明

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See also: 日月
明 U+660E, 明
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-660E
← 昍
[U+660D] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 昏 →
[U+660F]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
0 strokes

Han character[edit]

明 (Kangxi radical 72, 日+4, 8 strokes, cangjie input 日月 (AB), four-corner 67020, composition ⿰日月)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 491, character 12
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13805
  • Dae Jaweon: page 852, character 18
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1491, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+660E

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 明
alternative forms 朙
眀
几
𤰾
𣇱

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 明
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Ancient script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (明) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
莔 *mraːŋ, *qʰɯd
明 *mraŋ
盟 *mraŋ, *mraːŋs
萌 *mreːŋ
奣 *ʔmraːŋʔ

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意): 日 (“sun”) + 月 (“moon”) – the sun just rising and the moon not yet set – dawn (天明 (tiānmíng)). Alternatively, it may be interpreted as two bright celestial bodies – bright. This form was already found in the oracle bone script and was prevalent throughout the eras.

Three other forms were found in the oracle bone script:

  • 朙 (míng) < 囧 (“window”) + 月 – the moon shining through a window – moonlight. This form was also prevalent in the ancient scripts and was considered to be the standard form in Shuowen. See this form's entry for its historical forms.
  • 眀 (míng) < 目 (“eye”) + 月 – bright eyes. This form was rarely attested, so it is still uncertain whether this form is actually equivalent to 明. It reappeared in the bamboo script of the Qin dynasty, but this was probably a corruption of 朙 (míng).
  • 𤰾 < 田 + 月 – probably a corruption of the above forms.

Etymology[edit]

Of either Proto-Sino-Tibetan origin, compare

Or from Austroasiatic, cognate with 亮 (OC *raŋs, “bright”) (Schuessler, 2007). For more see 亮 (OC *raŋs).

盟 (OC *mraŋ, *mraːŋs, “covenant”) is a derivative (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation[edit]

Note: míngr - "tomorrow".
Note:
  • mìn - literary;
  • miàng, màng - vernacular.
  • Jin
    • Note: mi1 - in 精明.
    Note:
    • màng - vernacular;
    • mìng - literary.
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • bêng - literary;
    • bîn, miâ - vernacular;
    • mê/mêe/mî/môa/mâ - vernacular (limited, e.g. 明年 (míngnián)).
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: mêng5 / mê5 / mia5 / man3 / muan3
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: mêng / mê / miâ / màⁿ / muàⁿ
      • Sinological IPA (key): /meŋ⁵⁵/, /me⁵⁵/, /mia⁵⁵/, /mã²¹³/, /mũã²¹³/
    Note:
    • mêng5 - literary;
    • mê5 - vernacular (limited, e.g. 明年 (míngnián));
    • man3, muan3 - vernacular (limited, e.g. 明起);
    • mia5 - vernacular (limited, e.g. 松柏明 (sêng5 bêh4 mia5, “pine torch”)).
  • Wu
    • Note:
    • 3men - vernacular;
    • 3min - literary.
  • Xiang
    • Rime
    Character 明
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 明 (4)
    Final (韻) 庚 (111)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 武兵切
    Baxter mjaeng
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/mˠiæŋ/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/mᵚiaŋ/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/miaŋ/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/miajŋ/
    Li
    Rong         		/miɐŋ/
    Wang
    Li         		/mĭɐŋ/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/mi̯ɐŋ/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		míng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		ming4
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 明
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		míng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ mjæng ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*mraŋ/
    English bright

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 明
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 9188
    Phonetic
    component         		明
    Rime
    group         		陽
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		明
    Old
    Chinese         		/*mraŋ/

    Definitions[edit]

