家

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See also: 傢, 冢, and 冡
家 U+5BB6, 家
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5BB6
← 宵
[U+5BB5] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 宷 →
[U+5BB7]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
10 strokes
Stroke order
家-order.gif

Han character[edit]

家 (radical 40, 宀+7, 10 strokes, cangjie input 十一尸人 (JMSO), four-corner 30232, composition ⿱宀豕)

Derived characters[edit]

Descendants[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 286, character 17
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 7169
  • Dae Jaweon: page 566, character 3
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 930, character 15
  • Unihan data for U+5BB6

Chinese[edit]

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 家
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
家-oracle.svg 家-bronze.svg 家-seal.svg 家-bigseal.svg
Characters in the same phonetic series (家) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
家 *kraː
傢 *kraː
幏 *kraː, *kraːs
稼 *kraːs
嫁 *kraːs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *kraː): semantic 宀 (“roof”) + phonetic 豕 (“pig”).

豕 is an abbreviation of 豭 (OC *kraː, “male pig, boar”) (Shuowen Jiezi), a homophone of 家 (jiā) in Old Chinese. See 豭 for more on the glyph composition.

Etymology 1[edit]

simp. and trad.
 家
alternative forms 𡦼
Wikipedia has an article on:
一座居住有一家人的房屋

Cognate with Tibetan མཁར (mkhar, “castle; house”) (Schuessler, 2007).

嫁 (OC *kraːs, “to give a girl in marriage”) is the exoactive of 家 (OC *kraː, “house; household; family”).

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Note:
  • ke - vernacular;
  • ka - literary.
Note:
  • gê1 - vernacular;
  • gia1 - literary (used only in operas).
  • Wu
    • Note: 1jia is literary.
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 家
    Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕia⁵⁵/
    Harbin /t͡ɕia⁴⁴/
    Tianjin /t͡ɕiɑ²¹/
    Jinan /t͡ɕia²¹³/
    Qingdao /t͡ɕia²¹³/
    Zhengzhou /t͡ɕia²⁴/
    Xi'an /t͡ɕia²¹/
    Xining /t͡ɕia⁴⁴/
    Yinchuan /t͡ɕia⁴⁴/
    Lanzhou /t͡ɕia³¹/
    Ürümqi /t͡ɕia⁴⁴/
    Wuhan /t͡ɕia⁵⁵/ 國～
    /ka⁵⁵/ 人～
    Chengdu /t͡ɕia⁵⁵/
    Guiyang /t͡ɕia⁵⁵/
    Kunming /t͡ɕia̠⁴⁴/
    Nanjing /t͡ɕiɑ³¹/
    Hefei /t͡ɕia²¹/
    Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕia¹¹/
    Pingyao /t͡ɕiɑ¹³/
    /t͡ɕiɑ⁵³/ 娘～
    Hohhot /t͡ɕia³¹/
    /t͡ɕiaʔ/ 人～
    Wu Shanghai /ka⁵³/
    /t͡ɕia⁵³/
    Suzhou /kɑ⁵⁵/
    /t͡ɕiɑ⁵⁵/
    Hangzhou /t͡ɕiɑ³³/
    Wenzhou /ko³³/
    Hui Shexian /t͡ɕia³¹/
    /ka³¹/
    Tunxi /kɔ¹¹/
    Xiang Changsha /t͡ɕia³³/
    /ka³³/
    Xiangtan /kɒ³³/
    Gan Nanchang /kɑ⁴²/
    Hakka Meixian /ka⁴⁴/
    Taoyuan /kɑ²⁴/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /ka⁵³/
    Nanning /ka⁵⁵/
    Hong Kong /ka⁵⁵/
    Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /ka⁵⁵/
    /ke⁵⁵/
    Fuzhou (Min Dong) /ka⁴⁴/
    Jian'ou (Min Bei) /ka⁵⁴/
    Shantou (Min Nan) /ke³³/
    /ka³³/
    Haikou (Min Nan) /ka²³/
    /kia²³/
    /kɛ²³/
    Rime
    Character 家
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 見 (28)
    Final (韻) 麻 (98)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) II
    Fanqie 古牙切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/kˠa/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/kᵚa/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ka/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/kaɨ/
    Li
    Rong         		/ka/
    Wang
    Li         		/ka/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ka/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		jiā
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 家
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		jiā
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ kæ ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*kˁra/
    English household

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 家
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 5919
    Phonetic
    component         		家
    Rime
    group         		魚
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		嘉
    Old
    Chinese         		/*kraː/
    Definitions[edit]

