左
|
Translingual
[edit]Stroke order | |||
---|---|---|---|
Han character
[edit]左 (Kangxi radical 48, 工+2, 5 strokes, cangjie input 大一 (KM), four-corner 40011, composition ⿸𠂇工)
Derived characters
[edit]Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 325, character 8
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 8720
- Dae Jaweon: page 626, character 7
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 411, character 5
- Unihan data for U+5DE6
Chinese
[edit]simp. and trad. |
左 | |
---|---|---|
alternative forms | 𠂇 𢀡 㔫 屮 䶹 |
Glyph origin
[edit]Historical forms of the character 左 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) | |
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
Old Chinese | |
---|---|
左 | *ʔsaːlʔ, *ʔsaːls |
佐 | *ʔsaːls |
袏 | *ʔslaːls |
蹉 | *sʰlaːl |
瑳 | *sʰlaːl, *sʰlaːlʔ |
搓 | *sʰlaːl |
磋 | *sʰlaːl |
溠 | *sʰlaːl, *sraːl, *ʔsraːls |
傞 | *sʰlaːl, *slaːl |
醝 | *zlaːl |
瘥 | *zlaːl, *ʔsljal, *sʰreːls |
鹺 | *zlaːl |
嵯 | *zlaːl, *sʰral |
嵳 | *zlaːl |
蒫 | *zlaːl, *ʔsljal, *ʔslɯl |
艖 | *zlaːl, *sʰraːl |
齹 | *zlaːl, *sʰral, *zral |
縒 | *slaːlʔ, *sʰral, *sʰlaːɡ |
褨 | *slaːlʔ |
嗟 | *ʔsljal |
差 | *sʰraːl, *sʰraːls, *sʰreːl, *sʰreːl, *sʰreːls, *sʰral |
鎈 | *sʰraːl |
槎 | *zraːl, *zraːlʔ |
髊 | *zlals |
Originally written 𠂇 in the oracle bone script: Pictogram (象形) – a left hand. Compare 又 (“right hand”).
Late bronze inscription forms show an added 工 (“work; to assist?”) component, making the current form a phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *ʔsaːlʔ, *ʔsaːls) and ideogrammic compound (會意/会意) : phonetic 𠂇 (, “left hand”) + semantic 工 (“work”), representing the original form of 佐 (OC *ʔsaːls, “to assist”).
Etymology
[edit]Cognate with 佐 (OC *ʔsaːls, “to assist”) (< be on one's left side); mirror of the semantic relationship between 右 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ, “right”) and 佑 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “to assist”) (Schuessler, 2007).
Unrelated to Proto-Tibeto-Burman *b(w)aj (“left (hand)”) (STEDT).
- “(politics) left-wing”
- Semantic loan from English left, in turn a semantic loan from French gauche.
Pronunciation 1
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): zo3
- (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): zuò
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): зуә (zuə, II)
- Cantonese (Jyutping): zo2
- Gan (Wiktionary): zo3
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): ze2
- Northern Min (KCR): cǒ̤
- Eastern Min (BUC): cō̤
- Southern Min
- Wu (Northern, Wugniu): 5tsu / 3tsou / 3tso
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): zo3
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄗㄨㄛˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: zuǒ
- Wade–Giles: tso3
- Yale: dzwǒ
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzuoo
- Palladius: цзо (czo)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡su̯ɔ²¹⁴/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: zo3
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: zo
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡so⁵³/
- (Xi'an)
- Guanzhong Pinyin: zuò
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡suo⁵³/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: зуә (zuə, II)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡suə⁵¹/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: zo2
- Yale: jó
- Cantonese Pinyin: dzo2
- Guangdong Romanization: zo2
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sɔː³⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: zo3
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡so²¹³/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chó
- Hakka Romanization System: zoˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: zo3
- Sinological IPA: /t͡so³¹/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: ze2
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡sɤ⁵³/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: cǒ̤
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sɔ²¹/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: cō̤
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡so³³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- Quanzhou:
- chó - vernacular;
- chó͘ - literary.
