差

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See also: 着 and 羞
差 U+5DEE, 差
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5DEE
← 巭
[U+5DED] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 巯 →
[U+5DEF]

Translingual[edit]

Japanese 差
Simplified 差
Traditional 差

Alternative forms[edit]

Note that the character in simplified Chinese has 9 strokes. Simplified from 差 (𦍌丿 → ⺶)

Han character[edit]

Taiwan and Hong Kong stroke order

差 (Kangxi radical 48, 工+7 in traditional Chinese, 工+6 in simplified Chinese, 10 strokes in traditional Chinese, 9 strokes in simplified Chinese, cangjie input 廿手一 (TQM), four-corner 80211, composition ⿱𦍌⿰丿工(HTJK) or ⿸⺶工(GV))

Stroke order
10 strokes

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 326, character 2
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 8732
  • Dae Jaweon: page 629, character 12
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 413, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+5DEE

Chinese[edit]

trad. 差
simp. # 差
alternative forms 荖
𢀩
𢀠
𢀞

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 差
Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
差-bronze.svg 差-seal.svg 差-bigseal.svg
Characters in the same phonetic series (左) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
左 *ʔsaːlʔ, *ʔsaːls
佐 *ʔsaːls
袏 *ʔslaːls
蹉 *sʰlaːl
瑳 *sʰlaːl, *sʰlaːlʔ
搓 *sʰlaːl
磋 *sʰlaːl
溠 *sʰlaːl, *sraːl, *ʔsraːls
傞 *sʰlaːl, *slaːl
醝 *zlaːl
瘥 *zlaːl, *ʔsljal, *sʰreːls
鹺 *zlaːl
嵯 *zlaːl, *sʰral
嵳 *zlaːl
蒫 *zlaːl, *ʔsljal, *ʔslɯl
艖 *zlaːl, *sʰraːl
齹 *zlaːl, *sʰral, *zral
縒 *slaːlʔ, *sʰral, *sʰlaːɡ
褨 *slaːlʔ
嗟 *ʔsljal
差 *sʰraːl, *sʰraːls, *sʰreːl, *sʰreːl, *sʰreːls, *sʰral
鎈 *sʰraːl
槎 *zraːl, *zraːlʔ
髊 *zlals

Ideogrammic compound (會意): 來 (“wheat”) + 𠂇 (“left hand”) – to hull wheat by rubbing grains inside hands. Original form of 搓 (OC *sʰlaːl, “to rub with hands; to scrub; to twist”).

工 or 口 was later added under 𠂇 to form 左 (OC *ʔsaːlʔ, *ʔsaːls, “left”), which is also this character's phonetic component.

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Note:
  • chā - literary (“to differ; mistake; (maths) difference; barely”);
  • chà - colloquial (“to differ; wrong; inferior; to be short of; to owe”).
  • Cantonese
  • Hakka
  • Min Dong
  • Min Nan
  • Wu
    • Rime
    Character 差 差 差
    Reading # 1/5 2/5 3/5
    Initial (聲) 初 (19) 初 (19) 初 (19)
    Final (韻) 支 (13) 佳 (31) 皆 (33)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø) Level (Ø) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open Open Open
    Division (等) Chongniu III II II
    Fanqie 楚宜切 楚佳切 楚皆切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/t͡ʃʰˠiᴇ/ /t͡ʃʰˠɛ/ /t͡ʃʰˠɛi/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ʈ͡ʂʰᵚiɛ/ /ʈ͡ʂʰᵚæ/ /ʈ͡ʂʰᵚæi/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/t͡ʃʰiɛ/ /t͡ʃʰæi/ /t͡ʃʰɐi/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ʈ͡ʂʰjiə̆/ /ʈ͡ʂʰaɨj/ /ʈ͡ʂʰəɨj/
    Li
    Rong         		/t͡ʃʰje/ /t͡ʃʰɛ/ /t͡ʃʰɛi/
    Wang
    Li         		/t͡ʃʰǐe/ /t͡ʃʰai/ /t͡ʃʰɐi/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ʈ͡ʂʰie̯/ /ʈ͡ʂʰai/ /ʈ͡ʂʰăi/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		chī chāi chāi
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		ci1 caai1 caai1
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 差
    Reading # 1/5
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		chā
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ tsrhæ ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*tsʰraj/
    English distinction; to select

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 差 差 差
    Reading # 2/6 3/6 4/6
    No. 18030 18037 18038
    Phonetic
    component         		左 左 左
    Rime
    group         		歌 歌 歌
    Rime
    subdivision         		1 2 2
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		差 釵
    Old
    Chinese         		/*sʰraːls/ /*sʰreːl/ /*sʰreːl/
    Notes 金文上從來，本指以手揀麥子分等次，
    左亦聲

    Definitions[edit]

