芽

芽 U+82BD, 芽 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-82BD ← 芼 [U+82BC] CJK Unified Ideographs 芾 → [U+82BE]

芽 U+2F995, 芽 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F995 ← 芳 [U+2F994] CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement 苦 → [U+2F996]

Translingual

Han character

芽 (Kangxi radical 140, 艸+4 in Chinese, 艸+5 in Japanese, 7 strokes in Chinese, 8 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 廿一女竹 (TMVH), four-corner 4424₁, composition ⿱艹牙)

References

• KangXi: page 1021, character 13
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30860
• Dae Jaweon: page 1480, character 12
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3179, character 13
• Unihan data for U+82BD

• Unihan data for U+2F995

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Chinese

trad.		芽
simp. #		芽

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (牙) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
邪	*ljaː, *laː
衺	*ljaː
牙	*ŋraː
芽	*ŋraː
齖	*ŋraː, *ŋraːs
呀	*ŋraː, *hŋraː
枒	*ŋraː, *ŋraːs
雅	*ŋraːʔ
厊	*ŋraːʔ
庌	*ŋraːʔ
訝	*ŋraːs
迓	*ŋraːs
砑	*ŋraːs
犽	*ŋraːs
疨	*hŋraː
岈	*hŋraː
谺	*hŋraː
颬	*hŋraː
鴉	*qraː
釾	*laː

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ŋraː): semantic 艹 (“grass”) + phonetic 牙 (OC *ŋraː).

Etymology

Cognate with 牙 (OC *ŋraː, “tooth”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): yá (ya²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄧㄚˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): ngaa⁴
• Gan (Wiktionary): nga⁴
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): ngà
• Min Nan (POJ): gê / gêe / gâ

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Pinyin: yá
    • Zhuyin: ㄧㄚˊ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ya
    • Tongyong Pinyin: yá
    • Wade–Giles: ya2
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jä³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: ngaa⁴
    • Yale: ngàh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: ngaa⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: nga⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋäː²¹/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: nga⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋa³⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngà
    • Hakka Romanization System: ngaˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: nga²
    • Sinological IPA: /ŋa¹¹/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gê
    • Tâi-lô: gê
    • Phofsit Daibuun: gee
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɡe²³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou, Taipei, Xiamen): /ɡe²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gêe
    • Tâi-lô: gêe
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡɛ¹³/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gâ
    • Tâi-lô: gâ
    • Phofsit Daibuun: gaa
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡa¹³/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /ɡa²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɡa²³/

Note:

• gê/gêe - vernacular;
• gâ - literary.

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• Middle Chinese: /ŋˠa/

Rime
Character	芽
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	麻 (98)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	五加切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋˠa/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋᵚa/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋa/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋaɨ/
Li Rong	/ŋa/
Wang Li	/ŋa/
Bernard Karlgren	/ŋa/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yá
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ngaa4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*m-ɢˤ<r>a/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ŋraː/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	芽
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yá
Middle Chinese	‹ ngæ ›
Old Chinese	/*m-ɢˁ<r>a/
English	shoot, sprout
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	芽
Reading #	1/1
No.	14178
Phonetic component	牙
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	牙
Old Chinese	/*ŋraː/

Definitions

芽

1. bud, shoot, sprout

Compounds

• 側芽／侧芽
• 催芽
• 冠芽
• 出芽 (chūyá)
• 出芽生殖
• 吸芽
• 嫩芽 (nènyá)
• 幼芽 (yòuyá)
• 抽芽 (chōuyá)
• 接芽
• 摘芽
• 新芽 (xīnyá)
• 根芽
• 海帶芽／海带芽 (hǎidàiyá)
• 滋芽
• 珠芽

• 發芽／发芽 (fāyá)
• 白雪黃芽／白雪黄芽
• 肉芽 (ròuyá)
• 胚芽 (pēiyá)
• 胚芽米
• 胚芽鞘
• 胞芽
• 胞芽杯
• 腋芽
• 芽兒／芽儿
• 芽孢 (yábāo)
• 芽接法
• 芽眼
• 芽茶
• 芽菜 (yácài, “bean sprout”)

• 芽豆
• 芽韭
• 芽體／芽体
• 茶芽
• 萌芽 (méngyá)
• 葉芽／叶芽 (yèyá)
• 裸芽
• 豆芽 (dòuyá)
• 豆芽菜 (dòuyácài)
• 防芽遏萌
• 雷芽
• 麥芽／麦芽 (màiyá)
• 麥芽糖／麦芽糖 (màiyátáng)
• 黃芽／黄芽
• 黃豆芽／黄豆芽

References

• “芽”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

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Japanese

Shinjitai	芽
Kyūjitai	芽

Kanji

芽

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

1. bud, sprout, shoot

Readings

• Go-on: げ (ge)
• Kan-on: が (ga, Jōyō)
• Kun: め (me, 芽, Jōyō); めぐむ (megumu, 芽む)

Compounds

Compounds

• 嫩(どん)芽(が) (donga): young shoot
• 麦(ばく)芽(が) (bakuga): malt
• 木(き)の芽(め) (kinome): leaves of Japanese pepper (Zanthoxylum piperitum) used as condiment

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
芽
め Grade: 4
kun’yomi

For pronunciation and definitions of 芽 – see the following entry.

【め】H [noun] [from 712] 芽: bud, sprout, shoot [noun] [from 1922] 芽: the germ of an idea, an inkling [noun] [date unknown] 芽: (biology) a bird embryo: more specifically, as found on the yolk of an egg, the blastodisk, the germinal disk, the embryonic disk

(This term, 芽, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
芽
が Grade: 4
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 芽 (MC ŋˠa).

Pronunciation

• On’yomi
• IPA^(key): [ɡa̠]

Affix

芽(が) • (ga) 

1. bud; sprout; shoot

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Korean

Hanja

芽 • (a) (hangeul 아, revised a, McCune–Reischauer a, Yale a)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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Tày

Noun

芽

1. Nôm form of nhả (“grass”).

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Vietnamese

Han character

芽: Hán Nôm readings: nha

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.