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客

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
客 U+5BA2, 客
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5BA2
← 审
[U+5BA1] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 宣 →
[U+5BA3]

Translingual

[edit]
Stroke order
9 strokes

Han character

[edit]

客 (Kangxi radical 40, 宀+6, 9 strokes, cangjie input 十竹水口 (JHER), four-corner 30604, composition ⿱宀各)

Derived characters

[edit]

References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 284, character 12
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 7128
  • Dae Jaweon: page 561, character 16
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 927, character 13
  • Unihan data for U+5BA2

Chinese

[edit]
simp. and trad.
 客

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 客
Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (各) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
髂 *kʰraːɡs
路 *ɡ·raːɡs
輅 *ɡ·raːɡs
賂 *ɡ·raːɡs
虂 *ɡ·raːɡs
露 *ɡ·raːɡs
潞 *raːɡs
鷺 *raːɡs
璐 *raːɡs
簬 *raːɡs
簵 *ɡ·raːɡs
洛 *ɡ·raːɡ
駱 *ɡ·raːɡ
絡 *ɡ·raːɡ
酪 *ɡ·raːɡ
烙 *ɡ·raːɡ
雒 *ɡ·raːɡ
珞 *ɡ·raːɡ
硌 *ɡ·raːɡ
袼 *ɡ·raːɡ, *klaːɡ
笿 *ɡ·raːɡ
鉻 *ɡ·raːɡ, *kraːɡ
鮥 *ɡ·raːɡ
鵅 *ɡ·raːɡ, *kraːɡ
挌 *ɡ·raːɡ, *kraːɡ
落 *ɡ·raːɡ
各 *klaːɡ
胳 *klaːɡ
閣 *klaːɡ
格 *klaːɡ, *kraːɡ
擱 *klaːɡ
恪 *kʰlaːɡ
愙 *kʰaːɡ
貉 *ɡlaːɡ, *mɡraːɡ
狢 *ɡlaːɡ
佫 *ɡlaːɡ
略 *ɡ·raɡ
茖 *kraːɡ
骼 *kraːɡ
觡 *kraːɡ
蛒 *kraːɡ
敋 *kraːɡ
客 *kʰraːɡ
喀 *kʰraːɡ
揢 *kʰraːɡ
額 *ŋɡraːɡ
峉 *ŋɡraːɡ
頟 *ŋɡraːɡ
詻 *ŋɡraːɡ
垎 *ɡraːɡ
楁 *ɡraːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kʰraːɡ): semantic 宀 (“roof”) + phonetic 各 (OC *klaːɡ) – a guest.

Etymology

[edit]

Probably belongs to the word family of 格 (OC *klaːɡ, *kraːɡ, “to go, to come”). Schuessler (2007) cites Tibetan དགྲ (dgra, “enemy”) as a possible cognate.

Pronunciation

[edit]
Note:
  • hak/hag/hag5 - vernacular;
  • khiet/kied/kêd5 - literary.
Note:
  • káh - vernacular;
  • káik - literary.
Note:
  • ka5 - vernacular;
  • keh6 - literary.
Note:
  • kheh/kheeh - vernacular;
  • khek/khiak/kherk - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 客
Mandarin Beijing /kʰɤ⁵¹/
Harbin /t͡ɕʰiɛ²¹³/
/kʰɤ⁵³/
Tianjin /t͡ɕʰie¹³/
/kʰɤ⁵³/
Jinan /kə²¹/
/kʰei²¹³/
Qingdao /kʰə⁵⁵/
/kʰe⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou /kʰɤ²⁴/
Xi'an /kʰei²¹/
Xining /kʰɨ⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /kʰa¹³/
/kʰə¹³/
Lanzhou /kʰə¹³/
Ürümqi /kʰɤ²¹³/
/kʰei⁴⁴/
Wuhan /kʰɤ²¹³/
Chengdu /kʰe³¹/
Guiyang /kʰɛ²¹/
Kunming /kʰə³¹/
Nanjing /kʰəʔ⁵/
Hefei /kʰɐʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /kʰaʔ²/
Pingyao /kʰʌʔ¹³/
/t͡ɕʰiʌʔ¹³/
Hohhot /kʰaʔ⁴³/
Wu Shanghai /kʰaʔ⁵/
Suzhou /kʰɑʔ⁵/
Hangzhou /kʰɑʔ⁵/
Wenzhou /kʰa²¹³/
Hui Shexian /kʰɛʔ²¹/
Tunxi /kʰa⁵/
Xiang Changsha /kʰə²⁴/
Xiangtan /kʰæ²⁴/
Gan Nanchang /kʰɑʔ⁵/
Hakka Meixian /hak̚¹/
Taoyuan /hɑk̚²²/
Cantonese Guangzhou /hak̚³/
Nanning /hak̚³³/
Hong Kong /hak̚³/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kʰik̚³²/
/kʰeʔ³²/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kʰɑʔ²³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /kʰa²⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /kʰeʔ²/
Haikou (Hainanese) /xɛ⁵⁵/
Rime
Character 客
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 溪 (29)
Final (韻) 陌 (113)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) II
Fanqie 苦格切
Baxter khaek
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kʰˠæk̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kʰᵚak̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kʰak̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kʰaɨjk̚/
Li
Rong 		/kʰɐk̚/
Wang
Li 		/kʰɐk̚/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/kʰɐk̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		ke
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		hak1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 客
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		kè
Middle
Chinese 		‹ khæk ›
Old
Chinese 		/*kʰˁrak/
English guest

