末

See also: 夫, 禾, 天, 未, 夭, and 木

末	U+672B, 末 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-672B

← 未
[U+672A]

CJK Unified Ideographs

本 →
[U+672C]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order

Han character[edit]

末 (radical 75, 木+1, 5 strokes, cangjie input 木十 (DJ), four-corner 5090₀, composition ⿻一木)

Derived characters[edit]

抹茉

Descendants[edit]

ま
マ

References[edit]

KangXi: page 509, character 6
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14420
Dae Jaweon: page 891, character 1
Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 2, page 1150, character 2
Unihan data for U+672B

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.		末

Glyph origin[edit]

Characters in the same phonetic series (末) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
	Old Chinese
眛	maːds, mɯːds
沬	maːds, hmɯːds, *mɯds
佅	*mraːds
韎	mreːds, maːd
帓	*mraːd
粖	meːd, maːd
末	*maːd
昩	*maːd
秣	*maːd
靺	*maːd
眜	*maːd
抹	*maːd
妺	*maːd
怽	*maːd
沫	*maːd
袜	*maːd

Ideogram (指事): a tree (木) with its top highlighted with an extra stroke, implying the meaning of “apex”; contrast 本, 朱.

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Mandarin
(Pinyin): mò (mo⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄇㄛˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): mut⁶
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): ma̍t

(Meixian, Guangdong): mad⁶
Min Bei (KCR): muòi / mŏ̤
Min Dong (BUC): muăk
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): boa̍h / boa̍t

(Teochew, Peng'im): bhuah⁸ / muêg⁸ / muag⁸
Wu (Wiktionary): meq (T5)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: mò
  - Zhuyin: ㄇㄛˋ
  - Wade–Giles: mo⁴
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: moh
  - IPA ^(key): /mu̯ɔ⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: mut⁶
  - Yale: muht
  - Cantonese Pinyin: mut⁹
  - Guangdong Romanization: mud⁶
  - IPA ^(key): /muːt̚²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ma̍t
  - Hakka Romanization System: mad
  - Hagfa Pinyim: mad⁶
  - IPA: /mat̚⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: mad⁶
  - IPA: /mat̚⁵/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: muòi / mŏ̤
  - IPA ^(key): /muɛ⁴²/, /mɔ²⁴/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: muăk
  - IPA ^(key): /muaʔ⁵/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: boa̍h / boa̍t
  - Tâi-lô: bua̍h / bua̍t
  - Phofsit Daibuun: boah, boat
  - IPA (Xiamen): /buaʔ⁴/, /buat̚⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /buaʔ²⁴/, /buat̚²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /buaʔ¹²¹/, /buat̚¹²¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /buaʔ⁴/, /buat̚⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /buaʔ⁴/, /buat̚⁴/

Note:

boa̍h - vernacular;
boa̍t - literary.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: bhuah⁸ / muêg⁸ / muag⁸
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: bua̍h / mue̍k / mua̍k
- IPA ^(key): /buaʔ⁴/, /muek̚⁴/, /muak̚⁴/

Note:

bhuah8 - vernacular;
muêg8, muag8 - literary.

Wu

(Shanghainese)
- Wiktionary: meq (T5)
- IPA ^(key): /məʔ¹²/

Dialectal data▼

Variety	Location	edit 末
Mandarin	Beijing	/mo⁵¹/
	Harbin	/mɤ⁵³/
	Tianjin	/mo⁵³/
	Jinan	/mə²¹/
	Qingdao	/mə⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/mo²⁴/
	Xi'an	/mo²¹/
	Xining	/mɔ⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/muə¹³/
	Lanzhou	/mə¹³/ ～尾 /mə⁴⁴²/ ～～子
	Ürümqi	/mɤ²¹³/
	Wuhan	/mo²¹³/
	Chengdu	/mo³¹/
	Guiyang	/mo²¹/
	Kunming	/mo³¹/
	Nanjing	/moʔ⁵/
	Hefei	/mɐʔ⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/maʔ²/
	Pingyao	/mʌʔ⁵³/
	Hohhot	/maʔ⁴³/
Wu	Shanghai	/məʔ¹/
	Suzhou	/məʔ³/
	Hangzhou	/moʔ²/
	Wenzhou	/mø²¹³/
Hui	Shexian	/mɔ²²/
Hui	Tunxi	/mo¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/mo²⁴/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/mo²⁴/
Gan	Nanchang	/mɵʔ⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/mat̚⁵/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/mɑt̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/mut̚²/
	Nanning	/mut̚²²/
	Hong Kong	/mut̚²/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/buat̚⁵/ /buaʔ⁵/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/muaʔ⁵/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/muɛ⁴²/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/muak̚⁵/ /buaʔ⁵/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/muak̚⁵/ /muak̚³/

Middle Chinese: /muɑt̚/▼

Rime
Character	末
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	明 (4)
Final (韻)	末 (64)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	莫撥切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/muɑt̚/
Pan Wuyun	/mʷɑt̚/
Shao Rongfen	/muɑt̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/mwat̚/
Li Rong	/muɑt̚/
Wang Li	/muɑt̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/muɑt̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	mò

Old Chinese▼
(Baxter–Sagart): /*mˤat/

(Zhengzhang): /*maːd/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	末
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	mò
Middle Chinese	‹ mat ›
Old Chinese	/*mˁat/
English	end of a branch
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	末
Reading #	1/1
No.	9223
Phonetic component	末
Rime group	月
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	末
Old Chinese	/*maːd/

Definitions[edit]

末

tip; treetop
end; last stage
末法時期 / 末法时期 ― mò fǎ shíqī ― Dharma-ending age
final; last
insignificant

Compounds[edit]

Derived terms from 末

Pronunciation 2[edit]

