家

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See also: 傢, 冢, and 冡
家 U+5BB6, 家
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5BB6
← 宵
[U+5BB5] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 宷 →
[U+5BB7]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
10 strokes
Stroke order

Han character[edit]

家 (Kangxi radical 40, 宀+7, 10 strokes, cangjie input 十一尸人 (JMSO), four-corner 30232, composition ⿱宀豕)

Derived characters[edit]

Descendants[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 286, character 17
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 7169
  • Dae Jaweon: page 566, character 3
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 930, character 15
  • Unihan data for U+5BB6

Chinese[edit]

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 家
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (家) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
家 *kraː
傢 *kraː
幏 *kraː, *kraːs
稼 *kraːs
嫁 *kraːs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *kraː): semantic 宀 (“roof”) + phonetic 豕 (“pig”).

豕 is an abbreviation of 豭 (OC *kraː, “male pig, boar”) (Shuowen Jiezi), a homophone of 家 (jiā) in Old Chinese. See 豭 for more on the glyph composition.

Etymology 1[edit]

simp. and trad.
 家
2nd round simp. 𡦼
alternative forms
 
傢／家
宊
𠖔
𡧚
𡩅
傢／家
宊
𠖔
𡧚
𡩅
𡩙
𡩚
𡩵
𡩀
Wikipedia has articles on:
  • 家 (Written Standard Chinese?)
  • 家 (Cantonese)
一棟住著一家人的房子

Cognate with Tibetan མཁར (mkhar, “castle; house”) (Schuessler, 2007).

嫁 (OC *kraːs, “to give a girl in marriage”) is the exoactive of 家 (OC *kraː, “house; household; family”).

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Note:
  • ke/kiee - vernacular;
  • ka/kia - literary.
Note:
  • gê1 - vernacular;
  • gia1 - literary (used only in operas).
  • Wu
    • Note: 1jia is literary.
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 家
    Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕia⁵⁵/
    Harbin /t͡ɕia⁴⁴/
    Tianjin /t͡ɕiɑ²¹/
    Jinan /t͡ɕia²¹³/
    Qingdao /t͡ɕia²¹³/
    Zhengzhou /t͡ɕia²⁴/
    Xi'an /t͡ɕia²¹/
    Xining /t͡ɕia⁴⁴/
    Yinchuan /t͡ɕia⁴⁴/
    Lanzhou /t͡ɕia³¹/
    Ürümqi /t͡ɕia⁴⁴/
    Wuhan /t͡ɕia⁵⁵/ 國～
    /ka⁵⁵/ 人～
    Chengdu /t͡ɕia⁵⁵/
    Guiyang /t͡ɕia⁵⁵/
    Kunming /t͡ɕia̠⁴⁴/
    Nanjing /t͡ɕiɑ³¹/
    Hefei /t͡ɕia²¹/
    Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕia¹¹/
    Pingyao /t͡ɕiɑ¹³/
    /t͡ɕiɑ⁵³/ 娘～
    Hohhot /t͡ɕia³¹/
    /t͡ɕiaʔ⁰/ 人～
    Wu Shanghai /ka⁵³/
    /t͡ɕia⁵³/
    Suzhou /kɑ⁵⁵/
    /t͡ɕiɑ⁵⁵/
    Hangzhou /t͡ɕiɑ³³/
    Wenzhou /ko³³/
    Hui Shexian /t͡ɕia³¹/
    /ka³¹/
    Tunxi /kɔ¹¹/
    Xiang Changsha /t͡ɕia³³/
    /ka³³/
    Xiangtan /kɒ³³/
    Gan Nanchang /kɑ⁴²/
    Hakka Meixian /ka⁴⁴/
    Taoyuan /kɑ²⁴/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /ka⁵³/
    Nanning /ka⁵⁵/
    Hong Kong /ka⁵⁵/
    Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /ka⁵⁵/
    /ke⁵⁵/
    Fuzhou (Min Dong) /ka⁴⁴/
    Jian'ou (Min Bei) /ka⁵⁴/
    Shantou (Min Nan) /ke³³/
    /ka³³/
    Haikou (Min Nan) /ka²³/
    /kia²³/
    /kɛ²³/
    Rime
    Character 家
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 見 (28)
    Final (韻) 麻 (98)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) II
    Fanqie 古牙切
    Baxter kae
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/kˠa/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/kᵚa/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ka/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/kaɨ/
    Li
    Rong         		/ka/
    Wang
    Li         		/ka/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ka/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		jiā
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		gaa1
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 家
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		jiā
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ kæ ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*kˁra/
    English household

