嫌

嫌 U+5ACC, 嫌 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5ACC ← 嫋 [U+5ACB] CJK Unified Ideographs 嫍 → [U+5ACD]

Translingual

Han character

嫌 (radical 38, 女+10, 13 strokes, cangjie input 女廿X金 (VTXC), four-corner 4843₇, composition ⿰女兼)

References

• KangXi: page 269, character 9
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 6618
• Dae Jaweon: page 536, character 20
• Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 2, page 1073, character 8
• Unihan data for U+5ACC

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Chinese

simp. and trad.		嫌

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 嫌
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (兼) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
	Old Chinese
譧	*r'eːms
賺	*r'eːms
尲	*kreːm
鹻	*kreːmʔ
歉	*kʰreːms, *kʰreːmʔ, *kʰeːmʔ, *kʰeːms
槏	*kʰreːmʔ
鰜	*ɡreːm, *keːm
稴	*ɡreːm, *ɡ·reːm, *ɡ·reːmʔ, *ɡ·reːms, *ɡeːm
豏	*ɡreːmʔ, *ɡreːms
甉	*ɡreːmʔ, *ɡraːm
廉	*ɡ·rem
鎌	*ɡ·rem
鬑	*ɡ·rem, *ɡ·reːm
鐮	*ɡ·rem
簾	*ɡ·rem
薕	*ɡ·rem, *ɡ·reːm
蠊	*ɡ·rem
嬚	*ɡ·remʔ
溓	*ɡ·remʔ, *ɡ·reːm, *ɡ·reːmʔ
嵰	*kʰremʔ
隒	*ŋɡremʔ
熑	*ɡ·reːm
濂	*ɡ·reːm
燫	*ɡ·reːm
兼	*keːm, *keːms
縑	*keːm
鶼	*keːm
蒹	*keːm
搛	*keːm
謙	*kʰeːm
膁	*kʰeːmʔ
嗛	*kʰeːmʔ
慊	*kʰeːmʔ, *kʰeːb
傔	*kʰeːms
馦	*qʰeːm
嫌	*ɡeːm
鼸	*ɡeːmʔ
尷	*kreːm

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): xián (xian²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄢˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): jim⁴
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): hiàm
• Min Bei (KCR): hǐng
• Min Dong (BUC): hièng
• Min Nan

  (Hokkien, POJ): hiâm

  (Teochew, Peng'im): hiam⁵

• Wu (Wiktionary): hhi (T3)

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Pinyin: xián
    • Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄢˊ
    • Wade–Giles: hsien²
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyan
    • IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ɛn³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: jim⁴
    • Yale: yìhm
    • Cantonese Pinyin: jim⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: yim⁴
    • IPA ^(key): /jiːm²¹/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hiàm
    • Hakka Romanization System: hiamˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: hiam²
    • IPA: /hi̯am¹¹/
• Min Bei
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hǐng
    • IPA ^(key): /xiŋ²¹/
• Min Dong
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: hièng
    • IPA ^(key): /hieŋ⁵³/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiâm
    • Tâi-lô: hiâm
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hiaam
    • IPA (Xiamen): /hiam²⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /hiam²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /hiam¹³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /hiam²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /hiam²³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: hiam⁵
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hiâm
    • IPA ^(key): /hiam⁵⁵/
• Wu
  • (Shanghainese)
    • Wiktionary: hhi (T3)
    • IPA ^(key): /ɦi²³/

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• Dialectal data▼

Variety	Location	edit 嫌
Mandarin	Beijing	/ɕian³⁵/
	Harbin	/ɕian²⁴/
	Tianjin	/ɕian⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/ɕiã⁴²/
	Qingdao	/ɕiã⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/ɕian⁴²/
	Xi'an	/ɕiã²⁴/
	Xining	/ɕiã²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/ɕian⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/ɕiɛ̃n⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/ɕian⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/ɕiɛn²¹³/
	Chengdu	/ɕian³¹/
	Guiyang	/ɕian²¹/
	Kunming	/ɕiɛ̃³¹/
	Nanjing	/ɕien²⁴/
	Hefei	/ɕiĩ⁵⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/ɕie¹¹/
	Pingyao	/ɕie̞¹³/ ～疑 /xæ¹³/ ～疼咧
	Hohhot	/ɕie³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/ɦi²³/
	Suzhou	/ɦiɪ¹³/
	Hangzhou	/ɦiẽ̞²¹³/
	Wenzhou	/ji³¹/ /ɦa³¹/
Hui	Shexian	/ɕie⁴⁴/
	Tunxi	/ɕiɛ⁴⁴/
Xiang	Changsha	/ɕiẽ¹³/
	Xiangtan	/ɕiẽ¹²/
Gan	Nanchang	/ɕiɛn⁴⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/hiam¹¹/
	Taoyuan	/hiɑm¹¹/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/jim²¹/
	Nanning	/jim²¹/
	Hong Kong	/jim²¹/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/hiam³⁵/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/hieŋ⁵³/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/xiŋ²¹/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/hiam⁵⁵/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/hiam³¹/

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• Middle Chinese: /ɦem/▼

Rime
Character	嫌
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	添 (157)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	IV
Fanqie	戸兼切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦem/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦem/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣɛm/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦɛm/
Li Rong	/ɣem/
Wang Li	/ɣiem/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɣiem/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xián

• Old Chinese▼

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*N-kˤem/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡeːm/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	嫌
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xián
Middle Chinese	‹ hem ›
Old Chinese	/*N-kˤem/
English	doubt, doubtful
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	嫌
Reading #	1/1
No.	6078
Phonetic component	兼
Rime group	談
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	嫌
Old Chinese	/*ɡeːm/

