落

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落 U+843D, 落
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-843D
← 萼
[U+843C] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 萾 →
[U+843E]

落 U+F918, 落
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F918
← 珞
[U+F917] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 酪 →
[U+F919]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
Simplified Chinese and Japanese

Han character[edit]

落 (Kangxi radical 140, 艸+9, 13 strokes in traditional Chinese and Korean, 12 strokes in simplified Chinese and Japanese, cangjie input 廿水竹口 (TEHR), four-corner 44164, composition ⿱艹洛)

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 1043, character 11
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 31362
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1503, character 20
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3255, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+843D

Chinese[edit]

trad. 落
simp. # 落

Glyph origin[edit]

Characters in the same phonetic series (各) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
髂 *kʰraːɡs
路 *ɡ·raːɡs
輅 *ɡ·raːɡs
賂 *ɡ·raːɡs
虂 *ɡ·raːɡs
露 *ɡ·raːɡs
潞 *raːɡs
鷺 *raːɡs
璐 *raːɡs
簬 *raːɡs
簵 *ɡ·raːɡs
洛 *ɡ·raːɡ
駱 *ɡ·raːɡ
絡 *ɡ·raːɡ
酪 *ɡ·raːɡ
烙 *ɡ·raːɡ
雒 *ɡ·raːɡ
珞 *ɡ·raːɡ
硌 *ɡ·raːɡ
袼 *ɡ·raːɡ, *klaːɡ
笿 *ɡ·raːɡ
鉻 *ɡ·raːɡ, *kraːɡ
鮥 *ɡ·raːɡ
鵅 *ɡ·raːɡ, *kraːɡ
挌 *ɡ·raːɡ, *kraːɡ
落 *ɡ·raːɡ
各 *klaːɡ
胳 *klaːɡ
閣 *klaːɡ
格 *klaːɡ, *kraːɡ
擱 *klaːɡ
恪 *kʰlaːɡ
愙 *kʰaːɡ
貉 *ɡlaːɡ, *mɡraːɡ
狢 *ɡlaːɡ
佫 *ɡlaːɡ
略 *ɡ·raɡ
茖 *kraːɡ
骼 *kraːɡ
觡 *kraːɡ
蛒 *kraːɡ
敋 *kraːɡ
客 *kʰraːɡ
喀 *kʰraːɡ
揢 *kʰraːɡ
額 *ŋɡraːɡ
峉 *ŋɡraːɡ
頟 *ŋɡraːɡ
詻 *ŋɡraːɡ
垎 *ɡraːɡ
楁 *ɡraːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɡ·raːɡ): semantic 艹 + phonetic 洛 (OC *ɡ·raːɡ).

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(k/g)la-k/y/t (“to fall”) (STEDT, Schuessler, 2007):

within Sinitic, cognate to 露 (OC *ɡ·raːɡs) "dew", 下 (OC *ɡraːʔ, *ɡraːs, “down, below, to descend, to fall down”) , 陊 (OC *l'aːlʔ, *l'alʔ) "to collapse" and 阤 (OC *l'alʔ, *hljalʔ) "hillside, slope";
outsides Sinitic, cognate to Mizo tla ~ tlâk (“to fall”) and thla ~ thlâk (“to drop”), Burmese ကျ (kya., “to fall”) and ချ (hkya., “to drop”).

Schuessler attributes OC *r-, instead of expected **l-, to possible Austroasiatic influence: compare Khmer [script needed] (gra'ka, “be low, debased”) < [script needed] (-ra'ka, “to fall, below, cover from above”). However, Matisoff (2003) identifies several ST etyma which display TB *(C‑)l- vs. OC *(C‑)r‑ correspondence (e.g. *l(j)a(k/ŋ) (“good, beautiful”) → 良 (OC *raŋ), *g/m-liŋ (“neck”) → 領 (OC *reŋʔ), etc.) and TB *(C‑)r- vs. OC *(C‑)l‑ (e.g. *g-rjum (“salt”) → 鹽 (OC *ɡ·lam)); so irregularities in correspondence do not necessarily indicate foreign influences.

Zhengzhang suggested that Pronunciation 2 was a result of loss of final consonant of the retained Old Chinese Pronunciation 1.

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Note:
  • luò - "drop, fall, settle";
  • lào - "go down";
  • luō - only used in 大大落落 (Mainland standard).
  • Cantonese
  • Hakka
  • Jin
    • (Taiyuan)+
      • Wiktionary: lueh4 / luah4 / lau3
      • Sinological IPA (old-style): /luəʔ²/, /luaʔ²/, /lau⁴⁵/
    • Note:
    • lueh4 - literary;
    • luah4, lau3 - vernacular.
  • Min Bei
  • Min Dong
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • lo̍k - literary;
    • lak, lo̍h, lauh, lō͘, làu - vernacular;
    • la̍uh - possibly unrelated.
  • Wu
    • Rime
    Character 落
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 來 (37)
    Final (韻) 唐 (103)
    Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 盧各切
    Baxter lak
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/lɑk̚/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/lɑk̚/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/lɑk̚/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/lak̚/
    Li
    Rong         		/lɑk̚/
    Wang
    Li         		/lɑk̚/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/lɑk̚/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		luò
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		lok6
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 落
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		luò
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ lak ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*kə.rˁak/
    English fall (v.)