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 客
Reading # 1/1
No. 3903
Phonetic
component 		各
Rime
group 		鐸
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		客
Old
Chinese 		/*kʰraːɡ/

Definitions

[edit]

客

  1. guest; visitor
    我家來客了。／我家来客了。  ―  Wǒ jiā lái kè le.  ―  A guest has come to visit my home.
  2. customer; client; consumer (Classifier: 個／个 c; 位 c)
    客滿／客满  ―  kèmǎn  ―  to have a full house
    今日鋪頭有個客好麻煩啊。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    今日铺头有个客好麻烦啊。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    gam1 jat6 pou3 tau4-2 jau5 go3 haak3 hou2 maa4 faan4 aa3. [Jyutping]
    There was a really annoying customer at the store today.
  3. to treat with guest etiquette; to receive friendly
  4. minor; less major; less important
  5. Agent suffix, indicating “one that engages in ...”.
    政客  ―  zhèngkè  ―  politician
    刺客  ―  cìkè  ―  assassin
  6. one who sponges on a wealthy family; hanger-on; sponger
  7. traveller; passenger; one who lives away from home
  8. to live away from home; to live abroad
  9. (in general) people; person
  10. objective; beyond human consciousness
    客觀／客观  ―  kèguān  ―  objective
  11. Hakka
    客話／客话 [Sixian Hakka]  ―  Hak-fa [Pha̍k-fa-sṳ]  ―  Hakka language
    純客縣／纯客县  ―  chúnkèxiàn  ―  county whose residents are all Hakka people
  12. Classifier for units of food sold.
  13. (literary, obsolete) last; previous
    客歲／客岁  ―  kèsuì  ―  last year
    客冬  ―  kèdōng  ―  last winter
  14. a surname