Definitions

嫌

1. to hate; to detest
2. to suspect
3. to criticize

Compounds

• 不嫌
• 不避嫌疑
• 主嫌
• 休嫌
• 凶嫌
• 前嫌
• 可嫌
• 多嫌
• 嫌好道惡／嫌好道恶
• 嫌好道醜／嫌好道丑
• 嫌忌
• 嫌怨
• 嫌惡／嫌恶 (xiánwù)
• 嫌憎

• 嫌棄／嫌弃 (xiánqì)
• 嫌犯 (xiánfàn)
• 嫌疑 (xiányí)
• 嫌疑分子
• 嫌疑犯 (xiányífàn)
• 嫌疵
• 嫌貧愛富／嫌贫爱富
• 嫌鄙
• 嫌隙 (xiánxì)
• 引嫌
• 惡嫌／恶嫌
• 愛富嫌貧／爱富嫌贫
• 挾嫌／挟嫌 (xiéxián)
• 搶嫌／抢嫌

• 棄嫌／弃嫌
• 涉嫌 (shèxián)
• 猜嫌
• 瓜李之嫌
• 瓜田之嫌
• 睚眥之嫌／睚眦之嫌
• 竊嫌／窃嫌
• 罪嫌 (zuìxián)
• 討嫌／讨嫌
• 遠嫌／远嫌
• 避嫌 (bìxián)
• 重嫌
• 防嫌

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Japanese

Kanji

嫌

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

Readings

• Goon: げん (gen, Jōyō, uncommon)
• Kan’on: けん (ken, Jōyō)
• Kun: いや (iya, 嫌, Jōyō); きらう (kirau, 嫌う, Jōyō); うたがう (utagau, 嫌う)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
嫌
いや Grade: S
kun’yomi

Possibly onomatopoeia as a general expression of disgust. Compare similar terms in many different languages, such as English yuck, Finnish yök, Arabic يَع‎ (yaʿ), Turkish ıyak, Thai ยี้ (yíi).

Pronunciation

• Kun’yomi
  • (Tokyo) いや​ [ìyáꜜ] (Odaka – [2])
  • IPA^(key): [ija̠]

Alternative forms

• 厭 (less common)

Adjective

嫌 (-na inflection, hiragana いや, rōmaji iya)

1. disagreeable, unpleasant, disgusting, offensive, abhorrent

   嫌 (いや)な顔 (かお)をする

   iya na kao o suru

   to make weird faces

   嫌 (いや)な女 (おんな)

   iya na onna

   unpleasant woman → bitch

   嫌 (いや)なことを言 (い)う

   iya na koto o iu

   to say awful things

   ぞっとするほど嫌 (いや)な目 (め)に合 (あ)った。

   Zotto suru hodo iya na me ni atta.

   They met with a shockingly abhorrent experience.

Inflection

Inflection of 嫌

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	嫌だろ	いやだろ	iya daro
Continuative (連用形)	嫌で	いやで	iya de
Terminal (終止形)	嫌だ	いやだ	iya da
Attributive (連体形)	嫌な	いやな	iya na
Hypothetical (仮定形)	嫌なら	いやなら	iya nara
Imperative (命令形)	嫌であれ	いやであれ	iya de are
Key constructions
Informal negative	嫌ではない 嫌じゃない	いやではない いやじゃない	iya de wa nai iya ja nai
Informal past	嫌だった	いやだった	iya datta
Informal negative past	嫌ではなかった 嫌じゃなかった	いやではなかった いやじゃなかった	iya de wa nakatta iya ja nakatta
Formal	嫌です	いやです	iya desu
Formal negative	嫌ではありません 嫌じゃありません	いやではありません いやじゃありません	iya de wa arimasen iya ja arimasen
Formal past	嫌でした	いやでした	iya deshita
Formal negative past	嫌ではありませんでした 嫌じゃありませんでした	いやではありませんでした いやじゃありませんでした	iya de wa arimasen deshita iya ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive	嫌で	いやで	iya de
Conditional	嫌なら（ば）	いやなら（ば）	iya nara (ba)
Provisional	嫌だったら	いやだったら	iya dattara
Volitional	嫌だろう	いやだろう	iya darō
Adverbial	嫌に	いやに	iya ni
Degree	嫌さ	いやさ	iyasa

Usage notes

いや (iya) sounds more masculine than やだ (yada), which has the same meaning but is more feminine.

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 嫌 (いや)がる (iyagaru): to dislike something; to be reluctant to do something
• 嫌 (いや)がらせ (iyagarase): harassment, nuisance
• 嫌 (いや)む (iyamu): to dislike something, to hate something
• 嫌 (いや)み (iyami): sarcasm; something sarcastic or snide; disagreeability
• 嫌 (いや)らしい (iyarashii): disagreeable, unpleasant, disgusting (less strong than plain 嫌 (iya)); vulgar, indecent, lascivious

References

• 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

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Korean

Hanja

嫌 • (hyeom) (hangeul 혐, revised hyeom, McCune–Reischauer hyŏm)

싫어할 혐, Reading : Hyeom, Meaning : Dislike(싫어하다, Shiruh-Hada) Commonly use with 惡 as 嫌惡(혐오, Hyeo-Mo) as a none, adjective or verb to express great dislike or hatred

Eg) 난 그것을 혐오한다. Nan Gogutsul Hyeomo-handa. I dislike it

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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Vietnamese

Han character

嫌 (hiềm, hem, hèm)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.