末

See also: 夫, 禾, 天, 未, 夭, and 木

末	U+672B, 末 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-672B

← 未
[U+672A]

CJK Unified Ideographs

本 →
[U+672C]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order

Han character[edit]

末 (radical 75, 木+1, 5 strokes, cangjie input 木十 (DJ), four-corner 5090₀, composition ⿻一木)

Derived characters[edit]

抹茉

Descendants[edit]

ま
マ

References[edit]

KangXi: page 509, character 6
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14420
Dae Jaweon: page 891, character 1
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1150, character 2
Unihan data for U+672B

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.		末

Glyph origin[edit]

Characters in the same phonetic series (末) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
眛	maːds, mɯːds
沬	maːds, hmɯːds, *mɯds
佅	*mraːds
韎	mreːds, maːd
帓	*mraːd
粖	meːd, maːd
末	*maːd
昩	*maːd
秣	*maːd
靺	*maːd
眜	*maːd
抹	*maːd
妺	*maːd
怽	*maːd
沫	*maːd
袜	*maːd

Ideogram (指事): a tree (木) with its top highlighted with an extra stroke, implying the meaning of “apex”; contrast 本, 朱.

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Mandarin
(Pinyin): mò (mo⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄇㄛˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): mut⁶
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): ma̍t

(Meixian, Guangdong): mad⁶
Min Bei (KCR): muòi / mŏ̤
Min Dong (BUC): muăk
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): boa̍h / boa̍t

(Teochew, Peng'im): bhuah⁸ / muêg⁸ / muag⁸
Wu (Wiktionary): meq (T5)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: mò
  - Zhuyin: ㄇㄛˋ
  - Wade–Giles: mo⁴
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: moh
  - Tongyong Pinyin: mò
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mwɔ⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: mut⁶
  - Yale: muht
  - Cantonese Pinyin: mut⁹
  - Guangdong Romanization: mud⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /muːt̚²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ma̍t
  - Hakka Romanization System: mad
  - Hagfa Pinyim: mad⁶
  - Sinological IPA: /mat̚⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: mad⁶
  - Sinological IPA: /mat̚⁵/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: muòi / mŏ̤
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /muɛ⁴²/, /mɔ²⁴/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: muăk
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /muaʔ⁵/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: boa̍h / boa̍t
  - Tâi-lô: bua̍h / bua̍t
  - Phofsit Daibuun: boah, boat
  - IPA (Xiamen): /buaʔ⁴/, /buat̚⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /buaʔ²⁴/, /buat̚²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /buaʔ¹²¹/, /buat̚¹²¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /buaʔ⁴/, /buat̚⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /buaʔ⁴/, /buat̚⁴/

Note:

boa̍h - vernacular;
boa̍t - literary.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: bhuah⁸ / muêg⁸ / muag⁸
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: bua̍h / mue̍k / mua̍k
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /buaʔ⁴/, /muek̚⁴/, /muak̚⁴/

Note:

bhuah8 - vernacular;
muêg8, muag8 - literary.

Wu

(Shanghainese)
- Wiktionary: meq (T5)
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /məʔ¹²/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 末
Mandarin	Beijing	/mo⁵¹/
	Harbin	/mɤ⁵³/
	Tianjin	/mo⁵³/
	Jinan	/mə²¹/
	Qingdao	/mə⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/mo²⁴/
	Xi'an	/mo²¹/
	Xining	/mɔ⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/muə¹³/
	Lanzhou	/mə¹³/ ～尾 /mə⁴⁴²/ ～～子
	Ürümqi	/mɤ²¹³/
	Wuhan	/mo²¹³/
	Chengdu	/mo³¹/
	Guiyang	/mo²¹/
	Kunming	/mo³¹/
	Nanjing	/moʔ⁵/
	Hefei	/mɐʔ⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/maʔ²/
	Pingyao	/mʌʔ⁵³/
	Hohhot	/maʔ⁴³/
Wu	Shanghai	/məʔ¹/
	Suzhou	/məʔ³/
	Hangzhou	/moʔ²/
	Wenzhou	/mø²¹³/
Hui	Shexian	/mɔ²²/
Hui	Tunxi	/mo¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/mo²⁴/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/mo²⁴/
Gan	Nanchang	/mɵʔ⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/mat̚⁵/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/mɑt̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/mut̚²/
	Nanning	/mut̚²²/
	Hong Kong	/mut̚²/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/buat̚⁵/ /buaʔ⁵/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/muaʔ⁵/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/muɛ⁴²/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/muak̚⁵/ /buaʔ⁵/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/muak̚⁵/ /muak̚³/