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 落
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 3880
    Phonetic
    component         		各
    Rime
    group         		鐸
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		落
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ɡ·raːɡ/

    Definitions[edit]

    落

    1. to fall; to drop
      落淚／落泪  ―  luòlèi  ―  to shed tears
      隕石為什麼總是落在隕石坑裡？ [MSC, trad.]
      陨石为什么总是落在陨石坑里？ [MSC, simp.]
      Yǔnshí wèishénme zǒngshì luò zài yǔnshíkēng lǐ? [Pinyin]
      Why do meteors always fall right into craters? (a joke question)
    2. to go down; to descend
      日落  ―  rìluò  ―  sunset
      潮水落了。  ―  Cháoshuǐ luò le.  ―  The tide is low.
      鳥兒落在樹枝上。／鸟儿落在树枝上。  ―  Niǎo'ér luò zài shùzhī shàng.  ―  The bird lands on the branch
    3. (Cantonese, Min Nan) to go down; to descend
      落樓梯／落楼梯 [Cantonese]  ―  lok6 lau4 tai1 [Jyutping]  ―  to go down the stairs
      我落一落樓下。 [Cantonese, trad.]
      我落一落楼下。 [Cantonese, simp.]
      ngo5 lok6 jat1 lok6 lau4 haa6. [Jyutping]
      I will go downstairs for a while.
    4. to lower
    5. to decline
      衰落  ―  shuāiluò  ―  to decline; to go downhill
      家道中落  ―  jiādàozhōngluò  ―  the family fortunes has declined
    6. to fall into
      落水  ―  luòshuǐ  ―  to fall into the water
    7. to stop
      落腳／落脚  ―  luòjiǎo  ―  to stop over; to put up
      話音未落／话音未落  ―  huàyīn wèi luò  ―  before one has finished speaking
    8. to leave behind; to write down
    9. to lag behind; to fall behind
      落選／落选  ―  luòxuǎn  ―  to lose an election
      落伍  ―  luòwǔ  ―  to be behind the times
    10. place where one stops
      下落  ―  xiàluò  ―  whereabouts
      段落  ―  duànluò  ―  paragraph
    11. settlement
      村落  ―  cūnluò  ―  village
    12. to fall onto
      大權旁落／大权旁落  ―  dàquánpángluò  ―  power has fallen into the hands of others
      這個任務落到了我身上。 [MSC, trad.]
      这个任务落到了我身上。 [MSC, simp.]
      Zhège rènwù luò dào le wǒ shēnshàng. [Pinyin]
      (please add an English translation of this example)
    13. to get; to receive
      落不是  ―  làobùshi  ―  to get blamed
    14. (Cantonese, Min Nan, Wu) to get off (a vehicle)
      落船 [Guangzhou Cantonese]  ―  lok6 syun4 [Jyutping]  ―  to disembark from a boat
      落車／落车 [Guangzhou Cantonese]  ―  lok6 ce1 [Jyutping]  ―  to alight; to exit a car
      落車／落车 [Hokkien]  ―  lo̍h-chhia [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  to alight; to exit a car
    15. (Cantonese, Min Nan, Wu) to fall down; to rain or snow
      啲雨一滴都未落佢已經喺度攞住把遮行。 [Cantonese, trad.]
      啲雨一滴都未落佢已经喺度𫽋住把遮行。 [Cantonese, simp.]
      di1 jyu5 jat1 dik1 dou1 mei6 lok6 keoi5 ji5 ging1 hai2 dou6 lo2 zyu6 baa2 ze1 haang4. [Jyutping]
      He had already started to carry an umbrella before the rain even began to fall.
    16. (Cantonese, Min Nan) to add; to put in
      落味精 [Cantonese]  ―  lok6 mei6 zing1 [Jyutping]  ―  to add MSG
      落石屎 [Cantonese]  ―  lok6 sek6 si2 [Jyutping]  ―  to pour concrete
    17. (Cantonese, Hokkien, Teochew) down [onto; to]
      打落地下度 [Cantonese]  ―  daa2 lok6 dei6 haa6-2 dou6 [Jyutping]  ―  to hit something and cause it to fall to the ground
    18. (Cantonese) to abort (a fetus)
    19. (Cantonese) to give or issue something to an inferior person
      落旨 [Cantonese]  ―  lok6 zi2 [Jyutping]  ―  to issue a decree
      落叉廚／落叉厨 [Hong Kong Cantonese]  ―  lok6 caa1 cyu4 [Jyutping]  ―  (please add an English translation of this example)
    20. (Min Dong) Classifier for residences.
    21. (Cantonese) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
      佢睇落幾靚仔。 [Cantonese, trad.]
      佢睇落几靓仔。 [Cantonese, simp.]
      keoi5 tai2 lok6 gei2 leng3 zai2. [Jyutping]
      He seems to be quite handsome.
    22. (Cantonese) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
      做落先知原來咁難。 [Cantonese, trad.]
      做落先知原来咁难。 [Cantonese, simp.]
      zou6 lok6 sin1 zi1 jyun4 loi4 gam3 naan4. [Jyutping]
      Only after doing it for a while do you realize how difficult it is.
      肥到著唔落條褲 [Cantonese, trad.]
      肥到著唔落条裤 [Cantonese, simp.]
      fei4 dou3 zoek3 m4 lok6 tiu4 fu3 [Jyutping]
      too fat to put on the pair of pants

