嫌

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嫌 U+5ACC, 嫌
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5ACC
← 嫋
[U+5ACB] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 嫍 →
[U+5ACD]

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

嫌 (radical 38, 女+10, 13 strokes, cangjie input 女廿X金 (VTXC), four-corner 48437, composition ⿰女兼)

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 269, character 9
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 6618
  • Dae Jaweon: page 536, character 20
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1073, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+5ACC

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 嫌

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 嫌
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script
嫌-seal.svg
Characters in the same phonetic series (兼) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
譧 *r'eːms
賺 *r'eːms
尲 *kreːm
鹻 *kreːmʔ
歉 *kʰreːms, *kʰreːmʔ, *kʰeːmʔ, *kʰeːms
槏 *kʰreːmʔ
鰜 *ɡreːm, *keːm
稴 *ɡreːm, *ɡ·reːm, *ɡ·reːmʔ, *ɡ·reːms, *ɡeːm
豏 *ɡreːmʔ, *ɡreːms
甉 *ɡreːmʔ, *ɡraːm
廉 *ɡ·rem
鎌 *ɡ·rem
鬑 *ɡ·rem, *ɡ·reːm
鐮 *ɡ·rem
簾 *ɡ·rem
薕 *ɡ·rem, *ɡ·reːm
蠊 *ɡ·rem
嬚 *ɡ·remʔ
溓 *ɡ·remʔ, *ɡ·reːm, *ɡ·reːmʔ
嵰 *kʰremʔ
隒 *ŋɡremʔ
熑 *ɡ·reːm
濂 *ɡ·reːm
燫 *ɡ·reːm
兼 *keːm, *keːms
縑 *keːm
鶼 *keːm
蒹 *keːm
搛 *keːm
謙 *kʰeːm
膁 *kʰeːmʔ
嗛 *kʰeːmʔ
慊 *kʰeːmʔ, *kʰeːb
傔 *kʰeːms
馦 *qʰeːm
嫌 *ɡeːm
鼸 *ɡeːmʔ
尷 *kreːm

Pronunciation[edit]

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 嫌
Mandarin Beijing /ɕian³⁵/
Harbin /ɕian²⁴/
Tianjin /ɕian⁴⁵/
Jinan /ɕiã⁴²/
Qingdao /ɕiã⁴²/
Zhengzhou /ɕian⁴²/
Xi'an /ɕiã²⁴/
Xining /ɕiã²⁴/
Yinchuan /ɕian⁵³/
Lanzhou /ɕiɛ̃n⁵³/
Ürümqi /ɕian⁵¹/
Wuhan /ɕiɛn²¹³/
Chengdu /ɕian³¹/
Guiyang /ɕian²¹/
Kunming /ɕiɛ̃³¹/
Nanjing /ɕien²⁴/
Hefei /ɕiĩ⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /ɕie¹¹/
Pingyao /ɕie̞¹³/ ～疑
/xæ¹³/ ～疼咧
Hohhot /ɕie³¹/
Wu Shanghai /ɦi²³/
Suzhou /ɦiɪ¹³/
Hangzhou /ɦiẽ̞²¹³/
Wenzhou /ji³¹/
/ɦa³¹/
Hui Shexian /ɕie⁴⁴/
Tunxi /ɕiɛ⁴⁴/
Xiang Changsha /ɕiẽ¹³/
Xiangtan /ɕiẽ¹²/
Gan Nanchang /ɕiɛn⁴⁵/
Hakka Meixian /hiam¹¹/
Taoyuan /hiɑm¹¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /jim²¹/
Nanning /jim²¹/
Hong Kong /jim²¹/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /hiam³⁵/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /hieŋ⁵³/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /xiŋ²¹/
Shantou (Min Nan) /hiam⁵⁵/
Haikou (Min Nan) /hiam³¹/
Rime
Character 嫌
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
Final (韻) 添 (157)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) IV
Fanqie 戸兼切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɦem/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɦem/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɣɛm/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɦɛm/
Li
Rong 		/ɣem/
Wang
Li 		/ɣiem/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ɣiem/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		xián
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 嫌
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		xián
Middle
Chinese 		‹ hem ›
Old
Chinese 		/*N-kˁem/
English doubt, doubtful

