謙

See also: 谦

謙	U+8B19, 謙 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8B19

← 謘
[U+8B18]

CJK Unified Ideographs

謚 →
[U+8B1A]

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

謙 (radical 149, 言+10, 17 strokes, cangjie input 卜口廿X金 (YRTXC), four-corner 0863₇, composition ⿰言兼)

Derived characters[edit]

𡄫

References[edit]

KangXi: page 1175, character 20
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 35821
Dae Jaweon: page 1639, character 36
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4009, character 2
Unihan data for U+8B19

Chinese[edit]

trad.		謙
simp.		谦
alternative forms		⿰讠千 second round simplified

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 謙
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (兼) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
譧	*r'eːms
賺	*r'eːms
尲	*kreːm
鹻	*kreːmʔ
歉	kʰreːms, kʰreːmʔ, kʰeːmʔ, kʰeːms
槏	*kʰreːmʔ
鰜	ɡreːm, keːm
稴	ɡreːm, ɡ·reːm, ɡ·reːmʔ, ɡ·reːms, *ɡeːm
豏	ɡreːmʔ, ɡreːms
甉	ɡreːmʔ, ɡraːm
廉	*ɡ·rem
鎌	*ɡ·rem
鬑	ɡ·rem, ɡ·reːm
鐮	*ɡ·rem
簾	*ɡ·rem
薕	ɡ·rem, ɡ·reːm
蠊	*ɡ·rem
嬚	*ɡ·remʔ
溓	ɡ·remʔ, ɡ·reːm, *ɡ·reːmʔ
嵰	*kʰremʔ
隒	*ŋɡremʔ
熑	*ɡ·reːm
濂	*ɡ·reːm
燫	*ɡ·reːm
兼	keːm, keːms
縑	*keːm
鶼	*keːm
蒹	*keːm
搛	*keːm
謙	*kʰeːm
膁	*kʰeːmʔ
嗛	*kʰeːmʔ
慊	kʰeːmʔ, kʰeːb
傔	*kʰeːms
馦	*qʰeːm
嫌	*ɡeːm
鼸	*ɡeːmʔ
尷	*kreːm

Etymology[edit]

Cognate with 歉 (OC *kʰreːms, *kʰreːmʔ, *kʰeːmʔ, *kʰeːms, “deficient”), 廉 (OC *ɡ·rem, “upright; having integrity; uncorrupt”) (Schuessler, 2007), Tibetan ཁྲམ་པ (khram pa, “modest”) (Geilich, 1995).

Pronunciation[edit]

Mandarin
(Pinyin): qiān (qian¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄢ
Cantonese (Jyutping): him¹
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khiâm
Min Bei (KCR): gíng / kíng
Min Dong (BUC): kiĕng
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): khiam