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 家
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 5919
    Phonetic
    component         		家
    Rime
    group         		魚
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		嘉
    Old
    Chinese         		/*kraː/
    Definitions[edit]

    家

    1. home
      回家  ―  huíjiā  ―  to return home
      我的家就在這裡。／我的家就在这里。  ―  Wǒ de jiā jiù zài zhèlǐ.  ―  My home is here.
    2. family; household (Classifier: 頭／头 c)
      家庭  ―  jiātíng  ―  family
      家事  ―  jiāshì  ―  family matters
      李家  ―  Lǐ jiā  ―  The Li family
      我家有四口人。  ―  Wǒ jiā yǒu sì kǒu rén.  ―  We are a family of four.
    3. (polite, for family member) my
      家父  ―  jiāfù  ―  my father
    4. domesticated; domestic
      家兔  ―  jiātù  ―  domestic rabbit
      家貓／家猫  ―  jiāmāo  ―  domestic cat
    5. Classifier for families, businesses and companies.
      一家餐廳／一家餐厅  ―  yī jiā cāntīng  ―  a restaurant
      兩家商店／两家商店  ―  liǎng jiā shāngdiàn  ―  two shops
      四家人家  ―  sì jiā rénjiā  ―  four families
    6. school of thought; philosophical school
      儒家  ―  Rújiā  ―  Confucian school
      道家  ―  Dàojiā  ―  Daoist School
      一家之言  ―  yījiāzhīyán  ―  one's own thought, opinion, interpretation, etc.
    7. (historical, obsolete) fief of ministers or senior officials
    8. Suffix denoting a person with a certain occupation or social standing. -er
      船家  ―  chuánjiā  ―  boatperson
      行家  ―  hángjiā  ―  expert; connoisseur
    9. Suffix denoting specialist in a certain activity or field. -ist; -er
      藝術家／艺术家  ―  yìshùjiā  ―  artist
      科學家／科学家  ―  kēxuéjiā  ―  scientist
      野心家  ―  yěxīnjiā  ―  person of ambition; careerist
    10. (in a game) party; side
      對家／对家  ―  duìjiā  ―  opposite player
      莊家／庄家  ―  zhuāngjiā  ―  banker; house
    11. Suffix used after a noun to specify a type of person.
      親家／亲家  ―  qìngjia  ―  one's child's parents-in-law
      仇家  ―  chóujiā  ―  personal enemy
      老人家身體可還好啊？ [dialectal Mandarin, trad.]
      老人家身体可还好啊？ [dialectal Mandarin, simp.]
      Lǎorénjiā shēntǐ kě hái hǎo a? [Pinyin]
      Is the parent of yours well?
      一個姑娘家，成天不想著學好，天天跟道上的男人鬼混，像什麼樣子！ [dialectal Mandarin, trad.]
      一个姑娘家，成天不想着学好，天天跟道上的男人鬼混，像什么样子！ [dialectal Mandarin, simp.]
      Yī ge gūniangjiā, chéngtiān bù xiǎng zhe xuéhǎor, tiāntiān gēn dàorshang de nánrén guǐhùn, xiàng shénme yàngzi! [Pinyin]
      (please add an English translation of this example)
    12. a surname
    Synonyms[edit]
    • (family):
    Dialectal synonyms of 家 (“home”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 家
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 家
    Mandarin Beijing 家
    Taiwan 家
    Tianjin 家
    Jinan 家
    Xi'an 家, 屋
    Wuhan 屋裡, 家
    Chengdu 屋頭, 家
    Guilin 家
    Yangzhou 家, 家頭
    Hefei 家
    Malaysia 家
    Singapore 家
    Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 家
    Cantonese Guangzhou 屋企
    Hong Kong 屋企
    Macau 屋企
    Zhongshan (Shiqi) 屋企
    Jiangmen (Xinhui) 屋企
    Taishan 屋企, 企
    Dongguan 屋企
    Yunfu 屋己
    Yangjiang 屋己, 屋
    Maoming (Xinpo) 屋己
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 屋企
    Singapore (Guangfu) 屋企
    Gan Nanchang 屋裡
    Hakka Meixian 屋下
    Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 屋
    Huiyang 屋下
    Dongguan (Qingxi) 屋下
    Boluo (Bendihua) 屋
    Heyuan (Bendihua) 屋下
    Longchuan (Tuocheng Bendihua) 屋下
    Heping (Linzhai Bendihua) 屋下
    Lianping (Longjie Bendihua) 屋下
    Wengyuan 屋下
    Liannan 屋下
    Jiexi 屋家
    Luhe 屋下
    Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) 屋下
    Changting 屋下
    Wuping (Yanqian) 屋下
    Liancheng 屋下
    Ninghua 屋下
    Ningdu 屋下
    Tonggu (Sandu) 屋下
    Ganzhou (Panlong) 屋下
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 屋下
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 屋下
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 屋下
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 屋下
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 屋下
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 屋下
    Hong Kong 屋下
    Yangxi (Tangkou) 屋下
    Yangchun (Sanjia) 屋下
    Xinyi (Sihe) 屋下
    Xinyi (Qianpai) 屋下
    Gaozhou (Xindong) 屋下
    Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai) 屋下
    Huazhou (Xin'an) 屋下
    Lianjiang (Shijiao) 屋下
    Lianjiang (Qingping) 屋下
    Mengshan (Xihe) 屋下
    Luchuan 屋下
    Senai (Huiyang) 屋下
    Singapore (Dabu) 屋下
    Jin Taiyuan 家
    Min Bei Jian'ou 厝
    Min Dong Fuzhou 厝
    Singapore (Fuqing) 厝
    Min Nan Xiamen 厝, 兜
    Quanzhou 厝, 兜
    Jinjiang 厝
    Zhangzhou 厝, 兜
    Zhao'an 厝
    Taipei 兜
    New Taipei (Sanxia) 兜
    Kaohsiung 兜
    Yilan 厝, 兜
    Changhua (Lukang) 兜, 塊
    Taichung 兜
    Tainan 厝, 兜
    Hsinchu 兜
    Kinmen 塊, 兜
    Penghu (Magong) 塊, 兜
    Penang (Hokkien) 厝
    Singapore (Hokkien) 厝, 兜
    Manila (Hokkien) 厝, 厝內, 兜
    Chaozhou 內
    Shantou 內
    Shantou (Chaoyang) 內
    Jieyang 內
    Haifeng 厝
    Bangkok (Teochew) 厝, 內
    Johor Bahru (Teochew) 厝
    Singapore (Teochew) 內
    Wenchang 厝
    Qionghai 厝
    Singapore (Hainanese) 厝
    Shehua Fu'an 寮
    Fuding 寮
    Luoyuan 寮
    Sanming 寮
    Shunchang 寮
    Hua'an 寮
    Guixi (Zhangping) 寮
    Cangnan 寮
    Jingning 寮
    Lishui 寮
    Longyou 寮
    Chaozhou 寮
    Fengshun 寮
    Wu Shanghai 屋裡
    Suzhou 屋裡
    Ningbo 屋落, 屋裡
    Wenzhou 屋裡
    Xiang Changsha 屋裡
    Shuangfeng 屋裡
    • (suffix used after a noun to specify a type of person): 家家 (jiājiā), (Cantonese) 人家 (jan4 gaa1)
    Compounds[edit]

    Pronunciation 2[edit]

    Definitions[edit]

    家

    1. (Min Nan) Only used in 家己 (ka-kī).

    Pronunciation 3[edit]

    Definitions[edit]

    家

    1. (Min Nan) Only used in 私家.

