算

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See also: 祘
算 U+7B97, 算
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7B97
← 箖
[U+7B96] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 箘 →
[U+7B98]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
14 strokes

Han character[edit]

算 (Kangxi radical 118, 竹+8, 14 strokes, cangjie input 竹月山廿 (HBUT), four-corner 88446, composition ⿱𥫗𥃲 or ⿱𥬥廾)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 888, character 3
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 26146
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1315, character 23
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 2981, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+7B97

Chinese[edit]

trad. 算
simp. # 算
2nd round simp. 祘
alternative forms 筭
祘
𮅕

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 算
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (算) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
纂 *ʔsloːnʔ
繤 *ʔsloːnʔ
算 *sloːnʔ, *sloːns
匴 *sloːnʔ
篹 *sloːnʔ
篡 *sʰroːns
攥 *ʔsloːd

In current form, 竹 (“bamboo”) + 目 + 廾.

The 目 portion may have originally represented counting rods (or possibly an abacus, although the character is believed to predate its invention). Such rods were typically made from bamboo.

Etymology[edit]

It has been compared with Tibetan གཤོར (gshor, “to count, to measure, to weigh”) by Gong (1995).

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • sǹg/sùiⁿ - colloquial;
  • soàn - literary.
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 算
    Mandarin Beijing /suan⁵¹/
    Harbin /suan⁵³/
    Tianjin /suan⁵³/
    Jinan /suã²¹/
    Qingdao /suã⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /suan³¹²/
    Xi'an /suã⁴⁴/
    Xining /suã²¹³/
    Yinchuan /suan¹³/ ～術
    /suan⁵³/ ～了
    Lanzhou /suɛ̃n¹³/
    Ürümqi /suan²¹³/
    Wuhan /san³⁵/
    Chengdu /suan¹³/
    Guiyang /suan²¹³/
    Kunming /suã̠²¹²/
    Nanjing /suaŋ⁴⁴/
    Hefei /sʊ̃⁵³/
    Jin Taiyuan /suæ̃⁴⁵/
    Pingyao /suɑŋ³⁵/
    Hohhot /suæ̃⁵⁵/
    Wu Shanghai /sø³⁵/
    Suzhou /sø⁵¹³/
    Hangzhou /sz̩ʷõ⁴⁴⁵/
    Wenzhou /sø⁴²/
    Hui Shexian /so³²⁴/
    Tunxi /suːə⁴²/
    Xiang Changsha /sõ⁵⁵/
    Xiangtan /sɔn⁵⁵/
    Gan Nanchang /sɵn⁴⁵/
    Hakka Meixian /son⁵³/
    Taoyuan /son⁵⁵/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /syn³³/
    Nanning /ɬyn³³/
    Hong Kong /syn³³/
    Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /suan²¹/
    /sŋ̍²¹/
    Fuzhou (Min Dong) /sɔuŋ²¹²/
    Jian'ou (Min Bei) /sɔŋ³³/
    Shantou (Min Nan) /suaŋ²¹³/
    /sɯŋ²¹³/
    Haikou (Min Nan) /suaŋ²³/
    /tui³⁵/
    Rime
    Character 算
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 心 (16)
    Final (韻) 桓 (62)
    Tone (調) Rising (X)
    Openness (開合) Closed
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 蘇管切
    Baxter swanX
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/suɑnX/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/sʷɑnX/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/suɑnX/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/swanX/
    Li
    Rong         		/suɑnX/
    Wang
    Li         		/suɑnX/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/suɑnX/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		suǎn
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		syun2
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 算
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		suàn
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ swanH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[s]ˁorʔ-s/
    English calculate; tally

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 算 算
    Reading # 1/2 2/2
    No. 12137 12140
    Phonetic
    component         		算 算
    Rime
    group         		元 元
    Rime
    subdivision         		3 3
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		算 筭
    Old
    Chinese         		/*sloːnʔ/ /*sloːns/

    Definitions[edit]

    算

    1. to count; to calculate; to figure
    2. to plan; to arrange; to design
    3. to guess; to estimate; to approximate
    4. to regard as; to consider
    5. to count; to be of significance
    6. to let it pass; to give up
    7. finally; eventually
    8. Alternative form of 筭 (suàn, “ancient device for counting numbers”)
    9. (Guanzhong, Mandarin) while
      伢算說算笑／伢算说算笑 [Guanzhong Mandarin]  ―  niǎ suān shě suān xiāo [Pinyin]  ―  He speaks as he laughs
    10. (Hong Kong) ratio between two currencies, expressed with only the first significant figure
      日元兌港元跌穿六算。 [Cantonese, trad.]
      日元兑港元跌穿六算。 [Cantonese, simp.]
      jat6 jyun4 deoi3 gong2 jyun4 dit3 cyun1 luk6 syun3. [Jyutping]
      The exchange rate between Japanese Yen and Hong Kong Dollars has dropped below the ratio of 1 JPY to 0.06 HKD [literally: …below the ratio of 6.]

    Synonyms[edit]

    • (to calculate):
    Dialectal synonyms of 算 (“to calculate”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 算, 計算, 計數
    Mandarin Taiwan 算
    Yantai (Muping) 算
    Wanrong 算
    Xi'an 算
    Ürümqi 算
    Guilin 算
    Yangzhou 算
    Malaysia 算
    Singapore 算
    Cantonese Guangzhou 計
    Hong Kong 計
    Taishan 計
    Dongguan 計
    Singapore (Guangfu) 計
    Gan Nanchang 算
    Lichuan 算
    Hakka Meixian 算
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 算
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 算
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 算
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 算
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 算
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 算
    Kuching (Hepo) 算
    Huizhou Jixi 算
    Min Dong Fuzhou 算
    Min Nan Tainan 算
    Singapore (Hokkien) 算
    Shantou 算
    Singapore (Teochew) 算
    Wu Shanghai 算
    Jinhua 算
    • (to plan):
    • (to guess):
    • (to regard):

    Compounds[edit]

    Descendants[edit]

    • → Lü: ᦉᦸᧃᧈ (ṡoan¹)

    References[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    算

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. Counting, calculation

    Readings[edit]

    Korean[edit]

    Etymology[edit]

    From Middle Chinese 算 (MC swanX).

    Historical Readings
    Dongguk Jeongun Reading
    Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 솬〯 (Yale: swǎn)
    Middle Korean
    Text Eumhun
    Gloss (hun) Reading
    Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] 혤〯 (Yale: hyěyl) 산〯 (Yale: sǎn)

    Pronunciation[edit]

    • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [sʰa̠(ː)n]
    • Phonetic hangul: [산(ː)]
      • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

    Hanja[edit]

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    算 (eumhun 셈 산 (sem san))

    1. Hanja form? of 산 (“to count; to calculate”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    References[edit]

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    算: Hán Nôm readings: toán, toan

    1. chữ Hán form of toán (“mathematics”).
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