切磋琢磨
Appearance
Chinese
[edit]| to cut and polish; to compare notes; to learn from each other | to carve and polish; to polish and refine a literary work | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| trad. (切磋琢磨) | 切磋 | 琢磨 | |
| simp. #(切磋琢磨) | 切磋 | 琢磨 | |
| alternative forms | 切瑳琢磨 | ||
Etymology
[edit]From the Classic of Poetry, poem 55 (《詩經·衞風·淇奧》):
- 瞻彼淇奧,綠竹猗猗。
- From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Zhān bǐ Qí yù, lǜ zhú yīyī.
Yǒu fěi jūnzǐ, rú qiē rú cuō, rú zhuó rú mó. [Pinyin] - Look at those recesses in the banks of the Qi [river], with their green bamboos, so fresh and luxuriant!
There is our elegant and accomplished prince, as from the knife and the file, as from the chisel and the polisher!
有匪君子,如切如磋,如琢如磨。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
瞻彼淇奥,绿竹猗猗。
有匪君子,如切如磋,如琢如磨。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin: qiēcuōzhuómó
- Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄝ ㄘㄨㄛ ㄓㄨㄛˊ ㄇㄛˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: ciecuojhuómó
- Wade–Giles: chʻieh1-tsʻo1-cho2-mo2
- Yale: chyē-tswō-jwó-mwó
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chietsuojwomo
- Palladius: цецочжомо (cecočžomo)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ⁵⁵ t͡sʰu̯ɔ⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu̯ɔ³⁵ mu̯ɔ³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: cit3 co1 doek3 mo4
- Yale: chit chō deuk mòh
- Cantonese Pinyin: tsit8 tso1 doek8 mo4
- Guangdong Romanization: qid3 co1 dêg3 mo4
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰiːt̚³ t͡sʰɔː⁵⁵ tœːk̚³ mɔː²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
Idiom
[edit]切磋琢磨
- (original meaning) to carve and polish (bones, horns, ivory and jade)
- (figurative) to learn by exchanging ideas and experiences; friendly competition; improvement by learning from others
Descendants
[edit]Sino-Xenic (切磋琢磨):
- → Japanese: 切磋琢磨 (sessatakuma)
- → Korean: 절차탁마(切磋琢磨) (jeolchatangma)
- → Vietnamese: thiết tha trác ma (切磋琢磨)
Japanese
[edit]| Kanji in this term | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 切 | 磋 | 琢 | 磨 |
| せつ > せっ Grade: 2 |
さ Hyōgai |
たく Jinmeiyō |
ま Grade: S |
| on'yomi | |||
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 切磋琢磨 (kyūjitai) |
Etymology
[edit]Yojijukugo (四字熟語) from Middle Chinese 切磋琢磨. By surface analysis, 切磋 (sessa) + 琢磨 (takuma)
Pronunciation
[edit]- IPA(key): [se̞sːa̠ ta̠kɯ̟ma̠]
- (Tokyo) せっさ・たくま [séꜜssà táꜜkùmà] (Atamadaka + Atamadaka – [1]+[1])[1][2]
- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 切磋琢磨する
| Plain | 切磋琢磨する | せっさ・たくま・する | [séꜜssà táꜜkùmà sùrú] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conjunctive | 切磋琢磨して | せっさ・たくま・して | [séꜜssà táꜜkùmà shìté] |
| Perfective | 切磋琢磨した | せっさ・たくま・した | [séꜜssà táꜜkùmà shìtá] |
| Negative | 切磋琢磨しない | せっさ・たくま・しない | [séꜜssà táꜜkùmà shìnáí] |
| Negative perfective | 切磋琢磨しなかった | せっさ・たくま・しなかった | [séꜜssà táꜜkùmà shìnáꜜkàttà] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 切磋琢磨すれば | せっさ・たくま・すれば | [séꜜssà táꜜkùmà sùréꜜbà] |
| Past conditional | 切磋琢磨したら | せっさ・たくま・したら | [séꜜssà táꜜkùmà shìtáꜜrà] |