    差

    1. to differ from; to be different; dissimilar; incongruous
    2. wrong; incorrect; erroneous
    3. inferior; poor; substandard
    4. difference; discrepancy
    5. mistake; wrongdoing
    6. (mathematics) difference
    7. to be short of; to fall short of
    8. to owe
    9. rather; barely; nearly; almost
    10. 11th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "divergence" (𝌐)
    Synonyms[edit]
    Dialectal synonyms of 錯 (“wrong”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 過誤, 誤, 謬, 謬誤, 訛
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 錯, 不對, 錯誤
    Mandarin Beijing 錯, 左
    Taiwan 錯, 不對
    Jinan 錯, 差
    Xi'an 錯
    Ürümqi 錯
    Wuhan 錯, 左
    Chengdu 錯, 拐
    Yangzhou 錯
    Nanjing 差
    Hefei 錯
    Malaysia 錯, 不對
    Singapore 錯, 不對
    Cantonese Guangzhou 錯, 唔啱
    Hong Kong 錯, 唔啱
    Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 錯
    Macau 錯
    Guangzhou (Panyu) 錯
    Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 唔啱
    Guangzhou (Conghua) 錯
    Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 錯
    Foshan 錯
    Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 錯
    Foshan (Shunde) 錯
    Foshan (Sanshui) 錯, 唔啱
    Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 錯
    Zhongshan (Shiqi) 錯
    Zhuhai (Qianshan) 錯
    Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka) 錯
    Zhuhai (Doumen) 錯
    Jiangmen (Baisha) 錯
    Jiangmen (Xinhui) 錯
    Taishan 錯
    Kaiping (Chikan) 錯
    Enping (Niujiang) 錯
    Heshan (Yayao) 錯
    Dongguan 錯
    Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 錯
    Yangjiang 錯
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 唔啱, 錯
    Singapore (Guangfu) 唔啱, 錯
    Gan Nanchang 錯
    Lichuan 錯
    Hakka Meixian 差, 唔啱
    Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 錯
    Dongguan (Qingxi) 錯
    Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 錯
    Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 錯
    Conghua (Lütian) 錯
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 唔著
    Pingtung (Neipu, S. Sixian) 唔著
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong, Hailu) 唔著
    Taichung (Dongshi, Dabu) 唔著
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin, Raoping) 唔著
    Yunlin (Lunbei, Zhao'an) 唔著
    Jin Taiyuan 錯, 不對, 差
    Min Bei Jian'ou 錯
    Min Dong Fuzhou 賺
    Matsu 賺
    Min Nan Xiamen 賺, 毋著
    Quanzhou 賺, 毋著
    Shishi 賺
    Zhangzhou 賺, 毋著
    Zhao'an 毋著
    Taipei 毋著
    Kaohsiung 毋著
    Penang (Hokkien) salah, 毋著, 賺
    Singapore (Hokkien) salah, 毋著
    Manila (Hokkien) 毋著, 賺
    Chaozhou 賺
    Shantou 賺, 唔對, 唔著
    Jieyang 賺
    Singapore (Teochew) salah, 唔著
    Wenchang 無著
    Haikou 錯
    Singapore (Hainanese) 無著
    Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 錯
    Wu Shanghai 錯
    Suzhou 錯
    Danyang 賺
    Ningbo 錯, 賺
    Wenzhou 賺
    Xiang Changsha 錯, 左
    Shuangfeng 造, 錯
    • (inferior):
    edit
    Synonyms of 差

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 差

    Pronunciation 2[edit]

    Note:
    • chhe/chhee - vernacular;
    • chhai - literary.
  • Wu
    • Rime
    Character 差
    Reading # 4/5
    Initial (聲) 初 (19)
    Final (韻) 麻 (98)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) II
    Fanqie 初加切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/t͡ʃʰˠa/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ʈ͡ʂʰᵚa/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/t͡ʃʰa/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ʈ͡ʂʰaɨ/
    Li
    Rong         		/t͡ʃʰa/
    Wang
    Li         		/t͡ʃʰa/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ʈ͡ʂʰa/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		chā
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		caa1
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 差 差
    Reading # 2/5 3/5
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		chāi chāi
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ tsrhɛ › ‹ tsrhɛj ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[tsʰ]raj/ /*[tsʰ](ˁ)raj/
    English distinction; to select distinction; to select

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 差
    Reading # 1/6
    No. 18029
    Phonetic
    component         		左
    Rime
    group         		歌
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime
    Old
    Chinese         		/*sʰraːl/

    Definitions[edit]

    差

    1. to dispatch; to assign; to send on an errand
    2. to select; to choose
    3. (historical) runner; courier; envoy; messenger
    4. (historical) corvée
    5. errand; task

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 差

    Pronunciation 3[edit]

