天

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See also: 夫, 禾, 末, 未, and 夭
天 U+5929, 天
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5929
← 夨
[U+5928] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 太 →
[U+592A]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
天-order.gif

Han character[edit]

天 (radical 37, 大+1, 4 strokes, cangjie input 一大 (MK), four-corner 10430, composition ⿱一大)

Derived characters[edit]

Descendants[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 248, character 4
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5833
  • Dae Jaweon: page 500, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 522, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+5929

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 天
variant forms 𠀘
𠀡
𠀑
The sky over Guangdong.
The Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests in Beijing's Temple of Heaven.
Wikipedia has articles on:
• 天 (Written Standard Chinese?)
• Tian (English)

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 天
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu Slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
天-bronze-shang.svg 天-oracle.svg 天-bronze-shang.svg 天-silk.svg 天-seal.svg 天-bigseal.svg
Characters in the same phonetic series (天) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
添 *tʰiːm
忝 *l̥ʰiːmʔ, *l̥ʰiːms
悿 *tʰiːmʔ
舔 *l̥ʰiːmʔ
菾 *diːm
天 *qʰl'iːn
吞 *qʰl'iːn, *qʰl'ɯːn
祆 *qʰliːn
蚕 *zluːm, *hl'iːnʔ

A top line representing the level above a man with outstretched arms (大 (dà)). Ancient representation of the character show a man with a large head, an anthropomorphic representation of heaven.

Original meaning of the word is “sky”. Such concept is difficult to depict with a pictogram, hence the current form. Perhaps influenced by the glyph, the character was frequently glossed in Old Chinese documents with 顛 (“crown of the head”), and such had led to incorrect hypotheses which regarded 天 as a derivation of 顛 or 巔, “top (of the head/hill)”.

Etymology[edit]

This character was previously reconstructed to have a /*tʰ/-initial in Old Chinese, but this hypothesis has been largely discounted in recent reconstructions, in light of evidence from early Chinese accounts of dialectal pronunciations, transcription of other languages, as well as cognate/derived characters within Chinese, which has all pointed to a voiceless resonant initial /*l̥-/ in Old Chinese. The book Shiming showed that, by c. 200 CE, this initial had already produced dialectal variation in the pronunciation: People in central-western China pronounced it with the back of the tongue, like 顯 (MC henX), while people in eastern China pronounced it with the tip of the tongue, like 坦 (MC tʰɑnX). An old northwestern dialect variant survives as 祆 (MC hen, “God of the Zoroastrians”), and the word 天竺 (MC tʰen ʈɨuk̚, “India”) was used to transcribe Old Persian *Hind-uka ("India").

Further etymology is unknown. While it was reconstructed with a /*tʰ-/ initial, it was frequently compared with tengri, the name for God in early Turkic and Mongolic peoples' languages. This now appears unlikely. The only certain external cognate is the Central Bai (a language closely related to Chinese) word heinl (“sky, heaven”) /xẽ⁵⁵/.

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • thiⁿ - vernacular;
  • thian - literary.
Note:
  • tin1 - vernacular;
  • tiêng1/tiang1 - literary.
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    • Rime
    Character 天
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 透 (6)
    Final (韻) 先 (85)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) IV
    Fanqie 他前切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/tʰen/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/tʰen/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/tʰɛn/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/tʰɛn/
    Li
    Rong         		/tʰen/
    Wang
    Li         		/tʰien/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/tʰien/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		tiān
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 天 天
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		tiān xiān
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ then › ‹ xen ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*l̥ˤi[n]/ /*l̥ˤi[n]/ (W dialect: l̥ˤ- > Hàn-time *xˤ- > MC x-)
    English heaven heaven

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 天
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 12387
    Phonetic
    component         		天
    Rime
    group         		眞
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		天
    Old
    Chinese         		/*qʰl'iːn/

    Definitions[edit]

