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漢

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 汉 and 渶
漢 U+6F22, 漢
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6F22
← 漡
[U+6F21] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 漣 →
[U+6F23]

漢 U+FA47, 漢
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA47
← 渚
[U+FA46] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 煮 →
[U+FA48]
漢 U+FA9A, 漢
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA9A
← 滋
[U+FA99] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 瀞 →
[U+FA9B]

Translingual

[edit]
Traditional 漢
Simplified 汉
Japanese 漢
Korean 漢

Alternative forms

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  • In Traditional Chinese, Japanese kyūjitai, Korean hanja, the component 𦰩 for this character is written with 廿 on top. Note that the bottom portion is written 口 overlapped by 夫 and not 中 on top of 天.
  • In Vietnamese Hán Nôm, 𦰩 can be written with 廿, 龷, or 艹 on top. But the most common variant of 𦰩 is with 龷 written on top.
  • In Japanese shinjitai, the component 𦰩 is written with 艹 on top and has one stroke less. Due to Han unification, both traditional Chinese and Japanese shinjitai forms are encoded under the same code point. The appearance of this character will differ depending on the font used.
  • In Simplified Chinese, the component 𦰩 is simplified to 又 instead, giving the character 汉 (U+6C49).
  • Two compatibility ideographs exist for this character. U+FA47 corresponds to the kyūjitai form of this character while U+FA9A corresponds to the alternative form used in North Korea which is similar to Japanese shinjitai.

Han character

[edit]

漢 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+11 in Chinese and Korean, 水+10 in Japanese, 14 strokes in Chinese and Korean, 13 strokes in Japanese, Cangjie input 水廿中人 (ETLO), four-corner 34134 or 34185, composition ⿰氵⿱廿⿻口夫(GHTKV or U+FA47) or ⿰氵𦰩(J or U+FA9A))

Derived characters

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[edit]

References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 646, character 17
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 18068
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1055, character 15
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1713, character 9
  • Unihan data for U+6F22

Chinese

[edit]
trad. 漢
simp. 汉
alternative forms 𣾒
㵄
𣶔
𤁉
𭲑
Wikipedia has articles on:

Glyph origin

[edit]
Historical forms of the character 漢
Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Hanjian (compiled in Song) Guwen Sishengyun (compiled in Song) Jizhuan Guwen Yunhai (compiled in Song) Liushutong (compiled in Ming) Libian (compiled in Qing) Kangxi Dictionary (compiled in Qing)
Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Ancient script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts Transcribed ancient scripts Transcribed ancient scripts Transcribed ancient scripts Clerical script Ming typeface
Characters in the same phonetic series (暵) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
儺 *naːl
臡 *naːl, *neːl, *njeːl
嘆 *n̥ʰaːn, *n̥ʰaːns
灘 *n̥ʰaːn, *naːns, *hnaːnʔ, *hnaːns
擹 *n̥ʰaːn
攤 *n̥ʰaːn, *naːnʔ, *naːns
癱 *n̥ʰaːn
歎 *n̥ʰaːns
難 *n̥ʰaːn, *naːns
暵 *hnaːnʔ, *hnaːns
熯 *hnaːnʔ, *hnaːns, *njanʔ
漢 *hnaːns
戁 *rnaːnʔ, *njanʔ
Jingshijun Zun 京師畯尊, Early Western Zhou period

漢 (OC *n̥ˤar): semantic 水 (shuǐ) (“water”) + phonetic 熯 (OC *n̥ˤanʔ). Earliest attested in early Western Zhou bronze inscriptions, e.g. the 京師畯尊 / 京师畯尊 (銘圖 11784), where it is used as a river name: 王涉漢伐楚.

熯 (OC *n̥ˤanʔ) (⿱𦰩火) depicts a person bound behind the back, mouth open toward the sky, over fire. It may be related to 灘 (OC *n̥ˤar), 歎 (OC *n̥ˤar), 嘆 (OC *n̥ˤar), 熯 (OC *n̥ˤanʔ), 暵 (OC *n̥ˤanʔ), and 難 (OC *n̥ˤar), in senses connected with drought, burning, or exclamation. From the middle Western Zhou onward, 𦰩 may have been confused with 黃 / 黄 (huáng).