    Rime
    Character 差 差 差
    Reading # 1/5 2/5 3/5
    Initial (聲) 初 (19) 初 (19) 初 (19)
    Final (韻) 支 (13) 佳 (31) 皆 (33)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø) Level (Ø) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open Open Open
    Division (等) Chongniu III II II
    Fanqie 楚宜切 楚佳切 楚皆切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/t͡ʃʰˠiᴇ/ /t͡ʃʰˠɛ/ /t͡ʃʰˠɛi/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ʈ͡ʂʰᵚiɛ/ /ʈ͡ʂʰᵚæ/ /ʈ͡ʂʰᵚæi/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/t͡ʃʰiɛ/ /t͡ʃʰæi/ /t͡ʃʰɐi/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ʈ͡ʂʰjiə̆/ /ʈ͡ʂʰaɨj/ /ʈ͡ʂʰəɨj/
    Li
    Rong         		/t͡ʃʰje/ /t͡ʃʰɛ/ /t͡ʃʰɛi/
    Wang
    Li         		/t͡ʃʰǐe/ /t͡ʃʰai/ /t͡ʃʰɐi/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ʈ͡ʂʰie̯/ /ʈ͡ʂʰai/ /ʈ͡ʂʰăi/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		chī chāi chāi
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		ci1 caai1 caai1
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 差
    Reading # 4/5
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		cī
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ tsrhje ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*tsʰraj/
    English 參差 uneven

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 差
    Reading # 6/6
    No. 18042
    Phonetic
    component         		左
    Rime
    group         		歌
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		差
    Old
    Chinese         		/*sʰral/
    Notes 見孟子

    Definitions[edit]

    差

    1. uneven; irregular; rough
      參差 / 参差  ―  cēncī  ―  uneven
    2. to distinguish; to grade; to classify
    3. grade; rank
    4. limit; boundary

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 差

    Pronunciation 4[edit]

    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 差
    Reading # 5/5
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		cuō
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ tsha ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[tsʰ]ˁaj/
    English rub, polish, file (v.)

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

    Definitions[edit]

    差

    1. † Original form of 搓 (cuō, “to rub with one's hands; to scrub; to twist”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 差

    Pronunciation 5[edit]

    Rime
    Character 差
    Reading # 5/5
    Initial (聲) 初 (19)
    Final (韻) 佳 (31)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) II
    Fanqie 楚懈切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/t͡ʃʰˠɛH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ʈ͡ʂʰᵚæH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/t͡ʃʰæiH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ʈ͡ʂʰaɨjH/
    Li
    Rong         		/t͡ʃʰɛH/
    Wang
    Li         		/t͡ʃʰaiH/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ʈ͡ʂʰaiH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		chài
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		caai3
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 差
    Reading # 5/6
    No. 18039
    Phonetic
    component         		左
    Rime
    group         		歌
    Rime
    subdivision         		2
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		差
    Old
    Chinese         		/*sʰreːls/
    Notes 見方言後作瘥

    Definitions[edit]

    差

    1. † Original form of 瘥 (chài, “to recover from an illness”).

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    差

    (grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    Etymology[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    差
    さ
    Grade: 4
    on’yomi

    From Middle Chinese 差 (MC t͡ʃʰˠiᴇ, t͡ʃʰˠɛ, t͡ʃʰˠɛi, t͡ʃʰˠa, t͡ʃʰˠɛH).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    差(さ) • (sa) 

    1. (generally) difference
      資(し)金(きん)力(りょく)で差(さ)を付(つ)ける
      shikin ryoku de sa o tsukeru
      to make a difference in the financial power
      Synonyms: 差異 (sai), 違い (chigai)
    2. (arithmetic) difference
      九(きゅう)十(じゅう)と七(なな)十(じゅう)八(はち)の差(さ)は十(じゅう)二(に)である。
      Kyūjū to nanajūhachi no sa wa jūni de aru.
      The difference of ninety and seventy-eight is twelve.
      Antonym: (sum) 和 (wa)

    See also[edit]

    References[edit]

    1. ^ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

    Korean[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 差 (MC t͡ʃʰˠɛ, t͡ʃʰˠa, t͡ʃʰˠɛH).

    Historical readings

    Recorded as Middle Korean 차 (cha)訓 (Yale: cha) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

    “difference; to distinguish”
    From Middle Chinese 差 (MC t͡ʃʰˠɛ, “to differ”).
    Recorded as Middle Korean 챙 (Yale: chay) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
    “to select; to assign; to dispatch”
    From Middle Chinese 差 (MC t͡ʃʰˠa, “to select”).
    Recorded as Middle Korean 창 (Yale: cha) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
    “to recover from an illness”
    From Middle Chinese 差 (MC t͡ʃʰˠɛH, “to recover from an illness”).
    Recorded as Middle Korean 챙〮 (Yale: cháy) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    差 (eumhun 다를 차 (dareul cha))

    1. Hanja form? of 차 (“difference; to distinguish”).
    2. Hanja form? of 차 (“to select; to assign; to dispatch”).
    3. Hanja form? of 차 (“to recover from an illness”).
      쾌차 (快差) ― kwaecha ― complete recovery from an illness

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    Etymology 2[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 差 (MC t͡ʃʰˠiᴇ, “uneven”).

    Historical readings

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    差 (eumhun 어긋날 치 (eogeunnal chi))

    1. (literary) Hanja form? of 치 (“uneven; irregular; rough”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    References[edit]

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    差: Hán Nôm readings: sai, sái, si, sươi, sau, sây, soa

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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