Synonyms

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Dialectal synonyms of 客人 (“guest; visitor”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 賓, 客, 人客, 來客, 賓客
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 客人, 來客, 賓客
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 客人, 客
Taiwan 客人, 客
Singapore 客人
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 客人, 客
Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 客
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 人客, 客
Wuhan 客, 客人
Guilin 客人
Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 客人, 客
Hefei 客
Mandarin Fuzhou (Qinjiang, Changle) 人客
Nanping (Yanping) 人客
Cantonese Guangzhou 人客, 客人, 客
Hong Kong 人客, 客人, 客
Taishan 人客
Taishan (Guanghai) 客人
Yangjiang 人客
Wuzhou 客人, 人客
Hepu (Lianzhou) 客人, 人客
Hepu (Shatian) 人客
Baise 客人
Qinzhou 客人
Qinzhou (Xiniujiao) 客人
Beihai 客人
Beihai (Nankang) 人客
Beihai (Yingpan) 客人
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 客人, 人客
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 客人, 人客
Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 客人
Penang (Guangfu) 人客
Singapore (Guangfu) 人客
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 人客
Móng Cái 客人, 人客
Mandalay (Taishan) 人客
Gan Nanchang 客, 人客
Hakka Meixian 人客
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 人客
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 人客
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 人客
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 人客
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 人客
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 人客
Jin Taiyuan 客人
Jiuxing Yumin Lanxi 客人
Northern Min Jian'ou 人客
Eastern Min Fuzhou 儂客
Singapore (Fuqing) 儂客
Southern Min Xiamen 儂客
Quanzhou 儂客
Jinjiang 儂客
Anxi 儂客
Zhangzhou 儂客
Zhangpu 儂客
Taipei 儂客
Kaohsiung 儂客
Penang (Hokkien) 儂客, 客
Singapore (Hokkien) 儂客
Manila (Hokkien) 儂客
Chaozhou 儂客
Shantou 儂客
Shantou (Chaoyang) 儂客
Jieyang 儂客
Haifeng 儂客
Bangkok (Teochew) 儂客
Singapore (Teochew) 儂客
Pontianak (Teochew) 儂客
Puxian Min Putian 儂客
Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang) 儂客
Putian (Jiangkou, Hanjiang) 儂客
Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu) 儂客
Xianyou 儂客
Xianyou (Fengting) 儂客
Xianyou (Youyang) 儂客
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Sanxiang) 儂客
Northern Pinghua Guilin (Dongbianzhou) 客人
Waxiang Guzhang (Gaofeng) 客
Wu Shanghai 人客, 客人
Suzhou 客人
Wenzhou 人客, 客
Xiang Changsha 客, 人客
Shuangfeng 客, 人客
Dialectal synonyms of 顧客 (“customer”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 顧客, 消費者
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 顧客, 買主兒
Taiwan 客人
Chengde 顧客, 買主兒, 主顧
Chifeng 顧客, 買主
Hulunbuir (Hailar) 顧客, 買主
Heihe 顧客, 買主, 主顧
Qiqihar 顧客, 買主, 主顧
Harbin 顧客, 買主, 主顧
Jiamusi 顧客, 買主
Baicheng 顧客, 買主, 主顧
Changchun 顧客
Tonghua 主顧
Shenyang 顧客, 買主, 主顧
Jinzhou 顧客, 主顧, 主道, 買主
Singapore 顧客
Jilu Mandarin Tianjin 顧客, 主戶
Tangshan 顧客, 主顧
Cangzhou 顧客, 買主兒, 主戶兒
Baoding 顧客, 主顧
Shijiazhuang 買主
Lijin 主戶, 主顧
Jinan 顧客, 主戶
Jiaoliao Mandarin Dalian 顧客
Dandong 顧客, 買主, 主顧
Yantai 主戶, 主顧
Qingdao 主戶
Zhucheng 顧客, 主戶兒
Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 買主兒
Lingbao 買主
Jining 顧客, 主戶兒
Wanrong 買主
Linfen 顧客, 買主
Shangqiu 顧客, 買主
Yuanyang 買主, 主顧
Zhengzhou 顧客, 主顧
Xinyang 顧客
Baihe 顧客, 買主
Xi'an 顧客, 買主, 顧主
Baoji 顧客, 買主
Tianshui 顧客, 買主, 主顧
Xining 顧客, 買主
Xuzhou 顧客, 主顧
Fuyang 顧客, 主顧
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 顧客, 買主
Lanzhou 顧客, 買主, 主顧
Dunhuang 買主
Hami 顧客, 買主
Ürümqi 買主
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 買主
Nanchong 顧客, 買主
Dazhou 買主
Hanyuan 顧客, 買主
Xichang 顧客, 買主
Zigong 買主
Chongqing 買主兒
Wuhan 顧客, 買主, 主顧
Yichang 顧客, 買主
Xiangyang 顧客, 買主, 主顧
Tianmen 顧客, 買主, 東道
Guiyang 顧客, 買主, 主顧
Zunyi 顧客, 主顧
Bijie 顧客, 買主
Liping 顧客
Zhaotong 顧客
Dali 老主顧
Kunming 顧客, 買主, 主顧
Mengzi 買主
Guilin 顧客, 買主
Pingle 顧客, 客人
Liuzhou 顧客
Luzhai 顧客, 客人
Nanning (Fujian) 顧客
Nanning (Wuming) 顧客
Hechi (Yizhou) 顧客, 客崽
Luocheng (Dongmen) 客人
Tianlin (Langping) 顧客
Jishou 顧客
Changde 顧客
Hanzhong 顧客, 買主
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 顧客, 買主
Yangzhou 顧客, 主顧
Lianyungang 顧客, 主戶
Lianshui 顧客
Nantong 顧客, 主顧
Anqing 顧客, 買主
Wuhu 顧客, 主顧
Hefei 顧客
Hong'an 顧客, 買主, 主顧
Cantonese Guangzhou 客仔
Hong Kong 客, 客人, 客仔
Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) 客仔
Macau 客
Guangzhou (Panyu) 客仔
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 顧客
Guangzhou (Conghua) 客仔
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 客仔
Foshan 客仔
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 客仔
Foshan (Shunde) 顧客
Foshan (Sanshui) 顧客
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 顧客
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 客
Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) 客
Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) 客
Zhuhai (Doumen) 客仔
Jiangmen (Baisha) 客仔
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 客
Taishan 客
Taishan (Guanghai) 客
Kaiping (Chikan) 客
Enping (Niujiang) 客
Heshan (Yayao) 顧客
Dongguan 顧客, 客仔, 客
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 顧客
Wuzhou 客人
Baise 顧客, 客仔
Qinzhou 顧客
Beihai 顧客
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 人客
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 客人
Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 人客
Singapore (Guangfu) 客仔
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 客仔
Móng Cái 顧客
Gan Lichuan 主顧
Pingxiang 顧客, 買主, 顧主
Hakka Meixian 顧客, 買客
Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) 人客
Dongguan (Qingxi) 客仔
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 客仔
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 顧客
Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) 顧客
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 人客
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 人客
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 人客
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 人客
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 人客
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 人客
Huizhou Shexian 顧客, 主顧
Jin Taiyuan 顧客, 買主, 主顧
Yangyuan 顧客, 買主, 主顧
Datong 顧客, 買主
Xinzhou 顧客, 買主, 買客
Lüliang (Lishi) 顧客, 買主
Changzhi 顧客, 買主
Linhe 主顧, 買主
Jining 主顧
Hohhot 顧客, 買主
Erenhot 顧客
Pingshan 買主兒
Zhangjiakou 顧客, 買主, 主顧
Handan 顧客, 買主, 主顧
Linzhou 顧客, 買主, 主顧
Suide 顧客
Jiuxing Yumin Lanxi 客人
Southern Min Xiamen 儂客, 主顧
Quanzhou 儂客, 主顧
Zhangzhou 儂客, 主顧
Tainan 儂客
Manila (Hokkien) 客儂, 客
Chaozhou 儂客
Shantou 儂客
Jieyang 儂客, 肚囝 dated
Pontianak (Teochew) 儂客
Haikou 顧客
Puxian Min Putian 儂客, 主客
Putian (Jiangkou, Hanjiang) 客主阿
Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu) 儂客
Xianyou 買貨阿, 顧客, 儂客, 主客
Xianyou (Fengting) 顧客
Xianyou (Youyang) 顧客
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 人客
Zhongshan (Sanxiang) 客
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 顧客, 買主
Wu Shanghai 顧客, 買客
Danyang 顧客
Hangzhou 顧客, 買主
Ningbo 買主
Wenzhou 買客, 主顧
Jinhua 買主
Xiang Changsha 顧客

