牙

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牙 U+7259, 牙
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7259
← 牘
[U+7258]		 CJK Unified Ideographs 牚 →
[U+725A]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
牙-order.gif

Han character[edit]

Commons-logo.svg
See images of
Radical 92 牙

牙 (radical 92 牙+0, 4 strokes, cangjie input 一女木竹 (MVDH), four-corner 10240)

  1. Kangxi radical #92, ⽛.

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 695, character 3
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 19909
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1108, character 6
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 2, page 1419, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+7259

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 牙

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 牙
Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
牙-bronze.svg 牙-seal.svg 牙-bigseal.svg
Characters in the same phonetic series (牙) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
邪 *ljaː, *laː
衺 *ljaː
牙 *ŋraː
芽 *ŋraː
齖 *ŋraː, *ŋraːs
呀 *ŋraː, *hŋraː
枒 *ŋraː, *ŋraːs
雅 *ŋraːʔ
厊 *ŋraːʔ
庌 *ŋraːʔ
訝 *ŋraːs
迓 *ŋraːs
砑 *ŋraːs
犽 *ŋraːs
疨 *hŋraː
岈 *hŋraː
谺 *hŋraː
颬 *hŋraː
鴉 *qraː
釾 *laː

Etymology[edit]

Norman and Mei (1976) proposed that this was a substrate loan; cf. Proto-Vietic *ŋaː (“ivory”) (Vietnamese ngà), Proto-Tai *ŋaːᴬ (“tusk; ivory”) (Thai งา (ngaa)).

Pulleyblank (1983) disagreed with Norman and Mei's hypothesis, and considered Old Chinese to be the donor of this Wanderwort instead.

Pronunciation[edit]

Note: ngāi - synaeresis of 牙齒 used alone or in some compounds.
Note:
  • gê/gêe - vernacular (“tooth; fang; ivory; broker”);
  • gâ - literary (“screw thread”).
  • Dialectal data▼
Variety Location 牙
Mandarin Beijing /ia³⁵/
Harbin /ia²⁴/
Tianjin /iɑ⁴⁵/
Jinan /ia⁴²/
Qingdao /ia⁴²/
Zhengzhou /ia⁴²/
Xi'an /nia²⁴/
Xining /ia²⁴/
Yinchuan /ia⁵³/
Lanzhou /ia⁵³/
Ürümqi /ia⁵¹/
Wuhan /ia²¹³/
Chengdu /ia³¹/
Guiyang /ia²¹/
Kunming /ia̠³¹/
Nanjing /iɑ²⁴/
Hefei /ia⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /nia¹¹/
/ia¹¹/
Pingyao /ȵiɑ¹³/
Hohhot /ia³¹/
Wu Shanghai /ŋa²³/
/ɦia²³/
Suzhou /ŋɑ¹³/
Hangzhou /ɦiɑ²¹³/
Wenzhou /ŋo³¹/
Hui Shexian /ŋa⁴⁴/
Tunxi /ŋɔ⁴⁴/
Xiang Changsha /ia¹³/
/ŋa¹³/
Xiangtan /ŋɒ¹²/
Gan Nanchang /ŋɑ⁴⁵/
Hakka Meixian /ŋa¹¹/
Taoyuan /ŋɑ¹¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /ŋa²¹/
Nanning /ŋa²¹/
Hong Kong /ŋa²¹/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /ga³⁵/
/ge³⁵/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /ŋa⁵³/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /ŋa³³/
Shantou (Min Nan) /ŋẽ⁵⁵/
Haikou (Min Nan) /za³¹/
/ŋɛ³¹/
Rime
Character 牙
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 疑 (31)
Final (韻) 麻 (98)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) II
Fanqie 五加切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ŋˠa/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ŋᵚa/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ŋa/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /ŋaɨ/
Li
Rong		 /ŋa/
Wang
Li		 /ŋa/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ŋa/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 yá
Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 牙
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 yá
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ ngæ ›
Old
Chinese		 /*m-ɢˤ<r>a/
English tooth

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 牙
Reading # 1/1
No. 14177
Phonetic
component		 牙
Rime
group		 魚
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 牙
Old
Chinese		 /*ŋraː/

Definitions[edit]

牙

  1. (anatomy) tooth
    牙齒 / 牙齿  ―  yáchǐ  ―  tooth
  2. (anatomy) fang; tusk; canine tooth
    尖牙  ―  jiānyá  ―  fang
  3. (anatomy) ivory; tusk of elephant
    牙雕  ―  yádiāo  ―  ivory sculpture
  4. screw thread
  5. (historical) broker