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 嫌
Reading # 1/1
No. 6078
Phonetic
component 		兼
Rime
group 		談
Rime
subdivision 		2
Corresponding
MC rime 		嫌
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡeːm/

Definitions[edit]

嫌

  1. to hate; to detest
  2. to suspect
  3. to criticize

Compounds[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

嫌

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

Readings[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Kanji in this term
嫌
いや
Grade: S
kun’yomi

Possibly onomatopoeia as a general expression of disgust. Compare similar terms in many different languages, such as English yuck, Finnish yök, Arabic يَع‎ (yaʿ), Turkish ıyak, Thai ยี้ (yíi).

Pronunciation[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

  • 厭 (less common)

Adjective[edit]

嫌(いや) • (iya) -na (adnominal 嫌(いや)な (iya na), adverbial 嫌(いや)に (iya ni))

  1. disagreeable, unpleasant, disgusting, offensive, abhorrent
    嫌(いや)な顔(かお)をする
    iya na kao o suru
    to make weird faces
    嫌(いや)な女(おんな)
    iya na onna
    unpleasant woman → bitch
    嫌(いや)なことを言(い)う
    iya na koto o iu
    to say awful things
    ぞっとするほど嫌(いや)な目(め)に合(あ)った。
    Zotto suru hodo iya na me ni atta.
    They met with a shockingly abhorrent experience.

Inflection[edit]

Inflection of 嫌
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形) 嫌だろ いやだろ iya daro
Continuative (連用形) 嫌で いやで iya de
Terminal (終止形) 嫌だ いやだ iya da
Attributive (連体形) 嫌な いやな iya na
Hypothetical (仮定形) 嫌なら いやなら iya nara
Imperative (命令形) 嫌であれ いやであれ iya de are
Key constructions
Informal negative 嫌ではない
嫌じゃない 		いやではない
いやじゃない 		iya de wa nai
iya ja nai
Informal past 嫌だった いやだった iya datta
Informal negative past 嫌ではなかった
嫌じゃなかった 		いやではなかった
いやじゃなかった 		iya de wa nakatta
iya ja nakatta
Formal 嫌です いやです iya desu
Formal negative 嫌ではありません
嫌じゃありません 		いやではありません
いやじゃありません 		iya de wa arimasen
iya ja arimasen
Formal past 嫌でした いやでした iya deshita
Formal negative past 嫌ではありませんでした
嫌じゃありませんでした 		いやではありませんでした
いやじゃありませんでした 		iya de wa arimasen deshita
iya ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive 嫌で いやで iya de
Conditional 嫌なら（ば） いやなら（ば） iya nara (ba)
Provisional 嫌だったら いやだったら iya dattara
Volitional 嫌だろう いやだろう iya darō
Adverbial 嫌に いやに iya ni
Degree 嫌さ いやさ iyasa

Usage notes[edit]

いや (iya) sounds more masculine than やだ (yada), which has the same meaning but is more feminine.

Derived terms[edit]

Derived terms

References[edit]

  1. ^ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  • 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

嫌 • (hyeom) (hangeul 혐, revised hyeom, McCune–Reischauer hyŏm)

싫어할 혐, Reading : Hyeom, Meaning : Dislike(싫어하다, Shiruh-Hada) Commonly use with 惡 as 嫌惡(혐오, Hyeo-Mo) as a none, adjective or verb to express great dislike or hatred

Eg) 난 그것을 혐오한다. Nan Gogutsul Hyeomo-handa. I dislike it

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

嫌 (hiềm, hem, hèm)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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