    Synonyms[edit]
    Dialectal synonyms of 下 (“to go down; to descend”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 下
    Mandarin Beijing 下
    Taiwan 下
    Yantai (Muping) 下
    Jinan 下
    Wanrong 下
    Xi'an 下
    Yinchuan 下
    Xining 下
    Ürümqi 下
    Yangzhou 下
    Malaysia 下
    Singapore 下
    Cantonese Guangzhou 落
    Hong Kong 落
    Yangjiang 落
    Nanning 落
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 落
    Singapore (Guangfu) 落
    Gan Nanchang 下
    Pingxiang 下
    Hakka Meixian 落
    Jin Taiyuan 下
    Xinzhou 下
    Min Bei Jian'ou 下
    Min Nan Xiamen 落
    Quanzhou 落
    Zhangzhou 落
    Zhao'an 落
    Taipei 落 GT
    Penang (Hokkien) 落
    Singapore (Hokkien) 落
    Manila (Hokkien) 落
    Chaozhou 落
    Shantou 落
    Jieyang 落
    Singapore (Teochew) 落
    Wenchang 落
    Haikou 落
    Qionghai 落
    Singapore (Hainanese) 落
    Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 落
    Wu Shanghai 落
    Suzhou 落
    Hangzhou 下, 落
    Hangzhou (Yuhang) 落
    Wenzhou 落
    Jinhua 落
    Note GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)
    See also[edit]
    • 加 (jiā, “to add”)
    • 掉 (diào)
    Descendants[edit]
    • → Ai-Cham: lau⁵
    • → Thai: โละ (ló) (via Teochew loh8)
    • → Vietnamese: lạc
    Compounds[edit]

    Pronunciation 2[edit]

    trad. 落
    simp. # 落
    alternative forms 賴／赖 Cantonese

    Note:
    • lo̍k - literary;
    • lak - vernacular.
    Rime
    Character 落
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 來 (37)
    Final (韻) 唐 (103)
    Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 盧各切
    Baxter lak
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/lɑk̚/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/lɑk̚/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/lɑk̚/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/lak̚/
    Li
    Rong         		/lɑk̚/
    Wang
    Li         		/lɑk̚/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/lɑk̚/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		luò
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		lok6
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 落
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		luò
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ lak ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*kə.rˁak/
    English fall (v.)

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 落
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 3880
    Phonetic
    component         		各
    Rime
    group         		鐸
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		落
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ɡ·raːɡ/

    Definitions[edit]

    落

    1. to fall behind
    2. to leave out
    3. to leave behind
      我把鑰匙落家裡了。 [MSC, trad.]
      我把钥匙落家里了。 [MSC, simp.]
      Wǒ bǎ yàoshi là jiālǐ le. [Pinyin]
      I left my key(s) at home.
      佢又試賴低個女自己一個喺屋企。 [Cantonese, trad.]
      佢又试赖低个女自己一个喺屋企。 [Cantonese, simp.]
      keoi5 jau6 si3 laai6 dai1 go3 neoi5-2 zi6 gei2 jat1 go3 hai2 uk1 kei2. [Jyutping]
      He has once again left his daughter behind at home alone by herself.

    Compounds[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    落

    (grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. to fall
    2. to leave behind
    3. to drop
    4. to come down

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    See also[edit]

    Korean[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 落 (MC lak). Recorded as Middle Korean 락〮 (lák) (Yale: lak) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

    Hanja[edit]

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    落 (eumhun 떨어질 락 (tteoreojil rak), South Korea 떨어질 낙 (tteoreojil nak))

    1. Hanja form? of 락/낙 (“fall”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    References[edit]

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

    Tày[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    落 (transliteration needed)

    1. Nôm form of lảc.

    References[edit]

    • Lục Văn Pảo; Hoàng Tuấn Nam (2003), Hoàng Triều Ân, editor, Từ điển chữ Nôm Tày [A Dictionary of (chữ) Nôm Tày]‎[2] (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Khoa học Xã hội

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    落: Hán Nôm readings: lạc, lác, lát, nhác, rác, rạc, xạc

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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