    Etymology 2[edit]

    For pronunciation and definitions of 家 – see 傢 (“stubborn, obstinate, intransigent”).
    (This character, 家, is the simplified form of 傢.)
    Notes:

    Etymology 3[edit]

    simp. and trad.
    		 家
    alternative forms 價／价

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Definitions[edit]

    家

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    Etymology 4[edit]

    Cognate with 姑 (gū).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Definitions[edit]

    家

    1. Only used in 大家 (dàgū).

    References[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    家

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    家
    いえ
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    ⟨ipe1⟩ → /ipʲe/ → /iɸe/ → /iwe/ → /ie/

    From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *ipia. Possibly cognate with Old Korean 邑勒 (iprʌk, “house”).[1]

    Possibly related to 廬 (iho → io, “temporary hut”).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    家(いえ) • (ie) ←いへ (ife)?

    1. a house
    2. one's own home
    3. a home, household
      • Kore Yamazaki, “第1篇　April showers bring May flowers.”, in [魔法使いの嫁](The Ancient Magus Bride), volume 1 (fiction), Tokyo: Mag Garden, page 17:
        ここが僕(ぼく)の家(いえ)　そして今日(きょう)から君(きみ)が暮(く)らす家(いえ)でもある
        Koko ga boku no ie Soshite kyō kara kimi ga kurasu ie de mo aru
        This is my home. From now on, you will live here, too.
    4. a family

    Etymology 2[edit]

    From Proto-Japonic *ya.

    Kanji in this term
    家
    や
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

    Alternative forms[edit]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    家(や) • (ya) 

    1. a house

    Suffix[edit]

    家(や) • (-ya) 

    1. house of something, place where some business is conducted
    2. person who does that thing
    See also[edit]

    Etymology 3[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    家
    うち
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    Cognate with 内 (uchi, “middle”).[2]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    家(うち) • (uchi) 

    1. a house
    2. one's house
    Descendants[edit]
    • → English: hooch

    Etymology 4[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    家
    Grade: 2
    irregular

    Contraction of uchi above.

    Often following the genitive case marker の (no) which contracts to -n.

    Noun[edit]

    家(ち) • (chi) 

    1. a house
      俺(おれ)ん家(ち)に来(こ)ない？ ― Orenchi ni konai? ― Wanna come to my place?

    Etymology 5[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    家
    か
    Grade: 2
    kan’on

    From Middle Chinese 家 (MC kae).

    The 漢音 (kan'on, literally “Han sound”), so likely a latter borrowing from Middle Chinese.

    Suffix[edit]

    家(か) • (-ka) 

    1. an expert, professional, performer
    Derived terms[edit]

    Etymology 6[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    家
    け
    Grade: 2
    goon

    The 呉音 (goon, literally “Wu sound”), so likely the initial borrowing from Middle Chinese.

    Suffix[edit]

    家(け) • (-ke) 

    1. representing relationship to a family
      平(たいら)家(け) ― Taira-ke ― the Taira family

    References[edit]

    1. ^ Vovin, Alexander (2017), “Origins of the Japanese Language”, in Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics‎[1], →DOI
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

    Korean[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    家 (eumhun 집 가 (jip ga))

    1. Hanja form? of 가 (“home; family; household”).
    Compounds[edit]
    Derived terms

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    家 (eumhun 여자 고 (yeoja go))

    1. (obsolete) Alternative form of 姑 (“Hanja form? of 고 (“woman”).”)

    Okinawan[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    家

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    家(やー) (yā) 

    1. house

    Derived terms[edit]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    家: Hán Việt readings: gia[1]
    家: Nôm readings: nhà[2]

    1. chữ Hán form of gia (“home, family”).
    2. chữ Hán form of gia (“expert, professional, -ist, -er”).
    3. Nôm form of nhà (“house, home, domestic”).
    4. Nôm form of nhà (“dynasty”).

    References[edit]

    1. ^ Trần (1999).
    2. ^ Trần (2004).

    Yonaguni[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    家 (hiragana だー, romaji dā)

    Noun[edit]

    家 (hiragana だー, romaji dā)

    1. house
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