Synonyms[edit]

Dialectal synonyms of 牙齒 (“tooth”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 齒
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 牙齒
Mandarin Beijing 牙
Taiwan 牙
Jinan 牙
Xi'an 牙
Wuhan 牙齒、才調子
Chengdu 牙齒
Yangzhou 牙子
Hefei 牙、牙齒
Cantonese Guangzhou 牙
Hong Kong 牙
Taishan 牙
Yangjiang 牙
Gan Nanchang 牙齒
Hakka Meixian 牙齒
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 牙齒
Liudui (S. Sixian) 牙齒
Hsinchu (Hailu) 牙齒
Dongshi (Dabu) 牙齒
Zhuolan (Raoping) 牙齒
Yunlin (Zhao'an) 牙、牙齒
Jin Taiyuan 牙
Min Bei Jian'ou 牙齒
Min Dong Fuzhou 牙
Min Nan Xiamen 喙齒、齒
Quanzhou 喙齒、齒
Zhangzhou 喙齒、齒
Taipei 喙齒、齒
Kaohsiung 喙齒、齒
Philippines (Manila) 喙齒
Chaozhou 齒
Wu Shanghai 牙子、牙齒
Suzhou 牙子
Wenzhou 牙齒、牙
Xiang Changsha 牙齒
Shuangfeng 牙齒

Compounds[edit]

Derived terms from 牙

Descendants[edit]

Sino-Xenic (牙):
  • Japanese: 牙 (げ) (ge); 牙 (が) (ga)
  • Korean: 아 (牙, a)
  • Vietnamese: nha (牙)

Others:

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

牙

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

  1. tusk, fang

Readings[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Kanji in this term
牙
き
Grade: S
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese. Appears in the Man'yōshū.[1]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

牙 (hiragana き, rōmaji ki)

  1. (obsolete) fang, tusk, tooth (particularly the canine)
    • c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 9, poem 1809); text here
      牙喫建怒而
      きかみたけびて
      ki kami takebite
      ferociously gnashing teeth
Usage notes[edit]

Although this term is no longer used in isolation, it does persist in certain compounds.

Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms

Etymology 2[edit]

Kanji in this term
牙
きば
Grade: S
kun’yomi

Compound of Old Japanese elements 牙 (ki, “fang, tusk”) +‎ 歯 (ha, “tooth”).[2] The ha changes to ba as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

牙 (hiragana きば, rōmaji kiba)

  1. fang, tusk, tooth (particularly the canines)
  2. (falconry) dog (primarily used for counting hunting dogs)
Usage notes[edit]

This is the most common term for fang in modern Japanese.

Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms
Idioms[edit]
Idioms
See also[edit]

Etymology 3[edit]

Kanji in this term
牙
かび
Grade: S
kun’yomi

Cognate with, and probably the noun derivation of, verb 黴びる (kabiru, “to go moldy”), from the root idea of something sprouting.[2] Used in the Kojiki.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

牙 (hiragana かび, rōmaji kabi)

  1. (obsolete) a plant sprout, a plant bud
Derived terms[edit]

Etymology 4[edit]

Kanji in this term
牙
は
Grade: S
kun’yomi

Non-standard alternate spelling for 歯 (ha, “tooth”).[2]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

牙 (hiragana は, rōmaji ha)

  1. Alternative spelling of 歯 tooth

Etymology 5[edit]

Kanji in this term
牙
げ
Grade: S
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 牙 (ngæ). Compare modern Min Nan reading ge5.

The goon reading, so probably the reading as first imported into Japanese.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

牙 (hiragana げ, rōmaji ge)

  1. an animal's fang or tusk
  2. an elephant's tusk: ivory
  3. a tooth
Usage notes[edit]

The tooth meaning is much more commonly expressed using the word 歯 (ha).

Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms

Etymology 6[edit]

Kanji in this term
牙
が
Grade: S
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 牙 (ngæ). Compare modern Cantonese reading ngaa4.

The kan'on reading, so probably a later importation.

Pronunciation[edit]

Affix[edit]

牙 (hiragana が, rōmaji ga)

  1. an animal's fang or tusk
  2. an elephant's tusk: ivory
  3. a tooth
Usage notes[edit]

The ga reading is only used in compounds, and is never used in isolation.

Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

牙 • (a) (hangeul 아)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

牙 (nha, hữu)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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