    明

    1. bright; light; brilliant
      明月  ―  míngyuè  ―  splendid moon
    2. clear; limpid (transparent; light-conducting; not obscured)
      窗明几淨／窗明几净  ―  chuāngmíngjījìng  ―  a neat place (literally, "the window is clear, the desk is clean")
    3. manifest; apparent (easily seen, perceived, or detected)
      明顯／明显  ―  míngxiǎn  ―  obvious
      明瞭／明了  ―  míngliǎo  ―  apparent; simple and clear
      明槍易躲，暗箭難防 [MSC, trad.]
      明枪易躲，暗箭难防 [MSC, simp.]
      míng qiāng yì duǒ, ànjiàn nán fáng [Pinyin]
      It is easy to dodge an open attack, but difficult to defend against a concealed one.
    4. vision; sight (the ability to see)
      失明  ―  shīmíng  ―  to be blind; to lose eyesight
    5. (of vision) acute; sharp; keen
      耳聰目明／耳聪目明  ―  ěrcōngmùmíng  ―  sharp at hearing and vision
    6. (figurative) intellect; knowledge; judgement; discernment; sensibility
      無明／无明  ―  wúmíng  ―  ignorance
    7. (figurative) intelligent; sensible; informed; wise
      明智  ―  míngzhì  ―  wise; sensible
      英明  ―  yīngmíng  ―  wise
    8. to understand; to know
      講明／讲明  ―  jiǎngmíng  ―  to explain
      明事理  ―  míngshìlǐ  ―  sensible; capable
      你唔明一定要出聲。 [Cantonese, trad.]
      你唔明一定要出声。 [Cantonese, simp.]
      nei5 m4 ming4 jat1 ding6 jiu3 ceot1 seng1. [Jyutping]
      If you don't understand you must speak up.
      我真係唔係好明點解（……） [Cantonese, trad.]
      我真系唔系好明点解（……） [Cantonese, simp.]
      ngo5 zan1 hai6 m4 hai6 hou2 ming4 dim2 gaai2 (......) [Jyutping]
      I really don't get why (…)
    9. evidently
      明知故問／明知故问  ―  míngzhīgùwèn  ―  to ask intentionally a question one already knows the answer to
    10. (literary) to make known
      開宗明義／开宗明义  ―  kāizōngmíngyì  ―  to make clear the main idea at the beginning in one's speech or writing
    11. next; following
      明天  ―  míngtiān  ―  tomorrow
      明年  ―  míngnián  ―  next year or the following year
      今冬明春  ―  jīn dōng míng chūn  ―  this winter and next spring
    12. (literary) tomorrow
    13. (～朝) Ming dynasty
    14. a surname, listed as #111 on the Baijiaxing
    15. (～母) (Chinese linguistics) the Middle Chinese initial of 明 (MC mjaeng)

    See also[edit]

    Dynasties (朝代) in Chinese history
    Name Time period Divisions
    Xia
    夏 (～朝, ～代)     		2070 – 1600 BCE
    Shang
    商 (～朝, ～代)
    殷 (～朝, ～代)     		1600 – 1046 BCE
    Zhou
    周 (～朝, ～代)     		1046 – 256 BCE Western Zhou
    西周
    Eastern Zhou
    東周／东周    		 Spring and Autumn period
    春秋
    Warring States period
    戰國／战国
    Qin
    秦 (～朝, ～代)     		221 – 206 BCE
    Han
    漢／汉 (～朝, ～代)     		206 BCE – 220 C.E. Western Han
    西漢／西汉
    Xin
    新 (～朝)
    Eastern Han
    東漢／东汉
    Three Kingdoms
    三國／三国     		220 – 280 C.E. Wei
    魏
    Shu Han
    蜀漢／蜀汉
    Wu
    吳／吴
    Jin
    晉／晋 (～朝, ～代)     		265 – 420 C.E. Western Jin
    西晉／西晋
    Eastern Jin
    東晉／东晋
    Southern and Northern dynasties
    南北朝     		420 – 589 C.E. Northern dynasties
    北朝    		 Northern Wei
    北魏
    Western Wei
    西魏
    Eastern Wei
    東魏／东魏
    Northern Zhou
    北周
    Northern Qi
    北齊／北齐
    Southern dynasties
    南朝    		 Liu Song
    劉宋／刘宋
    Southern Qi
    南齊／南齐
    Liang
    梁 (～朝, ～代)
    Chen
    陳／陈 (～朝, ～代)
    Sui
    隋 (～朝, ～代)     		581 – 618 C.E.
    Tang
    唐 (～朝, ～代)     		618 – 907 C.E.
    Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
    五代十國／五代十国     		907 – 960 C.E.
    Liao
    遼／辽 (～朝, ～代)     		907 – 1125 C.E.
    Song
    宋 (～朝, ～代)     		960 – 1279 C.E. Northern Song
    北宋
    Southern Song
    南宋
    Western Xia
    西夏     		1038 – 1227 C.E.
    Jin
    金 (～朝, ～代)     		1115 – 1234 C.E.
    Western Liao
    西遼／西辽     		1124 – 1218 C.E.
    Yuan
    元 (～朝, ～代)     		1271 – 1368 C.E.
    Ming
    明 (～朝, ～代)     		1368 – 1644 C.E.
    Qing
    清 (～朝, ～代)     		1636 – 1912 C.E.

