夜

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夜 U+591C, 夜
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-591C
← 夛
[U+591B] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 夝 →
[U+591D]
See also: 亱

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
8 strokes

Han character[edit]

夜 (radical 36, 夕+5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 卜人弓大 (YONK), four-corner 00247, composition ⿱亠⿰亻⿴夂丶)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 246, character 18
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5763
  • Dae Jaweon: page 490, character 7
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 285, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+591C

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 夜
variant forms 亱
𠙑

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 夜
Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
夜-bronze.svg 夜-seal.svg 夜-bigseal.svg
Characters in the same phonetic series (亦) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
夜 *laːɡs
鵺 *laːɡs
迹 *ʔsleːɡ
跡 *ʔsleːɡ
亦 *laːɡ
弈 *laːɡ
奕 *laːɡ
帟 *laːɡ
腋 *laːɡ
掖 *laːɡ
焲 *laːɡ
液 *laːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *laːɡs): phonetic 亦 (OC *laːɡ) + semantic 夕 (“moon”).

The lower-right portion is a corruption/graphical variant of 夕; the remainder (亠 + 亻) is a reduced and distorted form of 亦, used phonetically.

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-r(j)ak.

Pronunciation[edit]

Rime
Character 夜
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 以 (36)
Final (韻) 麻 (100)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 羊謝切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/jiaH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/jiaH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/iaH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/jiaH/
Li
Rong 		/iaH/
Wang
Li 		/jĭaH/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/i̯aH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		yè
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 夜
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		yè
Middle
Chinese 		‹ yæH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[ɢ]Ak-s/
English night

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 夜
Reading # 1/1
No. 14992
Phonetic
component 		亦
Rime
group 		暮
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		夜
Old
Chinese 		/*laːɡs/

Definitions[edit]

夜

  1. night
    ⇒ 晚
  2. occurring during the night
  3. (Cantonese) late (in the night)
    我呢排晚晚都好夜先返屋企。 [Cantonese, trad. and simp.]
    Ngo5 ni1 paai4 maan5 maan5 dou1 hou2 je6 sin1 faan1 uk1 kei5-2. [Jyutping]
    Recently, I've been going home quite late in the night.
  4. Classifier for the number of nights.
    三天兩夜 / 三天两夜  ―  sān tiān liǎng yè  ―  three days and two nights

Compounds[edit]

Derived terms from 夜

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

夜

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. night, nighttime

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

Etymology 1[edit]

Kanji in this term
夜
よる
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

⟨yo1ru⟩ → */jʷoru/ → /joru/

From Old Japanese. Appears in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.[1]

Derived from yo below, suffixed with an element ru of unclear meaning.[2] Compare 日 (hi, “day”) → 昼 (hiru, “daytime”), which seems to use this same ru element.[2]

Used as a standalone noun but not in compounds in Old Japanese. Now the most common term for night in modern Japanese.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

夜 (hiragana よる, rōmaji yoru)

  1. night, evening
    東 (とう)京 (きょう)の夜 (よる)
    Tōkyō no yoru
    Tokyo nights
    不 (ふ)安 (あん)な夜 (よる)を過 (す)ごす
    fuan na yoru o sugosu
    to endure a night of anxiety
    (literally, “to pass an uneasy night”)
    夜 (よる)の星空 (ほしぞら)を見 (み)上 (あ)げる
    yoru no hoshizora o miageru
    to look up at the night's starry sky
    『夜 (よる)のヒットスタジオ』
    “Yoru no Hitto Sutajio”
    "Hit Studio of the Night" (prominent Japanese music show)
    Synonym: 夜間 (yakan)
    Antonym: 昼 (hiru)
Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms
Idioms[edit]

Proper noun[edit]

夜 (hiragana よる, rōmaji Yoru)

  1. a female given name

Etymology 2[edit]

Kanji in this term
夜
よ
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

⟨yo1⟩ → /jʷo/ → /jo/

From Old Japanese, appears in the Kojiki of 712 CE.[2]

Used as both a standalone noun and in compounds in Old Japanese. In the modern language, this term has taken on a more literary sense.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

夜 (hiragana よ, rōmaji yo)

  1. (literary) night, evening
    『真夏 (まなつ)の夜 (よ)の夢 (ゆめ)』
    “Manatsu no Yo no Yume”
    A Midsummer Night's Dream
Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms

Etymology 3[edit]

Kanji in this term
夜
Grade: 2
Irregular

From Old Japanese, attested in the Hizen-no-kuni Fudoki (c. 739 CE) and in the Man'yōshū (759 CE).

Analyzed as the Eastern Old Japanese variation of yo above.

Noun[edit]

夜 (hiragana ゆ, rōmaji yu)

  1. (regional, obsolete) night, evening
    • c. 732-739, Hizen-no-kuni Fudoki (poem 1)
      志 (し)努 (の)波 (は)羅 (ら)能 (の)意 (お)登 (と)比 (ひ)賣 (め)能 (の)古 (こ)袁 (を)佐 (さ)比 (ひ)登 (と)由 (ゆ)母 (も)為 (ゐ)禰 (ね)弖 (て)牟 (む)志 (し)太 (だ)夜 (や)伊 (い)幣 (へ)爾 (に)久 (く)太 (だ)佐 (さ)牟 (む) [Man'yōgana]
      篠原 (しのはら)の弟姫 (おとひめ)の子 (こ)をさ一 (ひと)夜 (ゆ)も率 (ゐ)寝 (ね)てむ時 (しだ)や家 (いへ)にくださむ [Modern spelling]
      shinohara no otohime no ko o sa-hitoyu mo inetemu shida ya ie ni kudasamu
      (please add an English translation of this example)
      [Note: Some later manuscripts erroneously replace the man'yōgana 袁 (wo) with 素 (⟨so1⟩ → so).]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 5, poem 807), text here
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

夜 (eumhun 밤 야 (bam ya))

  1. night

Compounds[edit]

Oki-No-Erabu[edit]

Kanji[edit]

夜 (kun'yomi いぃーる, romaji yīru)

Etymology[edit]

Cognate with mainland Japanese 夜 (yoru, “night”).

Noun[edit]

夜 (hiragana いぃーる, romaji yīru)

  1. night

Okinawan[edit]

Kanji[edit]

夜 (kun'yomi ゆる, romaji yuru, kun'yomi ゆー, romaji yū)

Etymology 1[edit]

Cognate with mainland Japanese 夜 (yoru, “night”).

Counter[edit]

夜 (hiragana ゆる, romaji yuru)

  1. nights
    一夜 (ちゅゆる)
    chuyuru
    one night
    二夜 (たゆる)
    tayuru
    two nights

Noun[edit]

夜 (hiragana ゆる, romaji yuru)

  1. night

Etymology 2[edit]

Cognate with mainland Japanese 夜 (yo, “night”).

Noun[edit]

夜 (hiragana ゆー, romaji yū)

  1. night

References[edit]

  • 沖縄語辞典 (Okinawago Jiten, “Okinawan Dictionary”)‎[1], 1963

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

夜 (dạ, dà)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Yonaguni[edit]

Kanji[edit]

夜 (kun'yomi どぅる, romaji duru)

Etymology[edit]

Cognate with mainland Japanese 夜 (yoru, “night”).

Noun[edit]

夜 (hiragana どぅる, romaji duru)

  1. night
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