    天

    1. sky; heavens; heavenly; celestial
      • 天空  ―  tiānkōng  ―  sky
      天黑了。  ―  Tiān hēi le.  ―  It's getting dark.
    2. (mythology or religion) heaven as the abode of the gods or the blessed departed; heavenly.
      • 上天  ―  shàngtiān  ―  to go up to the sky; to go to heaven
      • 天意  ―  tiānyì  ―  Heaven's will
    3. (mythology or religion) Heaven as an impersonal deity, often translated as God.
      • 天主  ―  tiānzhǔ  ―  God
      • 老天  ―  lǎotiān  ―  god
      • 我的天啊！  ―  Wǒ de tiān a!  ―  Oh my God!
      • 天助自助者。  ―  Tiān zhù zì zhù zhě.  ―  God helps those who help themselves.
    4. top; overhead
      • 天橋 / 天桥  ―  tiānqiáo  ―  footbridge
      • 天窗  ―  tiānchuāng  ―  sunroof
    5. weather; climate
    6. day (24 hours)
      今天  ―  jīntiān  ―  today
      明天  ―  míngtiān  ―  tomorrow
      三天  ―  sān tiān  ―  three days
    7. † day (as opposed to night)
      白天  ―  báitiān  ―  daytime
    8. † season
    9. nature
    10. natural; innate
      • 天生  ―  tiānshēng  ―  innate
      • 天性  ―  tiānxìng  ―  nature, personality
      • 天才  ―  tiāncái  ―  genius

    Synonyms[edit]

    Dialectal synonyms of 天 (“day (24 hours)”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 日
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 日
    Mandarin Beijing 天
    Taiwan 天
    Cantonese Guangzhou 日
    Hong Kong 日
    Taishan 日
    Gan Nanchang 日
    Hakka Meixian 日
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 日
    Liudui (S. Sixian) 日
    Hsinchu (Hailu) 日
    Dongshi (Dabu) 日
    Zhuolan (Raoping) 日
    Yunlin (Zhao'an) 日
    Jin Taiyuan 天
    Min Dong Fuzhou 日
    Min Nan Xiamen 日
    Quanzhou 日
    Zhangzhou 日
    Taipei 工、日
    Kaohsiung 工、日
    Tainan 工、日
    Taichung 日、工
    Hsinchu 日、工
    Lukang 工、日
    Sanxia 工、日
    Yilan 工、日
    Kinmen 工
    Magong 工
    Penang 日
    Wu Shanghai 日、天
    Xiang Changsha 天

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 天

    Japanese[edit]

    Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia ja

    Kanji[edit]

    天

    (grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. heavens, sky

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    天
    あま
    Grade: 1
    kun’yomi

    From Old Japanese. A bound form only appearing in compounds.[1][2] Compare the formation of 目 (ma, bound form in compounds) and 目 (me, standalone form), 手 (ta, bound form in compounds) and 手 (te, standalone form).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    天 (hiragana あま, rōmaji ama)

    1. (archaic) the sky, the heavens
    2. the area above a kitchen stove:
      1. where the smoke collects in an old kitchen using a wood-burning stove
      2. a shelf or shelves above the stove
    3. (archaic) heaven
    Derived terms[edit]
    Derived terms

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    天
    あめ
    Grade: 1
    kun’yomi

    ⟨ame2⟩ → */aməj/ → /ame/

    From Old Japanese as a sound shift from ama above.[1] Likely derived by fusion of ama + い (i, emphatic nominative particle), similar to the derivation of other words such as 神 (kami, from kamu + i), 目 (me, from ma + i), etc.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    天 (hiragana あめ, rōmaji ame)

    1. (archaic) the sky, the heavens
    2. (archaic) heaven
    3. (archaic) the roof of a palace
    Idioms[edit]
    Idioms
    Derived terms[edit]
    Derived terms

    Etymology 3[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    天
    てん
    Grade: 1
    on’yomi

    From Middle Chinese 天 (MC tʰen, “sky; heavens”). Compare modern Mandarin reading tiān.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    天 (hiragana てん, rōmaji ten)

    1. the sky, the heavens
    2. heaven
    3. (metaphorically) the gods, providence, fate
    Idioms[edit]
    Idioms
    Derived terms[edit]
    Derived terms

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

    Korean[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    天 (eumhun 하늘 천 (haneul cheon))

    1. sky; heaven; Godhead; tao; etc.

    Synonyms[edit]

    Antonyms[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    天 (thiên)

    1. sky, heavens
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