- Dialectal data
Variety | Location | 左 |
---|---|---|
Mandarin | Beijing | /t͡suo²¹⁴/ |
Harbin | /t͡suo²¹³/ | |
Tianjin | /t͡suo¹³/ | |
Jinan | /t͡suə²¹/ | |
Qingdao | /t͡suə²¹³/ | |
Zhengzhou | /t͡suo⁵³/ | |
Xi'an | /t͡suo⁵³/ | |
Xining | /t͡su⁵³/ | |
Yinchuan | /t͡suə⁵³/ | |
Lanzhou | /t͡suə⁴⁴²/ | |
Ürümqi | /t͡suɤ⁵¹/ | |
Wuhan | /t͡suo⁴²/ | |
Chengdu | /t͡so⁵³/ | |
Guiyang | /t͡so⁴²/ | |
Kunming | /t͡so⁵³/ | |
Nanjing | /t͡so²¹²/ | |
Hefei | /t͡sʊ²⁴/ | |
Jin | Taiyuan | /t͡sɤ⁵³/ |
Pingyao | /t͡ɕie̞³⁵/ | |
Hohhot | /t͡suɤ⁵³/ | |
Wu | Shanghai | /t͡su³⁵/ |
Suzhou | /t͡səu⁵¹³/ | |
Hangzhou | /t͡so⁵³/ | |
Wenzhou | /t͡sɤu³⁵/ | |
Hui | Shexian | /t͡so³⁵/ |
Tunxi | /t͡so³¹/ | |
Xiang | Changsha | /t͡so⁴¹/ |
Xiangtan | /t͡so⁴²/ | |
Gan | Nanchang | /t͡so²¹³/ |
Hakka | Meixian | /t͡so³¹/ |
Taoyuan | /t͡so³¹/ | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | /t͡sɔ³⁵/ |
Nanning | /t͡sɔ³⁵/ | |
Hong Kong | /t͡sɔ³⁵/ | |
Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /t͡so⁵³/ |
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /t͡so³²/ | |
Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /t͡sɔ²¹/ | |
Shantou (Teochew) | /t͡so⁵³/ | |
Haikou (Hainanese) | /to²¹³/ |
- Middle Chinese: tsaX
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*tsˤa[j]ʔ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*ʔsaːlʔ/
Definitions
[edit]左
- left (direction)
- 左手 ― zuǒshǒu ― left hand
- east; areas to the east
- (historical) inferior position
- unorthodox; wrong
- erroneously; mistakingly
- different; divided; inconsistent
- 相左 ― xiàngzuǒ ― to conflict with each other; to fail to agree
- (politics) left-wing
- (chemistry) levo-
- 左多巴 ― zuǒduōbā ― levodopa
- (Sichuanese, of singing) out of tune; off-key
- (Southwestern Mandarin, including Sichuanese) to exchange
- (Eastern Min) devious, dishonest
- (Xiang) wrong; incorrect
- a surname
- 左宗棠 ― Zuǒ Zōngtáng ― Zuo Zongtang (Qing dynasty Chinese statesman and military leader)
Usage notes
[edit]In socialist nations e.g. mainland China, 左 is usually (not necessarily) put in quotation marks when referring to the leftism further to the correct party line.