Compounds

[edit]

Descendants

[edit]
Sino-Xenic (客):
  • → Japanese: 客(きゃく) (kyaku)
  • → Korean: 객(客) (gaek)
  • → Vietnamese: khách (客)

Others:

  • → English: Khek (“Hakka”)
  • → Proto-Hmong-Mien: *khæk (“guest”)
    • White Hmong: qhua (“guest”)
  • → Lao: ແຂກ (khǣk, “guest”)
  • → Thai: แขก (kɛ̀ɛk, “guest”), แคะ (kɛ́, “Hakka”)
  • → Vietnamese: Hẹ (“Hakka”)
  • → Zhuang: hek (“guest; tourist”), hak (“government official”)

References

[edit]

Japanese

[edit]

Kanji

[edit]
客

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

[edit]
  • Go-on: きゃく (kyaku, Jōyō)
  • Kan-on: かく (kaku, Jōyō)
  • Kun: まろうど (marōdo, 客)←まらうど (maraudo, 客, historical)

Pronunciation

[edit]

Noun

[edit]

客(きゃく) • (kyaku) 

  1. guest; visitor
  2. customer; client
  3. patron

Usage notes

[edit]

This is used as part of a form of address for a customer, like sir or ma'am. Because a customer is in a much higher social position, this word is used with the honorific prefix 御(お) (o-) and the honorific suffix さん (-san) or more often 様(さま) (-sama), rendering お客(きゃく)さん (okyaku-san) or お客(きゃく)様(さま) (okyaku-sama).

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]

From Middle Chinese 客 (MC khaek). Recorded as Middle Korean ᄀᆡᆨ〮 (kóyk) (Yale: koyk) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

[edit]
Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

客 (eumhun 손 객 (son gaek))

  1. hanja form? of 객 (“guest”)

Compounds

[edit]
Compounds

References

[edit]
  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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客: Hán Nôm readings: khách

  1. chữ Hán form of khách (“visitor; guest”).
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