末

See also: 夫, 禾, 天, 未, and 夭

Translingual

Stroke order

Etymology

Ideogram (指事): a tree (木) with its top highlighted with an extra stroke, implying the meaning of “apex”; contrast 本. (Alternatively, with fully developed fruit; contrast 未.)

Han character

末 (radical 75 木+1, 5 strokes, cangjie input 木十 (DJ), four-corner 5090₀)

Antonyms

• 本 未

Derived characters

• 抹 茉

Related characters

• 木 未

Descendants

• ま
• マ

References

• KangXi: page 509, character 6
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14420
• Dae Jaweon: page 891, character 1
• Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 2, page 1150, character 2
• Unihan data for U+672B

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Chinese

simp. and trad.		末

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): mò (mo⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄇㄛˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): mut⁶
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): ma̍t
• Min Nan

  (Hokkien, POJ): boa̍h / boa̍t

  (Teochew, Peng'im): bhuah⁸ / muêg⁸ / muag⁸

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese, Beijing)⁺
    • Pinyin: mò
    • Zhuyin: ㄇㄛˋ
    • Wade-Giles: mo⁴
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: moh
    • IPA ^(key): /mu̯ɔ⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: mut⁶
    • Yale: muht
    • Cantonese Pinyin: mut⁹
    • IPA ^(key): /muːt̚²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ma̍t
    • Hakka Romanization System: mad
    • Hagfa Pinyim: mad⁶
    • IPA: /mat̚⁵/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: boa̍h / boa̍t
    • Tâi-lô: bua̍h / bua̍t
    • Phofsit Daibuun: boah, boat
    • IPA (Taipei): /buaʔ⁴/, /buat̚⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /buaʔ¹²¹/, /buat̚¹²¹/
    • Note: boa̍h - vernacular; boa̍t - literary.
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: bhuah⁸ / muêg⁸ / muag⁸
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: bua̍h / mue̍k / mua̍k
    • IPA ^(key): /buaʔ⁴/, /muek̚⁴/, /muak̚⁴/
    • Note: bhuah8 - vernacular; muêg8, muag8 - literary.

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• Dialectal data▼

Variety	Location	edit 末
Mandarin	Beijing	/mo⁵¹/
	Harbin	/mɤ⁵³/
	Tianjin	/mo⁵³/
	Jinan	/mə²¹/
	Qingdao	/mə⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/mo²⁴/
	Xi'an	/mo²¹/
	Xining	/mɔ⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/muə¹³/
	Lanzhou	/mə¹³/ ～尾 /mə⁴⁴²/ ～～子
	Ürümqi	/mɤ²¹³/
	Wuhan	/mo²¹³/
	Chengdu	/mo³¹/
	Guiyang	/mo²¹/
	Kunming	/mo³¹/
	Nanjing	/moʔ⁵/
	Hefei	/mɐʔ⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/maʔ²/
	Pingyao	/mʌʔ⁵³/
	Hohhot	/maʔ⁴³/
Wu	Shanghai	/məʔ¹/
	Suzhou	/məʔ³/
	Hangzhou	/moʔ²/
	Wenzhou	/mø²¹³/
Hui	Shexian	/mɔ²²/
	Tunxi	/mo¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/mo²⁴/
	Xiangtan	/mo²⁴/
Gan	Nanchang	/mɵʔ⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/mat̚⁵/
	Taoyuan	/mɑt̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/mut̚²/
	Nanning	/mut̚²²/
	Hong Kong	/mut̚²/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/buat̚⁵/ /buaʔ⁵/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/muaʔ⁵/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/muɛ⁴²/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/muak̚⁵/ /buaʔ⁵/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/muak̚⁵/ /muak̚³/

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• Middle Chinese: /muɑt̚/▼

Rime
Character	末
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	明 (4)
Final (韻)	末 (64)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	莫撥切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/muɑt̚/
Pan Wuyun	/mʷɑt̚/
Shao Rongfen	/muɑt̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/mwat̚/
Li Rong	/muɑt̚/
Wang Li	/muɑt̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/muɑt̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	mò

• Old Chinese▼

  (Baxter-Sagart): /*mˤat/

  (Zhengzhang): /*maːd/

Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	末
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	mò
Middle Chinese	‹ mat ›
Old Chinese	/*mˤat/
English	end of a branch
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	末
Reading #	1/1
No.	9223
Phonetic component	末
Rime group	月
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	末
Old Chinese	/*maːd/

Definitions

末

1. final, last, end
2. insignificant

Compounds

• 末日 (mòrì)

• 芥末 (jièmò)

• 週末／周末 (zhōumò)

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Japanese

Kanji

末

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

• Goon: まち (machi), まつ (matsu)
• Kan’on: ばつ (batsu)
• Kun: うら (ura) (non-Jōyō reading), うれ (ure) (non-Jōyō reading), すえ (sue) > すゑ (suwe)

Compounds

Compounds

始末 (しまつ) ‎(shimatsu): circumstances; beginning and end; settlement, disposal 週末 (しゅうまつ) ‎(shūmatsu): weekend

Noun

末 ‎(hiragana すえ, romaji sue, historical hiragana すゑ)

1. end, last
2. last child, youngest child
3. triviality

Noun

末 ‎(hiragana まつ, romaji matsu)

1. the end
2. powder

Noun

末 ‎(hiragana うら, romaji ura)

1. (archaic) tip, top end

Noun

末 ‎(hiragana うれ, romaji ure)

1. (archaic) the trunk or leaves of a tree
2. (archaic) the tips of the branches of a tree

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Korean

Hanja

末 • ‎(mal) (hangeul 말, revised mal, McCune-Reischauer mal, Yale mal)

1. (끝): the end, last, low
2. (가루): flour, powder
3. (허드레): something coarse, improper, inferior, trivial
   • 1431: 鄕藥採取月令 十二月 (향약채취월령 십이월, hyang-yag-chaechwi-wolryeong sib-iwol):

     芰實鄕名末栗 (기실향명말밤, gisil-hyangmyeong-malbam, "The folk name of the water caltrop fruit is coarse chestnut.")

Compounds

end, last 末端 (말단, maldan) 末年 (말년, malnyeon) 年末 (연말, yeonmal) 終末 (종말, jongmal)

flour, powder 紛末 (분말, bunmal)

something coarse 末栗 (말밤, malbam)

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Vietnamese

Han character

末 (mạt, mất, mặt, mết, mệt, mượt)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.