Synonyms
[edit]Antonyms
[edit]- 右 (yòu, “right”)
Pronunciation 2
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄗㄨㄛˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: zuǒ
- Wade–Giles: tso3
- Yale: dzwǒ
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tzuoo
- Palladius: цзо (czo)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡su̯ɔ²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Middle Chinese: tsaX, tsaH
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*tsˤa[j]ʔ/, /*tsˤarʔ-s/
- (Zhengzhang): /*ʔsaːlʔ/, /*ʔsaːls/
Definitions
[edit]左
Compounds
[edit]- 不左不右
- 反左書/反左书
- 可操左券
- 如左右手
- 如持左券
- 左不過/左不过
- 左丘 (Zuǒqiū)
- 左丞
- 左乙
- 左使
- 左來右去/左来右去
- 左側/左侧 (zuǒcè)
- 左傾/左倾 (zuǒqīng)
- 左傳/左传 (Zuǒzhuàn)
- 左列
- 左券 (zuǒquàn)
- 左券在握
- 左……右……
- 左史
- 左右 (zuǒyòu)
- 左右兩難/左右两难
- 左右前後/左右前后
- 左右夾攻/左右夹攻
- 左右手 (zuǒyòushǒu)
- 左右支絀/左右支绌
- 左右為難/左右为难 (zuǒyòuwéinán)
- 左右翼
- 左右袒
- 左右逢源 (zuǒyòuféngyuán)
- 左右開弓/左右开弓
- 左嗓子
- 左圖右史/左图右史 (zuǒtúyòushǐ)
- 左契
- 左學/左学 (zuǒxué)
- 左宜右有
- 左嵐/左岚 (Zuǒlán)
- 左師/左师 (zuǒshī)
- 左徒
- 左心室 (zuǒxīnshì)
- 左性
- 左思右想 (zuǒsīyòuxiǎng)
- 左手 (zuǒshǒu)
- 左挈右提
- 左拾遺/左拾遗
- 左提右挈
- 左撇子 (zuǒpiězi)
- 左擁右抱/左拥右抱 (zuǒyōngyòubào)
- 左支右吾
- 左支右絀/左支右绌 (zuǒzhīyòuchù)
- 左方
- 左書/左书
- 左榜右臂
- 左權/左权 (Zuǒquán)
- 左氏春秋
- 左江 (Zuǒjiāng)
- 左派 (zuǒpài)
- 左海 (zuǒhǎi)
- 左湊/左凑
- 左溪寺 (Zuǒxīsì)
- 左營/左营 (Zuǒyíng)
- 左猜
- 左獄/左狱
- 左皮氣/左皮气
- 左縈右拂/左萦右拂
- 左纛
- 左翼 (zuǒyì)
- 左舷 (zuǒxián)
- 左行
- 左衝右突/左冲右突 (zuǒchōngyòutū)
- 左衽 (zuǒrèn)
- 左袒 (zuǒtǎn)
- 左計/左计
- 左證/左证 (zuǒzhèng)
- 左賢王/左贤王
- 左輔右弼/左辅右弼
- 左輪/左轮 (zuǒlún)
- 左轉/左转 (zuǒzhuǎn)
- 左近 (zuǒjìn)
- 左道 (zuǒdào)
- 左道旁門/左道旁门
- 左遮右攩/左遮右挡
- 左遷/左迁 (zuǒqiān)
- 左邊/左边 (zuǒbiān)
- 左鄰右舍/左邻右舍 (zuǒlínyòushè)
- 左鎮/左镇 (Zuǒzhèn, “Zuojhen”)
- 左鎮人/左镇人
- 左降
- 左面 (zuǒmiàn)
- 左顧/左顾
- 左顧右盼/左顾右盼 (zuǒgùyòupàn)
- 左首 (zuǒshǒu)
- 弄左性
- 所謀輒左/所谋辄左
- 披髮左衽/披发左衽 (pīfàzuǒrèn)
- 持左券
- 操左券
- 旁門左道/旁门左道 (pángménzuǒdào)
- 江左 (Jiāngzuǒ)
- 江左夷吾
- 淮左
- 牛心左性
- 男左女右 (nánzuǒnǚyòu)
- 相左 (xiāngzuǒ)
- 穩操左券/稳操左券
- 羊左之誼/羊左之谊
- 虛左/虚左
- 虛左以待/虚左以待
- 被髮左衽/被发左衽 (pīfàzuǒrèn)
- 證左/证左
- 道左 (dàozuǒ)
- 鄰左/邻左
- 閭左/闾左
- 驗左/验左
Descendants
[edit]Others:
- → Ahom: 𑜏𑜩 (say, “left”)
- → Bouyei: soix (“left”)
- → English: Tso, Zuo
- → Lao: ຊ້າຍ (sāi, “left”)
- → Shan: သၢႆႉ (sâ̰ai, “left”)
- → Thai: ซ้าย (sáai, “left”)
- → Zhuang: swix (“left”)
References
[edit]- “左”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[2], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A01151
Japanese
[edit]Kanji
[edit]Readings
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Compounds
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
左 |
ひだり Grade: 1 |
kun'yomi |
/hidari/: *[pidari] → [ɸidari] → [çidari].
From Old Japanese. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.[1] From Proto-Japonic *pintari.