Middle Chinese: /muɑt̚/

Rime
Character	末
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	明 (4)
Final (韻)	末 (64)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	莫撥切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/muɑt̚/
Pan Wuyun	/mʷɑt̚/
Shao Rongfen	/muɑt̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/mwat̚/
Li Rong	/muɑt̚/
Wang Li	/muɑt̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/muɑt̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	mò

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*mˤat/

(Zhengzhang): /*maːd/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	末
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	mò
Middle Chinese	‹ mat ›
Old Chinese	/*mˁat/
English	end of a branch
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	末
Reading #	1/1
No.	9223
Phonetic component	末
Rime group	月
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	末
Old Chinese	/*maːd/

Definitions[edit]

末

tip; treetop
end; last stage
末法時期 / 末法时期 ― mò fǎ shíqī ― Dharma-ending age
final; last
insignificant

Compounds[edit]

Derived terms from 末

末娘
末子 (mòzi)
末子堆
末學／末学
末學膚受／末学肤受
末官
末尾 (mòwěi)
末尾三梢
末尾三稍
末席
末年 (mònián)
末座
末後／末后 (mòhòu)
末技
末日 (mòrì)
末期 (mòqī)
末末了
末杪年
末梢 (mòshāo)
末梢神經／末梢神经
末梢頭／末梢头
末民
末法
末泥
末流 (mòliú)
末浪
末班車／末班车 (mòbānchē)
末異／末异
末疾
末站
末端 (mòduān)
末等
末節／末节 (mòjié)
末節細行／末节细行
末耐何
末腳／末脚
末臣
末葉／末叶 (mòyè)
末著
末藝／末艺 (mòyì)
末行
末議／末议
末路 (mòlù)
末路之難／末路之难
末路人
末路窮途／末路穷途
末躬
末造 (mòzào)
末過／末过
末那
末項／末项 (mòxiàng)
本同末異／本同末异
本末 (běnmò)
本末不稱／本末不称
本末倒置 (běnmòdàozhì)

Pronunciation 2[edit]

Mandarin
(Pinyin): me (me⁵)

(Zhuyin): ˙ㄇㄜ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: me
  - Zhuyin: ˙ㄇㄜ
  - Wade–Giles: mê⁵
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: .mhe
  - Tongyong Pinyin: me̊
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /mə/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 末
Mandarin	Beijing	/mo⁵¹/
	Harbin	/mɤ⁵³/
	Tianjin	/mo⁵³/
	Jinan	/mə²¹/
	Qingdao	/mə⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/mo²⁴/
	Xi'an	/mo²¹/
	Xining	/mɔ⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/muə¹³/
	Lanzhou	/mə¹³/ ～尾 /mə⁴⁴²/ ～～子
	Ürümqi	/mɤ²¹³/
	Wuhan	/mo²¹³/
	Chengdu	/mo³¹/
	Guiyang	/mo²¹/
	Kunming	/mo³¹/
	Nanjing	/moʔ⁵/
	Hefei	/mɐʔ⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/maʔ²/
	Pingyao	/mʌʔ⁵³/
	Hohhot	/maʔ⁴³/
Wu	Shanghai	/məʔ¹/
	Suzhou	/məʔ³/
	Hangzhou	/moʔ²/
	Wenzhou	/mø²¹³/
Hui	Shexian	/mɔ²²/
Hui	Tunxi	/mo¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/mo²⁴/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/mo²⁴/
Gan	Nanchang	/mɵʔ⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/mat̚⁵/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/mɑt̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/mut̚²/
	Nanning	/mut̚²²/
	Hong Kong	/mut̚²/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/buat̚⁵/ /buaʔ⁵/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/muaʔ⁵/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/muɛ⁴²/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/muak̚⁵/ /buaʔ⁵/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/muak̚⁵/ /muak̚³/

Definitions[edit]

Same as 麼／么 (me).

