短

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短 U+77ED, 短
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-77ED
← 矬
[U+77EC] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 矮 →
[U+77EE]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
12 strokes

Han character[edit]

短 (radical 111, 矢+7, 12 strokes, cangjie input 人大一口廿 (OKMRT), four-corner 81418, composition ⿰矢豆)

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 824, character 33
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 23978
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1237, character 22
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 4, page 2584, character 3
  • Unihan data for U+77ED

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 短
variant forms ⿰矢卜 second round simplified

Glyph origin[edit]

Characters in the same phonetic series (豆) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
侸 *toː
剅 *toː, *roː
郖 *toː, *doːs
鬪 *toːs
鋀 *tʰoː
頭 *doː
豆 *doːs
逗 *doːs, *dos
痘 *doːs
梪 *doːs
脰 *doːs
荳 *doːs
浢 *doːs
餖 *doːs
毭 *doːs
豎 *djoʔ
裋 *djoʔ
短 *toːnʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *toːnʔ): semantic 矢 + phonetic 豆 (OC *doːs).

Etymology[edit]

The Proto-Min reconstructed form is *toiᴮ (Bodman, 1980). The relationship of this to the -n forms in other dialects is unclear and two theories exist:

  • Old Chinese *tˤorʔ divergently developed into (1) *toj in southeastern China, and (2) *ton elsewhere (Baxter and Sagart, 2014). Compare also:
    • 端 (OC *tˤor) vs 瑞 (OC *[d]or-s)
    • 算 (OC *[s]ˤorʔ-s)
    • 卵 (OC *k.rˤorʔ).
  • Proto-Min may represent the original Old Chinese form, and the forms in other Chinese varieties are due to confusion with 斷 (OC *toːnʔ, *toːns, *doːnʔ, “to cut”) (Schuessler, 2007).

STEDT sets up two roots for this: Proto-Sino-Tibetan *t(j)u(ŋ/n) (“short”), whence Burmese တောင်း (taung:, “short (as in garment)”), and *dəw (“short”), whence Burmese တို (tui, “short”), Mizo tawi (“short”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • dōi - colloquial (“short (of distance)”);
  • duāng - literary (“short; deficient; shortcoming”).
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • té/tér - colloquial;
    • toán - literary.
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    • Rime
    Character 短
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 端 (5)
    Final (韻) 桓 (62)
    Tone (調) Rising (X)
    Openness (開合) Closed
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 都管切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/tuɑnX/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/tʷɑnX/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/tuɑnX/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/twanX/
    Li
    Rong         		/tuɑnX/
    Wang
    Li         		/tuɑnX/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/tuɑnX/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		duǎn
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 短
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		duǎn
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ twanX ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*tˁorʔ/
    English short

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 短
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 2480
    Phonetic
    component         		豆
    Rime
    group         		元
    Rime
    subdivision         		3
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		短
    Old
    Chinese         		/*toːnʔ/

    Definitions[edit]

    短

    1. short (of distance)
      Antonyms: 長／长 (cháng)
    2. short (of time); brief
    3. deficient; lacking
    4. weakness; shortcoming; mistake

    See also[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms from 短

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    短

    (grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. short, brief

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    References[edit]

    • New Nelson: 3982
    • Halpern: 3277
    • Halpern Learners: 801
    • Heisig: 1442
    • Tuttle Kanji Dictionary: 3d9.27
    1. Source: EDICT and KANJIDIC files licensed by the Electronic Dictionaries Research Group.


    Kanji in this term
    短
    たん
    Grade: 3
    on’yomi

    Etymology[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 短 (twanX, “short”).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    短 (hiragana たん, rōmaji tan)

    1. fault, weak point
    2. (music) minor

    Antonyms[edit]

    References[edit]

    1. ^ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    2. ^ 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

    Korean[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    短 • (dan) (hangeul 단, McCune–Reischauer tan, Yale tan)

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    Compounds[edit]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    短 (đoản, đuỗn, ngắn, vắn)

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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