| Imperative | 切磋琢磨しろ 切磋琢磨せよ |
せっさ・たくま・しろ せっさ・たくま・せよ |
[séꜜssà táꜜkùmà shìró] [séꜜssà táꜜkùmà séꜜyò] |
| Volitional | 切磋琢磨しよう | せっさ・たくま・しよー | [séꜜssà táꜜkùmà shìyóꜜò] |
| Desiderative | 切磋琢磨したい | せっさ・たくま・したい | [séꜜssà táꜜkùmà shìtáí] |
| Formal | 切磋琢磨します | せっさ・たくま・します | [séꜜssà táꜜkùmà shìmáꜜsù] |
| Formal negative | 切磋琢磨しません | せっさ・たくま・しません | [séꜜssà táꜜkùmà shìmáséꜜǹ] |
| Formal volitional | 切磋琢磨しましょう | せっさ・たくま・しましょー | [séꜜssà táꜜkùmà shìmáshóꜜò] |
| Formal perfective | 切磋琢磨しました | せっさ・たくま・しました | [séꜜssà táꜜkùmà shìmáꜜshìtà] |
| Continuative | 切磋琢磨し 切磋琢磨しに |
せっさ・たくま・し せっさ・たくま・しに |
[séꜜssà táꜜkùmà shì] [séꜜssà táꜜkùmà shì ní] |
| Negative continuative | 切磋琢磨せず 切磋琢磨せずに |
せっさ・たくま・せず せっさ・たくま・せずに |
[séꜜssà táꜜkùmà séꜜzù] [séꜜssà táꜜkùmà séꜜzù nì] |
| Passive | 切磋琢磨される | せっさ・たくま・される | [séꜜssà táꜜkùmà sàrérú] |
| Causative | 切磋琢磨させる 切磋琢磨さす |
せっさ・たくま・させる せっさ・たくま・さす |
[séꜜssà táꜜkùmà sàsérú] [séꜜssà táꜜkùmà sàsú] |
| Potential | 切磋琢磨できる | せっさ・たくま・できる | [séꜜssà táꜜkùmà dèkíꜜrù] |
Noun
[edit]切磋琢磨 • (sessatakuma)
- applying oneself and studying hard to cultivate oneself
- friendly competition, improving oneself by learning from others
Verb
[edit]切磋琢磨する • (sessatakuma suru) suru (stem 切磋琢磨し (sessatakuma shi), past 切磋琢磨した (sessatakuma shita))
- to apply oneself and study hard to improve oneself
- to try to improve by learning from others
Conjugation
[edit]| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 切磋琢磨し | せっさたくまし | sessatakuma shi |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 切磋琢磨し | せっさたくまし | sessatakuma shi |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 切磋琢磨する | せっさたくまする | sessatakuma suru |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 切磋琢磨する | せっさたくまする | sessatakuma suru |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 切磋琢磨すれ | せっさたくますれ | sessatakuma sure |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 切磋琢磨せよ¹ 切磋琢磨しろ² |
せっさたくませよ¹ せっさたくましろ² |
sessatakuma seyo¹ sessatakuma shiro² |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 切磋琢磨される | せっさたくまされる | sessatakuma sareru |
| Causative | 切磋琢磨させる 切磋琢磨さす |
せっさたくまさせる せっさたくまさす |
sessatakuma saseru sessatakuma sasu |
| Potential | 切磋琢磨できる | せっさたくまできる | sessatakuma dekiru |
| Volitional | 切磋琢磨しよう | せっさたくましよう | sessatakuma shiyō |
| Negative | 切磋琢磨しない | せっさたくましない | sessatakuma shinai |
| Negative continuative | 切磋琢磨せず | せっさたくませず | sessatakuma sezu |
| Formal | 切磋琢磨します | せっさたくまします | sessatakuma shimasu |
| Perfective | 切磋琢磨した | せっさたくました | sessatakuma shita |
| Conjunctive | 切磋琢磨して | せっさたくまして | sessatakuma shite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 切磋琢磨すれば | せっさたくますれば | sessatakuma sureba |
¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
References
[edit]- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2019), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2020), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Eighth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
Further reading
[edit]- “切▲磋▲琢磨”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia][1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026
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