(Teochew, Peng'im): kiam¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: qiān
  - Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄢ
  - Wade–Giles: chʻien¹
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chian
  - Tongyong Pinyin: cian
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰjɛn⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: him¹
  - Yale: hīm
  - Cantonese Pinyin: him¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: him¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hiːm⁵⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiâm
  - Hakka Romanization System: kiam´
  - Hagfa Pinyim: kiam¹
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯am²⁴/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gíng / kíng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kiŋ⁵⁴/, /kʰiŋ⁵⁴/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: kiĕng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰieŋ⁵⁵/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiam
  - Tâi-lô: khiam
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qiafm
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kʰiam⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰiam³³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰiam⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kʰiam⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰiam⁴⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: kiam¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khiam
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰiam³³/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 謙
Mandarin	Beijing	/t͡ɕʰian⁵⁵/
	Harbin	/t͡ɕʰian⁴⁴/
	Tianjin	/t͡ɕʰian²¹/
	Jinan	/t͡ɕʰiã²¹³/
	Qingdao	/t͡ɕʰiã²¹³/
	Zhengzhou	/t͡ɕʰian²⁴/
	Xi'an	/t͡ɕʰiã²¹/
	Xining	/t͡ɕʰiã⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/t͡ɕʰian⁴⁴/
	Lanzhou	/t͡ɕʰiɛ̃n³¹/
	Ürümqi	/t͡ɕʰian⁴⁴/
	Wuhan	/t͡ɕʰiɛn⁵⁵/
	Chengdu	/t͡ɕʰian⁵⁵/
	Guiyang	/t͡ɕʰian⁵⁵/
	Kunming	/t͡ɕʰiɛ̃⁴⁴/
	Nanjing	/t͡ɕʰien⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/t͡ɕʰiĩ²¹/
Jin	Taiyuan	/t͡ɕʰie¹¹/
	Pingyao	/t͡ɕʰie̞¹³/
	Hohhot	/t͡ɕʰie³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/t͡ɕʰi⁵³/
	Suzhou	/t͡ɕʰiɪ⁵⁵/
	Hangzhou	/t͡ɕʰiẽ̞³³/
	Wenzhou	/t͡ɕʰi³³/
Hui	Shexian	/t͡ɕʰie³¹/
Hui	Tunxi	/t͡sʰiɛ¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/t͡ɕʰiẽ³³/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/t͡ɕʰiẽ³³/
Gan	Nanchang	/t͡ɕʰiɛn⁴²/
Hakka	Meixian	/kʰiam⁴⁴/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/kʰiɑm²⁴/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/him⁵³/
	Nanning	/him⁵⁵/
	Hong Kong	/him⁵⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/kʰiam⁵⁵/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/kʰieŋ⁴⁴/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/kiŋ⁵⁴/ /kʰiŋ⁵⁴/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/kʰiam³³/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/xiam²³/

Middle Chinese: /kʰem/

Rime
Character	謙
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	添 (157)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	IV
Fanqie	苦兼切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰem/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰem/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰɛm/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰɛm/
Li Rong	/kʰem/
Wang Li	/kʰiem/
Bernard Karlgren	/kʰiem/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	qiān
Expected Cantonese Reflex	him¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*k-r̥ˤem/

(Zhengzhang): /*kʰeːm/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	謙
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	qiān
Middle Chinese	‹ khem ›
Old Chinese	/*k-r̥ˁem/
English	modest
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	謙
Reading #	1/1
No.	6070
Phonetic component	兼
Rime group	談
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	謙
Old Chinese	/*kʰeːm/

Definitions[edit]

謙

humble; modest
15th hexagram of the I Ching

Compounds[edit]

一謙四益／一谦四益
你謙我讓／你谦我让
和謙／和谦 (Héqiān)
太謙／太谦
平易謙沖／平易谦冲
恭謹謙和／恭谨谦和
撝謙／㧑谦
滿招損，謙受益／满招损，谦受益 (mǎn zhāosǔn, qiān shòuyì)
益謙虧盈／益谦亏盈
者者謙謙／者者谦谦
自謙／自谦 (zìqiān)
謙以下士／谦以下士
謙光／谦光
謙克／谦克
謙卑／谦卑 (qiānbēi)
謙卑感／谦卑感

謙卑自牧／谦卑自牧
謙厚／谦厚
謙受益／谦受益
謙和／谦和 (qiānhé)
謙善／谦善
謙恭／谦恭 (qiāngōng)
謙恭下士／谦恭下士
謙恭厚道／谦恭厚道
謙抑／谦抑 (qiānyì)
謙挹／谦挹
謙沖／谦冲 (qiānchōng)
謙沖自牧／谦冲自牧 (qiānchōngzìmù)
謙洽／谦洽
謙稱／谦称 (qiānchēng)
謙虛／谦虚 (qiānxū)
謙虛自牧／谦虚自牧

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

謙

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

humble; modest

Readings[edit]

On (unclassified): けん (ken, Jōyō)
Kun: へりくだる (herikudaru, 謙る)

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

謙 • (gyeom) (hangeul 겸, revised gyeom, McCune–Reischauer kyŏm, Yale kyem)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

謙

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