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

Readings[edit]

Go-on: まち (machi); まつ (matsu, Jōyō)
Kan-on: ばつ (batsu, Jōyō)
Kun: うら (ura, 末); うれ (ure, 末); おわり (owari, 末わり)^{←をはり (wofari, historical)}; すえ (sue, 末, Jōyō)^{←すゑ (suwe, historical)}

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

末(まっ)期(き) (makki)
末(まっ)梢(しょう) (masshō)
末(まつ)代(だい) (matsudai)
末(まっ)端(たん) (mattan)
末(まつ)尾(び) (matsubi)
結(けつ)末(まつ) (ketsumatsu)
始(し)末(まつ) (shimatsu): circumstances; beginning and end; settlement, disposal
週(しゅう)末(まつ) (shūmatsu): weekend
本(ほん)末(まつ) (honmatsu)

Noun[edit]

末(すえ) • (sue) (historical hiragana すゑ)

the last; the end
今年(ことし)末(すえ)までに
kotoshi sue made ni
until the end of this year
last child, youngest child
triviality
offspring, descendant

Antonyms

(last, end): 初(はつ) (hatsu, “first, beginning”)

Noun[edit]

末(まつ) • (matsu)

the end
powder

Noun[edit]

末(うら) • (ura)

(archaic) tip, top end

Noun[edit]

末(うれ) • (ure)

(archaic) the trunk or leaves of a tree
(archaic) the tips of the branches of a tree

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

末 • (mal) (hangeul 말, revised mal, McCune–Reischauer mal, Yale mal)

(끝): the end, last, low
(가루): flour, powder
(허드레): something coarse, improper, inferior, trivial
- 1431: 鄕藥採取月令^[1] 十二月 (향약채취월령 십이월, hyang-yag-chaechwi-wolryeong sib-iwol):
  芰實鄕名末栗^[2] ^[3] (기실향명말밤, gisil-hyangmyeong-malbam, "The folk name of the water caltrop fruit is coarse chestnut.")

Compounds[edit]

end, last

末端 (말단, maldan)
末年 (말년, malnyeon)
年末 (연말, yeonmal)
終末 (종말, jongmal)

flour, powder

紛末 (분말, bunmal)

something coarse

末栗 (말밤, malbam) ^[4]

Usage notes[edit]

^ This was authored by several scholars at the direction of King Sejong of Yi Dynasty, concerning the folk medical herb gathering by month.
^ Cited by: 南廣祐 (1997). 敎學古語辭典. 敎學社. p. 538.
^ "末栗" is a hanja rendering for 말밤(mal-bam), the origin of 마름(mareum, 菱) "water caltrop, water chestnut," literally, "coarse chestnut" such as "horse-chestnut".
^ Meaning "water caltrop, (also implausibly) water chestnut." Another likely literal reading is malryul.

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

末 (mạt, mất, mặt, mết, mệt, mượt)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

[1] This was authored by several scholars at the direction of King Sejong of Yi Dynasty, concerning the folk medical herb gathering by month.

[2] Cited by: 南廣祐 (1997). 敎學古語辭典. 敎學社. p. 538.

[3] "末栗" is a hanja rendering for 말밤(mal-bam), the origin of 마름(mareum, 菱) "water caltrop, water chestnut," literally, "coarse chestnut" such as "horse-chestnut".

[4] Meaning "water caltrop, (also implausibly) water chestnut." Another likely literal reading is malryul.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

末

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

Derived characters[edit]

Descendants[edit]

References[edit]

Chinese[edit]

Glyph origin[edit]

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Definitions[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Pronunciation 2[edit]

Definitions[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

See also[edit]

Noun[edit]

See also[edit]

Noun[edit]

Noun[edit]

Noun[edit]

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Usage notes[edit]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

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