Mandarin
(Pinyin): me (me⁵)

(Zhuyin): ˙ㄇㄜ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: me
  - Zhuyin: ˙ㄇㄜ
  - Wade–Giles: mê⁵
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: .mhe
  - IPA ^(key): /mə/

Dialectal data▼

Variety	Location	edit 末
Mandarin	Beijing	/mo⁵¹/
	Harbin	/mɤ⁵³/
	Tianjin	/mo⁵³/
	Jinan	/mə²¹/
	Qingdao	/mə⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/mo²⁴/
	Xi'an	/mo²¹/
	Xining	/mɔ⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/muə¹³/
	Lanzhou	/mə¹³/ ～尾 /mə⁴⁴²/ ～～子
	Ürümqi	/mɤ²¹³/
	Wuhan	/mo²¹³/
	Chengdu	/mo³¹/
	Guiyang	/mo²¹/
	Kunming	/mo³¹/
	Nanjing	/moʔ⁵/
	Hefei	/mɐʔ⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/maʔ²/
	Pingyao	/mʌʔ⁵³/
	Hohhot	/maʔ⁴³/
Wu	Shanghai	/məʔ¹/
	Suzhou	/məʔ³/
	Hangzhou	/moʔ²/
	Wenzhou	/mø²¹³/
Hui	Shexian	/mɔ²²/
Hui	Tunxi	/mo¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/mo²⁴/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/mo²⁴/
Gan	Nanchang	/mɵʔ⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/mat̚⁵/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/mɑt̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/mut̚²/
	Nanning	/mut̚²²/
	Hong Kong	/mut̚²/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/buat̚⁵/ /buaʔ⁵/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/muaʔ⁵/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/muɛ⁴²/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/muak̚⁵/ /buaʔ⁵/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/muak̚⁵/ /muak̚³/

Definitions[edit]

Same as 麼／么 (me).

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

Readings[edit]

Go-on: まち (machi); まつ (matsu, Jōyō)
Kan-on: ばつ (batsu, Jōyō)
Kun: うら (ura, 末); うれ (ure, 末); おわり (owari, 末わり)^{←をはり (wofari, historical)}; すえ (sue, 末, Jōyō)^{←すゑ (suwe, historical)}

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

末 (まっ)期 (き) (makki)
末 (まっ)梢 (しょう) (masshō)
末 (まつ)代 (だい) (matsudai)
末 (まっ)端 (たん) (mattan)
末 (まつ)尾 (び) (matsubi)
結 (けつ)末 (まつ) (ketsumatsu)
始 (し)末 (まつ) (shimatsu): circumstances; beginning and end; settlement, disposal
週 (しゅう)末 (まつ) (shūmatsu): weekend
本 (ほん)末 (まつ) (honmatsu)

Noun[edit]

末 (hiragana すえ, rōmaji sue, historical hiragana すゑ)

the last; the end
今年 (ことし)末 (すえ)までに
kotoshi sue made ni
until the end of this year
last child, youngest child
triviality
offspring, descendant

Antonyms

(last, end): 初 (はつ) (hatsu, “first, beginning”)

Noun[edit]

末 (hiragana まつ, rōmaji matsu)

the end
powder

Noun[edit]

末 (hiragana うら, rōmaji ura)

(archaic) tip, top end

Noun[edit]

末 (hiragana うれ, rōmaji ure)

(archaic) the trunk or leaves of a tree
(archaic) the tips of the branches of a tree

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

末 • (mal) (hangeul 말, revised mal, McCune–Reischauer mal, Yale mal)

(끝): the end, last, low
(가루): flour, powder
(허드레): something coarse, improper, inferior, trivial
- 1431: 鄕藥採取月令^[1] 十二月 (향약채취월령 십이월, hyang-yag-chaechwi-wolryeong sib-iwol):
  芰實鄕名末栗^[2] ^[3] (기실향명말밤, gisil-hyangmyeong-malbam, "The folk name of the water caltrop fruit is coarse chestnut.")

Compounds[edit]

end, last

末端 (말단, maldan)
末年 (말년, malnyeon)
年末 (연말, yeonmal)
終末 (종말, jongmal)

flour, powder

紛末 (분말, bunmal)

something coarse

末栗 (말밤, malbam) ^[4]

Usage notes[edit]

^ This was authored by several scholars at the direction of King Sejong of Yi Dynasty, concerning the folk medical herb gathering by month.
^ Cited by: 南廣祐 (1997). 敎學古語辭典. 敎學社. p. 538.
^ "末栗" is a hanja rendering for 말밤(mal-bam), the origin of 마름(mareum, 菱) "water caltrop, water chestnut," literally, "coarse chestnut" such as "horse-chestnut".
^ Meaning "water caltrop, (also implausibly) water chestnut." Another likely literal reading is malryul.

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

末 (mạt, mất, mặt, mết, mệt, mượt)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

[1] This was authored by several scholars at the direction of King Sejong of Yi Dynasty, concerning the folk medical herb gathering by month.

[2] Cited by: 南廣祐 (1997). 敎學古語辭典. 敎學社. p. 538.

[3] "末栗" is a hanja rendering for 말밤(mal-bam), the origin of 마름(mareum, 菱) "water caltrop, water chestnut," literally, "coarse chestnut" such as "horse-chestnut".

[4] Meaning "water caltrop, (also implausibly) water chestnut." Another likely literal reading is malryul.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

末

Contents

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

Derived characters[edit]

Descendants[edit]

References[edit]

Chinese[edit]

Glyph origin[edit]

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Definitions[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Pronunciation 2[edit]

Definitions[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

See also[edit]

Noun[edit]

See also[edit]

Noun[edit]

Noun[edit]

Noun[edit]

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Usage notes[edit]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

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