 (31)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) II
Fanqie 楚懈切
Baxter tsrheaH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/t͡ʃʰˠɛH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ʈ͡ʂʰᵚæH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/t͡ʃʰæiH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ʈ͡ʂʰaɨjH/
Li
Rong 		/t͡ʃʰɛH/
Wang
Li 		/t͡ʃʰaiH/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ʈ͡ʂʰaiH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		chài
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		caai3
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 差
Reading # 5/6
No. 18039
Phonetic
component 		左
Rime
group 		歌
Rime
subdivision 		2
Corresponding
MC rime 		差
Old
Chinese 		/*sʰreːls/
Notes 見方言後作瘥

Definitions[edit]

差

  1. † Original form of 瘥 (chài, “to recover from an illness”).

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

差

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

Etymology[edit]

Kanji in this term
差
さ
Grade: 4
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 差 (MC tsrhje|tsrhea|tsrheaj|tsrhae|tsrheaH).

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

差(さ) • (sa) 

  1. (generally) difference
    Synonyms: 差異 (sai), 違い (chigai)
    資(し)金(きん)力(りょく)で差(さ)を付(つ)ける
    shikin ryoku de sa o tsukeru
    to make a difference in the financial power
  2. (arithmetic) difference
    Antonym: (sum) 和 (wa)
    九(きゅう)十(じゅう)と七(なな)十(じゅう)八(はち)の差(さ)は十(じゅう)二(に)である。
    Kyūjū to nanajūhachi no sa wa jūni de aru.
    The difference of ninety and seventy-eight is twelve.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From Middle Chinese 差 (MC tsrhea|tsrhae|tsrheaH).

Historical readings

Recorded as Middle Korean 차 (cha)訓 (Yale: cha) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

“difference; to distinguish”
From Middle Chinese 差 (MC tsrhea, “to differ”).
Recorded as Middle Korean 챙 (Yale: chay) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
“to select; to assign; to dispatch”
From Middle Chinese 差 (MC tsrhae, “to select”).
Recorded as Middle Korean 창 (Yale: cha) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
“to recover from an illness”
From Middle Chinese 差 (MC tsrheaH, “to recover from an illness”).
Recorded as Middle Korean 챙〮 (Yale: cháy) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.

Pronunciation[edit]

Hanja[edit]

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

差 (eumhun 다를 차 (dareul cha))

  1. Hanja form? of 차 (“difference; to distinguish”).
  2. Hanja form? of 차 (“to select; to assign; to dispatch”).
  3. Hanja form? of 차 (“to recover from an illness”).
    쾌차 (快差) ― kwaecha ― complete recovery from an illness

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

Etymology 2[edit]

From Middle Chinese 差 (MC tsrhje, “uneven”).

Historical readings

Pronunciation[edit]

Hanja[edit]

差 (eumhun 어긋날 치 (eogeunnal chi))

  1. (literary) Hanja form? of 치 (“uneven; irregular; rough”).

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

References[edit]

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

差: Hán Nôm readings: sai, sái, si, sươi, sau, sây, soa

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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