    家

    1. home
      我的家就在這裡。 / 我的家就在这里。  ―  Wǒ de jiā jiù zài zhèlǐ.  ―  My home is here.
    2. house
    3. family; household
      家庭  ―  jiātíng  ―  family
      家族  ―  jiāzú  ―  clan; family
    4. (polite, for family member) my
    5. domesticated; domestic
    6. Classifier for families, businesses and companies.
    7. school of thought; philosophical school
      儒家  ―  Rújiā  ―  Confucian school
      道家  ―  Dàojiā  ―  Daoist School
    8. † fief of ministers or senior officials
    9. Suffix denoting a person with a certain occupation or social standing. -er
    10. Suffix denoting specialist in a certain activity or field. -ist; -er
      藝術家 / 艺术家  ―  yìshùjiā  ―  artist
      科學家 / 科学家  ―  kēxuéjiā  ―  scientist
    11. Suffix used after a noun to specify a type of person.
      老人家身體可還好啊？ [dialectal Mandarin, trad.]
      老人家身体可还好啊？ [dialectal Mandarin, simp.]
      Lǎorénjiā shēntǐ kě hái hǎo a? [Pinyin]
      Is the parent of yours well?
      一個姑娘家，成天不想著學好，天天跟道上的男人鬼混，像什麼樣子！ [dialectal Mandarin, trad.]
      一个姑娘家，成天不想着学好，天天跟道上的男人鬼混，像什么样子！ [dialectal Mandarin, simp.]
      Yī ge gūniangjiā, chéngtiān bù xiǎng zhe xuéhǎor, tiāntiān gēn dàorshang de nánrén guǐhùn, xiàng shénme yàngzi! [Pinyin]
      (please add an English translation of this example)
    12. A surname​.
    Synonyms[edit]
    • (family):
    edit
    Dialectal synonyms of 家 (“home”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 家
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 家
    Mandarin Beijing 家
    Taiwan 家
    Tianjin 家
    Jinan 家
    Xi'an 家, 屋
    Wuhan 屋裡, 家
    Chengdu 屋頭, 家
    Yangzhou 家, 家頭
    Hefei 家
    Malaysia 家
    Singapore 家
    Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 家
    Cantonese Guangzhou 屋企
    Hong Kong 屋企
    Zhongshan (Shiqi) 屋企
    Taishan 企
    Yangjiang 屋己, 屋
    Kuala Lumpur 屋企
    Singapore 屋企
    Gan Nanchang 屋裡
    Hakka Meixian 屋下
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 屋下
    Liudui (S. Sixian) 屋下
    Hsinchu (Hailu) 屋下
    Dongshi (Dabu) 屋家
    Hsinchu (Raoping) 屋下
    Yunlin (Zhao'an) 屋下
    Jin Taiyuan 家
    Min Bei Jian'ou 厝
    Min Dong Fuzhou 厝
    Min Nan Xiamen 厝, 兜
    Quanzhou 厝, 兜
    Zhangzhou 厝, 兜
    Taipei 厝
    Penang (Hokkien) 厝
    Singapore (Hokkien) 厝
    Philippines (Manila Hokkien) 厝, 厝內, 兜
    Chaozhou 內
    Shantou 內
    Wenchang 厝
    Singapore (Teochew) 內
    Wu Shanghai 屋裡
    Suzhou 屋裡
    Wenzhou 屋裡
    Xiang Changsha 屋裡
    Shuangfeng 屋裡
    • (house):
    Dialectal synonyms of 房子 (“house”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 屋, 房, 房舍, 屋宇, 房宇
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 房子, 房屋, 房舍, 屋宇
    Mandarin Beijing 房子
    Taiwan 房子
    Tianjin 房子
    Harbin 房子
    Shenyang 房子
    Jinan 房子, 屋
    Muping 房子
    Luoyang 房子
    Wanrong 房子, 廈
    Xi'an 房
    Xining 房子, 房房
    Xuzhou 房子, 屋
    Yinchuan 房子
    Lanzhou 房子
    Ürümqi 房子
    Wuhan 屋, 房子
    Huanggang 屋
    Chengdu 房子
    Guiyang 房子
    Guilin 屋
    Liuzhou 屋, 房子
    Kunming 房子
    Yangzhou 房子
    Nanjing 房子
    Hefei 屋, 房子
    Nantong 房子
    Malaysia 房子
    Singapore 房子, 屋子
    Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 房子
    Masanchin (Shaanxi Dungan) 房子
    Cantonese Guangzhou 屋
    Hong Kong 屋
    Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 屋
    Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 屋
    Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 屋
    Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 屋
    Macau 屋
    Panyu 屋
    Huadu (Huashan) 屋
    Conghua 屋
    Zengcheng 屋
    Foshan 屋
    Nanhai (Shatou) 屋
    Shunde 屋
    Sanshui 屋
    Gaoming (Mingcheng) 屋
    Zhongshan (Shiqi) 屋
    Zhuhai (Qianshan) 屋
    Doumen (Shangheng Tanka) 屋
    Doumen 屋
    Jiangmen (Baisha) 屋
    Xinhui 屋
    Taishan 屋
    Kaiping (Chikan) 屋
    Enping (Niujiang) 屋
    Heshan (Yayao) 屋
    Dongguan 屋
    Bao'an (Shajing) 屋
    Dapeng 屋
    Qingyuan 屋
    Fogang 屋
    Yingde (Hanguang) 屋
    Yangshan 屋
    Lianshan (Butian) 屋
    Lianzhou (Qingshui Sihui) 屋
    Shaoguan 屋
    Qujiang 屋
    Renhua 屋
    Lechang 屋
    Gaoyao 屋
    Sihui 屋
    Guangning 屋
    Deqing 屋
    Huaiji 屋
    Fengkai (Nanfeng) 屋
    Yunfu 屋
    Xinxing 屋
    Luoding 屋
    Yunan (Pingtai) 屋
    Yangjiang 屋
    Xinyi 屋
    Lianjiang 屋
    Nanning 屋
    Wuzhou 屋
    Yulin 屋
    Hepu 屋
    Danzhou 屋
    Kuala Lumpur 屋
    Singapore 屋
    Ho Chi Minh City 屋
    Gan Nanchang 房子, 屋
    Lichuan 屋
    Pingxiang 屋
    Hakka Meixian 屋, 屋仔, 屋舍
    Xingning 屋
    Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 屋
    Huizhou (Shuikou Bendihua) 屋
    Huizhou (Hengli Bendihua) 屋
    Huidong (Pingshan Bendihua) 屋
    Huidong (Daling) 屋
    Dongguan (Qingxi) 屋
    Longmen (Pingling Bendihua) 屋
    Longmen (Luxi Bendihua) 屋
    Boluo (Bendihua) 屋
    Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 屋
    Zengcheng (Zhengguo) 屋
    Zhongshan (Wuguishan) 屋
    Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 屋
    Wuhua (Shuizhai) 屋
    Wuhua (Huacheng) 屋
    Wuhua (Changbu) 屋
    Wuhua (Mianyang) 屋
    Heyuan (Bendihua) 屋
    Zijin (Guzhu Bendihua) 屋
    Longchuan (Tuocheng Bendihua) 屋
    Longchuan (Sidu Bendihua) 屋
    Heping (Linzhai Bendihua) 屋
    Lianping (Zhongxin Bendihua) 屋
    Lianping (Longjie Bendihua) 屋
    Qujiang 屋
    Xinfeng (Matou Bendihua) 屋
    Xinfeng (Daxi Bendihua) 屋
    Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 屋
    Liannan 屋
    Conghua (Lütian) 屋
    Jiexi 屋
    Luchuan 屋
    Luchuan (Daqiao) 房屋
    Changting 屋
    Pingyu 屋
    Wuping 屋, 屋子
    Liancheng 屋
    Ninghua 屋
    Yudu 屋
    Ruijin 屋
    Shicheng 屋
    Shangyou 屋
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 屋仔
    Liudui (S. Sixian) 屋仔
    Hsinchu (Hailu) 屋, 屋仔
    Dongshi (Dabu) 屋
    Hsinchu (Raoping) 屋
    Yunlin (Zhao'an) 屋
    Hong Kong 屋
    Sabah (Longchuan) 屋
    Senai 屋下
    Singkawang 屋
    Huizhou Jixi 屋
    Shexian 屋
    Tunxi 屋
    Xiuning 屋
    Yixian 屋
    Qimen 屋, 房子
    Wuyuan 屋
    Dexing 屋
    Xianyu (formerly Zhanda) 屋
    Jin Taiyuan 房子
    Pingyao 房子
    Xinzhou 房
    Hohhot 房子
    Min Bei Jian'ou 厝
    Dikou 厝
    Songxi 厝
    Zhenghe 厝
    Zhenqian 厝
    Jianyang 厝
    Wuyishan 厝
    Shibei 厝
    Min Dong Fuzhou 厝
    Changle 厝
    Fuqing 厝
    Pingtan 厝
    Yongtai 厝
    Gutian 厝
    Fu'an 厝
    Ningde 厝
    Shouning 厝
    Zhouning 厝
    Fuding 厝
    Matsu 厝
    Min Nan Xiamen 厝, 房厝
    Tong'an 厝
    Quanzhou 厝
    Jinjiang 厝
    Nan'an 厝
    Shishi 厝
    Hui'an 厝
    Anxi 厝
    Yongchun 厝
    Dehua 厝
    Zhangzhou 厝, 房厝
    Longhai 厝
    Changtai 厝
    Hua'an 厝
    Nanjing 厝
    Pinghe 厝
    Zhangpu 厝
    Yunxiao 厝
    Zhao'an 厝
    Dongshan 厝
    Taipei 厝
    Kinmen 厝
    Penang (Hokkien) 厝
    Singapore (Hokkien) 厝
    Philippines (Manila Hokkien) 厝
    Longyan 厝
    Zhangping 厝
    Zhangping (Yongfu) 厝
    Datian 厝
    Pingnan (Shangdu) 厝, 屋
    Chaozhou 厝
    Shantou 厝
    Haifeng 厝
    Thailand (Bangkok Teochew) 厝
    Johor Bahru (Teochew) 厝
    Singapore (Teochew) 厝
    Wenchang 厝
    Haikou 厝, 房厝
    Leizhou 厝
    Puxian Min Putian 厝
    Xianyou 厝
    Min Zhong Yong'an 厝
    Sanyuan 厝
    Shaxian 厝
    Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 厝
    Sanxiang 厝
    Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 屋
    Guilin (Dahe) 屋
    Shehua Fu'an 寮
    Fuding 寮
    Luoyuan 寮
    Sanming 寮
    Shunchang 寮
    Hua'an 寮
    Guixi 寮
    Cangnan 寮
    Jingning 寮
    Lishui 寮
    Longyou 寮
    Chaozhou 寮
    Fengshun 寮
    Wu Shanghai 房子
    Suzhou 房子
    Wuxi 房子
    Hangzhou 房子
    Wenzhou 屋宕, 屋
    Chongming 房子
    Danyang 房子
    Jinhua 屋, 屋宇, 房子
    Tangxi 屋, 屋宇
    Ningbo 房子, 房屋
    Xiang Changsha 屋
    Shuangfeng 屋
    Loudi 屋
    Quanzhou 房子
    • (suffix used after a noun to specify a type of person): 家家 (jiājiā), (Cantonese) 人家 (jan4 gaa1)
    Compounds[edit]
    Derived terms from 家

    Pronunciation 2[edit]

    Definitions[edit]

    家

    1. (Min Nan) Only used in 家己 (ka-kī).

    Pronunciation 3[edit]

    Definitions[edit]

    家

    1. (Min Nan) Only used in 私家.

    Etymology 2[edit]

    simp. and trad.
    		 家
    alternative forms 價／价

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Definitions[edit]

    家

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    Etymology 3[edit]

    Cognate with 姑 (gū).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Definitions[edit]

    家

    1. Only used in 大家 (dàgū).

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    家

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    家
    いえ
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    ⟨ipe1⟩ → */ipʲe/ → /iɸe/ → /iwe/ → /ie/

    From Old Japanese.

    Possibly related to 廬 (iho → io, “temporary hut”).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    家(いえ) • (ie) (historical hiragana いへ)

    1. a house
    2. one's own home
    3. a home, household
    4. a family

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    家
    や
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

    Alternative forms[edit]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    家(や) • (ya)

    1. a house

    Suffix[edit]

    家(や) • (-ya)

    1. house of something, place where some business is conducted
    2. person who does that thing
    See also[edit]

    Etymology 3[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    家
    うち
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    Cognate with 内 (uchi, “middle”).[1]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    家(うち) • (uchi)

    1. a house
    2. one's house
    Descendants[edit]
    • → English: hooch

    Etymology 4[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    家
    Grade: 2
    Irregular

    Contraction of uchi above.

    Often following the genitive case marker の (no) which contracts to -n.

    Noun[edit]

    家(ち) • (chi)

    1. a house
      俺(おれ)ん家(ち)に来(こ)ない？ ― Orenchi ni konai? ― Wanna come to my place?

    Etymology 5[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    家
    か
    Grade: 2
    kan’on

    From Middle Chinese 家 (MC kˠa).

    The 漢音 (kan'on, literally “Han sound”), so likely a latter borrowing from Middle Chinese.

    Suffix[edit]

    家(か) • (-ka)

    1. an expert, professional, performer
    Derived terms[edit]

    Etymology 6[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    家
    け
    Grade: 2
    goon

    The 呉音 (goon, literally “Wu sound”), so likely the initial borrowing from Middle Chinese.

    Suffix[edit]

    家(け) • (-ke)

    1. representing relationship to a family
      平(たいら)家(け) ― Taira-ke ― the Taira family

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

    Korean[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    家 • (ga, go) (hangeul 가, 고)

    1. home; family; household

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms

    Okinawan[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    家

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    家 (hiragana やー, rōmaji yā)

    1. house

    Derived terms[edit]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    家 (gia, nhà)

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    Yonaguni[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    家 (hiragana だー, romaji dā)

    Noun[edit]

    家 (hiragana だー, romaji dā)

    1. house
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