牙

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牙 U+7259, 牙
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7259
← 牘
[U+7258] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 牚 →
[U+725A]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
牙-order.gif

Han character[edit]

Commons-logo.svg
See images of
Radical 92 牙

牙 (radical 92 牙+0, 4 strokes, cangjie input 一女木竹 (MVDH), four-corner 10240)

  1. Kangxi radical #92, ⽛.

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 695, character 3
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 19909
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1108, character 6
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 2, page 1419, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+7259

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 牙

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 牙
Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
牙-bronze.svg 牙-seal.svg 牙-bigseal.svg
Characters in the same phonetic series (牙) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
邪 *ljaː, *laː
衺 *ljaː
牙 *ŋraː
芽 *ŋraː
齖 *ŋraː, *ŋraːs
呀 *ŋraː, *hŋraː
枒 *ŋraː, *ŋraːs
雅 *ŋraːʔ
厊 *ŋraːʔ
庌 *ŋraːʔ
訝 *ŋraːs
迓 *ŋraːs
砑 *ŋraːs
犽 *ŋraːs
疨 *hŋraː
岈 *hŋraː
谺 *hŋraː
颬 *hŋraː
鴉 *qraː
釾 *laː

Etymology[edit]

Norman and Mei (1976) proposed that this was a substrate loan; cf. Proto-Vietic *ŋaː (“ivory”) (Vietnamese ngà), Proto-Tai *ŋaːᴬ (“tusk; ivory”) (Thai งา (ngaa)).

Pulleyblank (1983) disagreed with Norman and Mei's hypothesis, and considered Old Chinese to be the donor of this Wanderwort instead.

Pronunciation[edit]

Note: ngāi - synaeresis of 牙齒 used alone or in some compounds.
Note:
  • gê/gêe - vernacular (“tooth; fang; ivory; broker”);
  • gâ - literary (“screw thread”).
  • Wu
    • Dialectal data▼
    Variety Location 牙
    Mandarin Beijing /ia³⁵/
    Harbin /ia²⁴/
    Tianjin /iɑ⁴⁵/
    Jinan /ia⁴²/
    Qingdao /ia⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /ia⁴²/
    Xi'an /nia²⁴/
    Xining /ia²⁴/
    Yinchuan /ia⁵³/
    Lanzhou /ia⁵³/
    Ürümqi /ia⁵¹/
    Wuhan /ia²¹³/
    Chengdu /ia³¹/
    Guiyang /ia²¹/
    Kunming /ia̠³¹/
    Nanjing /iɑ²⁴/
    Hefei /ia⁵⁵/
    Jin Taiyuan /nia¹¹/
    /ia¹¹/
    Pingyao /ȵiɑ¹³/
    Hohhot /ia³¹/
    Wu Shanghai /ŋa²³/
    /ɦia²³/
    Suzhou /ŋɑ¹³/
    Hangzhou /ɦiɑ²¹³/
    Wenzhou /ŋo³¹/
    Hui Shexian /ŋa⁴⁴/
    Tunxi /ŋɔ⁴⁴/
    Xiang Changsha /ia¹³/
    /ŋa¹³/
    Xiangtan /ŋɒ¹²/
    Gan Nanchang /ŋɑ⁴⁵/
    Hakka Meixian /ŋa¹¹/
    Taoyuan /ŋɑ¹¹/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /ŋa²¹/
    Nanning /ŋa²¹/
    Hong Kong /ŋa²¹/
    Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /ga³⁵/
    /ge³⁵/
    Fuzhou (Min Dong) /ŋa⁵³/
    Jian'ou (Min Bei) /ŋa³³/
    Shantou (Min Nan) /ŋẽ⁵⁵/
    Haikou (Min Nan) /za³¹/
    /ŋɛ³¹/
    Rime
    Character 牙
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 疑 (31)
    Final (韻) 麻 (98)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) II
    Fanqie 五加切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ŋˠa/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ŋᵚa/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ŋa/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ŋaɨ/
    Li
    Rong         		/ŋa/
    Wang
    Li         		/ŋa/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ŋa/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		yá
    Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 牙
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		yá
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ ngæ ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*m-ɢˤ<r>a/
    English tooth

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 牙
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 14177
    Phonetic
    component         		牙
    Rime
    group         		魚
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		牙
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ŋraː/

    Definitions[edit]

    牙

    1. (anatomy) tooth (Classifier: 隻／只 c; 棚 c)
      牙齒 / 牙齿  ―  yáchǐ  ―  tooth
    2. (anatomy) fang; tusk; canine tooth
      尖牙  ―  jiānyá  ―  fang
    3. (anatomy) ivory; tusk of elephant
      牙雕  ―  yádiāo  ―  ivory sculpture
    4. screw thread
    5. (historical) broker

    Synonyms[edit]

    Dialectal synonyms of 牙齒 (“tooth”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 齒
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 牙齒
    Mandarin Beijing 牙
    Taiwan 牙
    Jinan 牙
    Xi'an 牙
    Wuhan 牙齒、才調子
    Chengdu 牙齒
    Yangzhou 牙子
    Hefei 牙、牙齒
    Cantonese Guangzhou 牙
    Hong Kong 牙
    Taishan 牙
    Yangjiang 牙
    Gan Nanchang 牙齒
    Hakka Meixian 牙齒
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 牙齒
    Liudui (S. Sixian) 牙齒
    Hsinchu (Hailu) 牙齒
    Dongshi (Dabu) 牙齒
    Zhuolan (Raoping) 牙齒
    Yunlin (Zhao'an) 牙、牙齒
    Jin Taiyuan 牙
    Min Bei Jian'ou 牙齒
    Min Dong Fuzhou 牙
    Min Nan Xiamen 喙齒、齒
    Quanzhou 喙齒、齒
    Zhangzhou 喙齒、齒
    Taipei 喙齒、齒
    Kaohsiung 喙齒、齒
    Philippines (Manila) 喙齒
    Chaozhou 齒
    Wu Shanghai 牙子、牙齒
    Suzhou 牙子
    Wenzhou 牙齒、牙
    Xiang Changsha 牙齒
    Shuangfeng 牙齒

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 牙

    Descendants[edit]

    Sino-Xenic (牙):
    • Japanese: 牙 (げ) (ge); 牙 (が) (ga)
    • Korean: 아 (牙, a)
    • Vietnamese: nha (牙)

    Others:

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    牙

    (common “Jōyō” kanji)

    1. tusk, fang

    Readings[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    牙
    き
    Grade: S
    kun’yomi

    From Old Japanese. Appears in the Man'yōshū.[1]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    牙 (hiragana き, rōmaji ki)

    1. (obsolete) fang, tusk, tooth (particularly the canine)
      • c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 9, poem 1809); text here
        牙喫建怒而
        きかみたけびて
        ki kami takebite
        ferociously gnashing teeth
    Usage notes[edit]

    Although this term is no longer used in isolation, it does persist in certain compounds.

    Derived terms[edit]
    Derived terms

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    牙
    きば
    Grade: S
    kun’yomi

    Compound of Old Japanese elements 牙 (ki, “fang, tusk”) +‎ 歯 (ha, “tooth”).[2] The ha changes to ba as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    牙 (hiragana きば, rōmaji kiba)

    1. fang, tusk, tooth (particularly the canines)
    2. (falconry) dog (primarily used for counting hunting dogs)
    Usage notes[edit]

    This is the most common term for fang in modern Japanese.

    Derived terms[edit]
    Derived terms
    Idioms[edit]
    Idioms
    See also[edit]

    Etymology 3[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    牙
    かび
    Grade: S
    kun’yomi

    Cognate with, and probably the noun derivation of, verb 黴びる (kabiru, “to go moldy”), from the root idea of something sprouting.[2] Used in the Kojiki.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    牙 (hiragana かび, rōmaji kabi)

    1. (obsolete) a plant sprout, a plant bud
    Derived terms[edit]

    Etymology 4[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    牙
    は
    Grade: S
    kun’yomi

    Non-standard alternate spelling for 歯 (ha, “tooth”).[2]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    牙 (hiragana は, rōmaji ha)

    1. Alternative spelling of 歯 tooth

    Etymology 5[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    牙
    げ
    Grade: S
    on’yomi

    From Middle Chinese 牙 (ngæ). Compare modern Min Nan reading ge5.

    The goon reading, so probably the reading as first imported into Japanese.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    牙 (hiragana げ, rōmaji ge)

    1. an animal's fang or tusk
    2. an elephant's tusk: ivory
    3. a tooth
    Usage notes[edit]

    The tooth meaning is much more commonly expressed using the word 歯 (ha).

    Derived terms[edit]
    Derived terms

    Etymology 6[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    牙
    が
    Grade: S
    on’yomi

    From Middle Chinese 牙 (ngæ). Compare modern Cantonese reading ngaa4.

    The kan'on reading, so probably a later importation.

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Affix[edit]

    牙 (hiragana が, rōmaji ga)

    1. an animal's fang or tusk
    2. an elephant's tusk: ivory
    3. a tooth
    Usage notes[edit]

    The ga reading is only used in compounds, and is never used in isolation.

    Derived terms[edit]
    Derived terms

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

    Korean[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    牙 • (a) (hangeul 아)

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    牙 (nha, hữu)

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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