磋

磋 U+78CB, 磋 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-78CB ← 磊 [U+78CA] CJK Unified Ideographs 磌 → [U+78CC]

Translingual

Han character

磋 (Kangxi radical 112, 石+10, 15 strokes, cangjie input 一口廿手一 (MRTQM), four-corner 1861₁, composition ⿰石差)

References

• KangXi: page 834, character 27
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24395
• Dae Jaweon: page 1252, character 1
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2445, character 4
• Unihan data for U+78CB

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Chinese

trad.		磋
simp. #		磋

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (左) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
左	*ʔsaːlʔ, *ʔsaːls
佐	*ʔsaːls
袏	*ʔslaːls
蹉	*sʰlaːl
瑳	*sʰlaːl, *sʰlaːlʔ
搓	*sʰlaːl
磋	*sʰlaːl
溠	*sʰlaːl, *sraːl, *ʔsraːls
傞	*sʰlaːl, *slaːl
醝	*zlaːl
瘥	*zlaːl, *ʔsljal, *sʰreːls
鹺	*zlaːl
嵯	*zlaːl, *sʰral
嵳	*zlaːl
蒫	*zlaːl, *ʔsljal, *ʔslɯl
艖	*zlaːl, *sʰraːl
齹	*zlaːl, *sʰral, *zral
縒	*slaːlʔ, *sʰral, *sʰlaːɡ
褨	*slaːlʔ
嗟	*ʔsljal
差	*sʰraːl, *sʰraːls, *sʰreːl, *sʰreːl, *sʰreːls, *sʰral
鎈	*sʰraːl
槎	*zraːl, *zraːlʔ
髊	*zlals

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *sʰlaːl): semantic 石 (“stone”) + phonetic 差 (OC *sʰraːl, *sʰraːls, *sʰreːl, *sʰreːl, *sʰreːls, *sʰral).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): cuō (cuo¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄘㄨㄛ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): co¹

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Pinyin: cuō
    • Zhuyin: ㄘㄨㄛ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tsuo
    • Tongyong Pinyin: cuo
    • Wade–Giles: tsʻo1
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰwɔ⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: co¹
    • Yale: chō
    • Cantonese Pinyin: tso¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: co¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰɔː⁵⁵/

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• Middle Chinese: /t͡sʰɑ/, /t͡sʰuɑ^H/

Rime
Character	磋	磋
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	清 (14)	清 (14)
Final (韻)	歌 (94)	戈 (95)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	七何切	七過切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡sʰɑ/	/t͡sʰuɑH/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡sʰɑ/	/t͡sʰuɑH/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡sʰɑ/	/t͡sʰuɑH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/t͡sʰa/	/t͡sʰwaH/
Li Rong	/t͡sʰɑ/	/t͡sʰuɑH/
Wang Li	/t͡sʰɑ/	/t͡sʰuɑH/
Bernard Karlgren	/t͡sʰɑ/	/t͡sʰuɑH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	cuō	cuò
Expected Cantonese Reflex	co1	co3

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[tsʰ]ˤaj/

  (Zhengzhang): /*sʰlaːl/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	磋
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	cuō
Middle Chinese	‹ tsha ›
Old Chinese	/*[tsʰ]ˁaj/
English	file, polish (v.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	磋
Reading #	1/1
No.	18011
Phonetic component	左
Rime group	歌
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	蹉
Old Chinese	/*sʰlaːl/

Definitions

磋

1. ^† (literally) to polish
2. ^⁜ (figuratively) to deliberate

Compounds

• 互切互磋
• 切磋 (qiēcuō)
• 切磋琢磨 (qiēcuōzhuómó)

• 如切如磋
• 磋商 (cuōshāng)
• 磋摩

• 磋磨
• 磋議／磋议 (cuōyì)

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Japanese

Kanji

磋

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

• Go-on: さ (sa)
• Kan-on: さ (sa)
• Kun: みがく (migaku, 磋く)

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Korean

Hanja

磋 • (cha) (hangeul 차, revised cha, McCune–Reischauer ch'a, Yale cha)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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Vietnamese

Han character

磋: Hán Nôm readings: tha

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

• Nôm: tha, xây

References

• Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
• Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
• Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville