短

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短 U+77ED, 短
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-77ED
← 矬
[U+77EC] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 矮 →
[U+77EE]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
12 strokes

Han character[edit]

短 (Kangxi radical 111, 矢+7, 12 strokes, cangjie input 人大一口廿 (OKMRT), four-corner 81418, composition ⿰矢豆)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 824, character 33
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 23978
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1237, character 22
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2584, character 3
  • Unihan data for U+77ED

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 短
2nd round simp. 𰦓
alternative forms 𠭴 Min Nan

Glyph origin[edit]

Characters in the same phonetic series (豆) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
侸 *toː
剅 *toː, *roː
郖 *toː, *doːs
鬪 *toːs
鋀 *tʰoː
頭 *doː
豆 *doːs
逗 *doːs, *dos
痘 *doːs
梪 *doːs
脰 *doːs
荳 *doːs
浢 *doːs
餖 *doːs
毭 *doːs
豎 *djoʔ
裋 *djoʔ
短 *toːnʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *toːnʔ): semantic 矢 + phonetic 豆 (OC *doːs).

Etymology[edit]

The Proto-Min reconstructed form is *toiᴮ (Bodman, 1980). The relationship of this to the -n forms in other dialects is unclear and two theories exist:

  • Old Chinese *tˤorʔ divergently developed into (1) *toj in southeastern China, and (2) *ton elsewhere (Baxter and Sagart, 2014). Compare also:
    • 端 (OC *tˤor) vs 瑞 (OC *[d]or-s)
    • 算 (OC *[s]ˤorʔ-s)
    • 卵 (OC *k.rˤorʔ).
  • Proto-Min may represent the original Old Chinese form, and the forms in other Chinese varieties are due to confusion with 斷 (OC *toːnʔ, *toːns, *doːnʔ, “to cut”) (Schuessler, 2007).

STEDT sets up two roots for this: Proto-Sino-Tibetan *t(j)u(ŋ/n) (“short”), whence Burmese တောင်း (taung:, “short (as in garment)”), and *dəw (“short”), whence Burmese တို (tui, “short”), Mizo tawi (“short”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • dōi - colloquial (“short (of distance)”);
  • duāng - literary (“short; deficient; shortcoming”).
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • té/tér - colloquial;
    • toán - literary.
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    • Rime
    Character 短
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 端 (5)
    Final (韻) 桓 (62)
    Tone (調) Rising (X)
    Openness (開合) Closed
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 都管切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/tuɑnX/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/tʷɑnX/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/tuɑnX/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/twanX/
    Li
    Rong         		/tuɑnX/
    Wang
    Li         		/tuɑnX/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/tuɑnX/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		duǎn
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		dyun2
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 短
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		duǎn
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ twanX ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*tˁorʔ/
    English short

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 短
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 2480
    Phonetic
    component         		豆
    Rime
    group         		元
    Rime
    subdivision         		3
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		短
    Old
    Chinese         		/*toːnʔ/

    Definitions[edit]

    短

    1. short (of distance)
      Antonym: 長／长 (cháng)
    2. short (of time); brief
    3. (literary or Wu) short (in stature)
    4. deficient; lacking
    5. weakness; shortcoming; mistake

    Synonyms[edit]

    Dialectal synonyms of 矮 (“short (in stature)”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 矮
    Mandarin Beijing 矮, 矬
    Taiwan 矮
    Tianjin 矮, 矬
    Chengde 矮, 矬
    Tangshan 矮, 矬
    Cangzhou 矮, 矬
    Baoding 矬
    Shijiazhuang 矬
    Chifeng 矮, 矬
    Hulunbuir (Hailar) 矮
    Heihe 矮, 矬
    Qiqihar 矮, 矬
    Harbin 矮, 矬
    Jiamusi 矮, 矬
    Baicheng 矮, 矬
    Changchun 矮, 矬
    Tonghua 矮, 矬
    Shenyang 矮, 矬
    Dandong 矮, 矬
    Jinzhou 矮, 矬
    Dalian 矮
    Yantai 矮, 矬
    Yantai (Muping) 矮, 矬
    Qingdao 矮, 矬
    Lijin 矮, 矬
    Zhucheng 矮
    Jinan 矮, 矬
    Jining 矮
    Wanrong 低
    Shangqiu 矮, 矬
    Zhengzhou 矮, 矬
    Lingbao 矮, 矬
    Xinyang 矮
    Baihe 矮
    Hanzhong 矮
    Xi'an 矮, 矬, 低
    Baoji 矮
    Yinchuan 矮, 矬
    Tianshui 矮, 矬
    Lanzhou 矮, 矬
    Dunhuang 矮, 矬
    Xining 矮
    Hami 矬
    Ürümqi 矬, 矮
    Wuhan 矮
    Yichang 矮
    Xiangyang 矮
    Tianmen 矮, 矮矬
    Hong'an 矮
    Chengdu 矮
    Nanchong 矮
    Dazhou 矮
    Hanyuan 矮
    Xichang 矮
    Zigong 矮
    Chongqing 矮
    Guiyang 矮
    Zunyi 矮
    Bijie 矮
    Liping 矮
    Zhaotong 矮
    Dali 矮
    Kunming 矮
    Mengzi 矮
    Guilin 矮
    Liuzhou 矮
    Jishou 矮
    Changde 矮
    Anqing 矮
    Xuzhou 矮, 矬
    Fuyang 矮
    Wuhu 矮
    Yangzhou 矮
    Lianyungang 矮, 矬
    Lianshui 矮
    Nanjing 矮
    Hefei 矮
    Nantong 矮
    Singapore 矮
    Cantonese Guangzhou 矮
    Hong Kong 矮
    Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 矮
    Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 矮
    Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 矮
    Taishan 矮
    Dongguan 矮
    Yangjiang 矮
    Gan Nanchang 矮
    Lichuan 矮
    Pingxiang 矮
    Hakka Meixian 矮
    Yudu 矮
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 矮
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 矮
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 矮
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 矮
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 矮
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 矮
    Hong Kong 矮
    Huizhou Jixi 矮
    Shexian 矮
    Jin Taiyuan 矮, 低
    Yangyuan 矮, 矬
    Datong 低
    Xinzhou 矮, 低
    Lishi 矮
    Linfen 矬
    Changzhi 矮, 低
    Linhe 矬
    Jining 矬
    Hohhot 矬
    Erenhot 矮, 矬
    Pingshan 矬
    Zhangjiakou 矮, 矬
    Handan 矮, 矬
    Linzhou 矮
    Suide 矮
    Min Bei Jian'ou 矮
    Min Dong Fuzhou 矮
    Min Nan Xiamen 矮
    Quanzhou 矮
    Zhangzhou 矮
    Taipei 矮
    New Taipei (Tamsui) 矮
    New Taipei (Sanxia) 矮
    New Taipei (Pingxi) 矮
    Kaohsiung 矮
    Kaohsiung (Cijin) 矮
    Kaohsiung (Hongmaogang, Siaogang) 矮
    Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang) 矮
    Kaohsiung (Tianliao) 矮
    Yilan (Toucheng) 矮
    Tainan 矮
    Tainan (Anping) 矮
    Kinmen 矮
    Penghu (Magong) 矮
    Penghu (Xiyu) 矮
    Penang (Hokkien) 矮
    Chaozhou 矮
    Haikou 矮
    Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 矮
    Wu Shanghai 矮, 短
    Shanghai (Chongming) 矮
    Suzhou 矮
    Danyang 矮
    Hangzhou 矮
    Ningbo 矮
    Wenzhou 矮
    Jinhua 短
    Xiang Changsha 矮
    Loudi 矮
    Shuangfeng 矮

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 短

    References[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    短

    (grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. short, brief

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds


    Kanji in this term
    短
    たん
    Grade: 3
    on’yomi

    Etymology[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 短 (twanX, “short”).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    短(たん) • (tan) 

    1. fault, weak point
    2. (music) minor

    Antonyms[edit]

    References[edit]

    1. ^ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    2. ^ 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

    Korean[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    短 (eumhun 짧을 단 (jjalbeul dan))

    1. Hanja form? of 단 (“short”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    短: Hán Nôm readings: đoản, đuỗn, ngắn, vắn

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