    Compounds[edit]

    Descendants[edit]

    Sino-Xenic (明):
    • → Japanese: 明(みょう) (myō); 明(めい) (mei); 明(みん) (Min)
    • → Korean: 명(明) (Myeong)
    • → Vietnamese: minh (明)

    References[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    明

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Compounds

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    明
    めい
    Grade: 2
    kan’on

    From Middle Chinese 明 (MC mjaeng).

    The 漢音 (kan'on, literally “Han sound”) reading, so likely a later borrowing from Middle Chinese.

    Affix[edit]

    明(めい) • (mei) 

    1. bright, brightening
    2. clarifying, understanding
    3. brighten, enlighten
    4. open to the world
    5. deity, god
    Derived terms[edit]
    Derived terms

    Noun[edit]

    明(めい) • (mei) 

    1. brightness
    2. insight
    3. eyesight, vision

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    明
    みょう
    Grade: 2
    goon

    /mʲau/ → /mʲɔː/ → /mʲoː/

    From Middle Chinese 明 (MC mjaeng).

    The 呉音 (goon, literally “Wu sound”) reading, so likely the earlier borrowing from Middle Chinese.

    The Buddhist senses are a translation of Sanskrit विद्या (vidyā, “knowledge, wisdom”).[1]

    Affix[edit]

    明(みょう) • (myō) ←みやう (myau)?

    1. bright
    2. light, lamp
    3. clarifying
    4. passing to the next in time
    5. graceful, respectful
    6. (Buddhism) passing of knowledge, scholarship, or study
    Derived terms[edit]
    Derived terms

    Noun[edit]

    明(みょう) • (myō) ←みやう (myau)?

    1. (Buddhism) knowledge or wisdom that dispels the darkness of ignorance and brings to the realization of truth; enlightenment
    2. (Buddhism) an esoteric mantra

    Adnominal[edit]

    明(みょう) • (myō) ←みやう (myau)?

    1. this coming...

    Etymology 3[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    明
    みん
    Grade: 2
    tōon
    Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia ja
    English Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia

    From Mandarin 明 (míng).

    The 唐音 (tōon, literally “Tang sound”), so likely this reading was borrowed from around the Song dynasty.

    Proper noun[edit]

    明(みん) • (Min) 

    1. the Ming dynasty (1368-1644)
    Derived terms[edit]

    Etymology 4[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    明
    さや
    Grade: 2
    irregular
    For pronunciation and definitions of 明 – see the following entry.
    【清さや】4
    [adverb] brightly, clearly, vividly
    [adverb] cleanly, freshly, purely
    [adverb] rustlingly
    [proper noun] a female given name
    (This term, 明, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

    Etymology 5[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    明
    あき(ら)
    Grade: 2
    nanori

    Nominalization of the stem of adjective 明らか (akiraka, “clear, visible”).

    Proper noun[edit]

    明(あきら) • (Akira) 

    1. a male given name

    References[edit]

    1. ^ 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

    Korean[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    明 (eumhun 밝을 명 (balgeul myeong))

    1. Hanja form? of 명 (“bright”).

    Kunigami[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    明

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Miyako[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    明

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Okinawan[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    明

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Readings[edit]

    Compounds[edit]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    明: Hán Việt readings: minh (眉(mi)兵(binh)切(thiết))[1][2][3]
    明: Nôm readings: mừng[1][2][3][4][5], minh[2][5], mầng[2][5], miêng[3][5], mênh[3]

    1. chữ Hán form of minh (“bright; clear”).
    2. chữ Hán form of Minh (“given name”).
    3. Nôm form of mừng.

    Compounds[edit]

    Derived terms

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nguyễn (2014).
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Trần (2004).
    4. ^ Hồ (1976).
    5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).

    Yaeyama[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    明

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    Yonaguni[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    明

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

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