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]- (direction) left, the side of the left hand
- 1603–1604, Nippo Jisho, page 229:
- Fidari. ヒダリ (左) 左手, または, 左の方
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- 1999 August 10, “封印されし者の左腕 [Left Arm of the Sealed One]”, in 幻の召喚神 [Phantom God], Konami:
- 封印された左腕。封印を解くと、無限の力を得られる。
- Fūinsareta hidariude. Fūin o toku to, mugen no chikara o erareru.
- A sealed left arm. Whosoever breaks the seal shall earn infinite power.
- 封印された左腕。封印を解くと、無限の力を得られる。
- (politics) a leftist
Antonyms
[edit]- (antonym(s) of “left”): 右 (migi, “right”)
Derived terms
[edit]- 左側 (hidarigawa)
- 左利き (hidarikiki)
- 左手 (hidarite)
- 左巻き (hidarimaki)
- 左上 (hidariue)
- 左下 (hidarishita)
- 右左 (migihidari)
Etymology 2
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
左 |
さ Grade: 1 |
on'yomi |
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]- the left in vertical writing
- the following (one)
- 1905–06, Natsume Sōseki, I Am a Cat (text here):
- 吾輩はまず彼がどのくらい無学であるかを試してみようと思って左の問答をして見た。
- Wagahai wa mazu kare ga dono kurai mugaku de aru ka o tameshite miyō to omotte sa no mondō o shite mita.
- To judge just how uneducated he was, I posed the following question.
- 吾輩はまず彼がどのくらい無学であるかを試してみようと思って左の問答をして見た。
- 1905–06, Natsume Sōseki, I Am a Cat (text here):
Prefix
[edit]- to the left; on the left side
- (history, government) "of the left", senior or superior to 右 (u-, “of the right”)
References
[edit]- ^ “左”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
- Doi, Tadao (1603–1604) Hōyaku Nippo Jisho (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, published 1980, →ISBN.
Korean
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Middle Chinese 左 (MC tsaX).
- Recorded as Middle Korean 장〯 (Yale: cǎ) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
- Recorded as Middle Korean 좌〯 (cwǎ) (Yale: cwǎ) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [t͡ɕwa̠(ː)]
- Phonetic hangul: [좌(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
Hanja
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [3]
Okinawan
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
左 |
ひじゃい Grade: 1 |
kun'yomi |
Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Ryukyuan *pidari, from Proto-Japonic *pintari. Cognate with Japanese 左 (hidari).
Noun
[edit]左 (hijai)
- (direction) left
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]- left (direction)
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- Japanese kyōiku kanji
- Japanese jōyō kanji
- Japanese kanji with goon reading さ
- Japanese kanji with kan'on reading さ
- Japanese kanji with kun reading ひだり
- Japanese kanji with kun reading と
- Japanese terms spelled with 左 read as ひだり
- Japanese terms read with kun'yomi
- Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms inherited from Proto-Japonic
- Japanese terms derived from Proto-Japonic
- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese nouns
- Japanese terms with multiple readings
- Japanese terms spelled with first grade kanji
- Japanese terms with 1 kanji
- Japanese terms spelled with 左
- Japanese single-kanji terms
- Japanese terms with quotations
- Japanese terms with usage examples
- ja:Politics
- Japanese terms spelled with 左 read as さ
- Japanese terms read with on'yomi
- Japanese terms derived from Middle Chinese
- Japanese prefixes
- ja:History
- ja:Government
- Korean terms derived from Middle Chinese
- Middle Korean hanja
- Korean terms with long vowels in the first syllable
- Korean lemmas
- Korean hanja
- Korean hanja forms
- Okinawan terms spelled with 左 read as ひじゃい
- Okinawan terms read with kun'yomi
- Okinawan terms inherited from Proto-Ryukyuan
- Okinawan terms derived from Proto-Ryukyuan
- Okinawan terms inherited from Proto-Japonic
- Okinawan terms derived from Proto-Japonic
- Okinawan lemmas
- Okinawan nouns
- Okinawan terms spelled with first grade kanji
- Okinawan terms with 1 kanji
- Okinawan terms spelled with 左
- Okinawan single-kanji terms
- Vietnamese lemmas
- Vietnamese Han characters