The use as a name for the Chinese ethnicity is generally dated to the Northern Dynasties. It was promoted by the Tuoba-Xianbei-led Northern Wei as a political exonym to deny the legitimacy of the Eastern Jin court and dissolve the residual 晉人 (Jin People) identity in the former Western Jin lands, while appealing to the prestige of the Han dynasty. The appellation was initially resisted as pejorative and was still avoided in the early Tang, only gradually becoming widely accepted as an ethnic name from the mid-to-late Tang onward. Prior to this period, the Chinese referred mostly their land as 華夏 and referred themselves as 諸華/諸夏, and from the Qin dynasty onwards as 華人 or simply as subjects of the ruling dynasty (e.g. 秦人, 漢人, 魏人, 晉人, 宋人, 齊人...)

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • Haining:
    • 5he - new-style;
    • 5hoe - old-style.
  • Ningbo:
    • 5he - general;
    • 5hei - alternative.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 漢
Mandarin Beijing /xan⁵¹/
Harbin /xan⁵³/
Tianjin /xan⁵³/
Jinan /xã²¹/
Qingdao /xã⁴²/
Zhengzhou /xan³¹²/
Xi'an /xã⁴⁴/
Xining /xã²¹³/
Yinchuan /xan¹³/
Lanzhou /xɛ̃n¹³/
Ürümqi /xan²¹³/
Wuhan /xan³⁵/
Chengdu /xan¹³/
Guiyang /xan²¹³/
Kunming /xã̠²¹²/
Nanjing /xaŋ⁴⁴/
Hefei /xæ̃⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /xæ̃⁴⁵/
Pingyao /xɑŋ³⁵/
Hohhot /xæ̃⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /hø³⁵/
Suzhou /hø⁵¹³/
Hangzhou /hẽ̞⁴⁴⁵/
Wenzhou /ɕy⁴²/
Hui Shexian /xɛ³²⁴/
Tunxi /xuːə¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /xan⁵⁵/
Xiangtan /xan⁵⁵/
Gan Nanchang /hɵn²¹³/
Hakka Meixian /hon⁵³/
Taoyuan /hon⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /hɔn³³/
Nanning /hɔn³³/
Hong Kong /hɔn³³/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /han²¹/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /hɑŋ²¹²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /xuiŋ³³/
Shantou (Teochew) /haŋ²¹³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /haŋ³⁵/
/haŋ³³/ 俗
Rime
Character 漢
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 曉 (32)
Final (韻) 寒 (61)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 呼旰切
Baxter xanH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/hɑnH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/hɑnH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/xɑnH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/hanH/
Li
Rong 		/xɑnH/
Wang
Li 		/xɑnH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/xɑnH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		hàn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		hon3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 漢
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		hàn
Middle
Chinese 		‹ xanH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*n̥ˁar-s/ (W dialect: *n̥- > MC x-, *-r > *-n)
English (river name)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 漢
Reading # 1/1
No. 4905
Phonetic
component 		暵
Rime
group 		元
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		漢
Old
Chinese 		/*hnaːns/

Definitions

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漢

  1. (～水, ～江) Han River, a major tributary of the Yangtze River
    漢口／汉口  ―  Hànkǒu  ―  Hankou (literally, “mouth of the Han”)
  2. (literary) the Milky Way; by extension, the sky; the heavens
  3. (～江) Han River, a river in Korea
  4. (～朝) the Han dynasty
  5. (historical) the Han state or empire; its court, institutions, territory, or subjects
  6. (historical) a state, dynasty, or regime named Han, such as 蜀漢／蜀汉 (Shǔ Hàn), 成漢／成汉 (Chénghàn), 南漢／南汉 (Nánhàn), 後漢／后汉 (Hòuhàn), 北漢／北汉 (Běihàn), or the Han state of Chen Youliang
  7. (historical, by extension) China; the Chinese realm; the Chinese or Han Chinese people; the Sinitic world, especially as contrasted with non-Han peoples
  8. Han Chinese; the Han ethnicity
  9. Chinese; Sinitic; Han; of or relating to China, Han Chinese culture, Chinese writing, Chinese learning, or the Chinese language
    漢字／汉字  ―  hànzì  ―  Chinese character
    漢學／汉学  ―  hànxué  ―  Sinology; Chinese studies
    漢語／汉语  ―  hànyǔ  ―  Chinese language
  10. man; fellow; guy, often in compounds
    好漢／好汉  ―  hǎohàn  ―  brave man; true man
  11. (dialectal, colloquial) husband
  12. (Hokkien, Xiamen Hokkien, rare) stature; build; body size
  13. (Wu, Ningbonese, rare) to boil; to cook by boiling
  14. (Classical Chinese, dialectal, rare) angry; irate
    Attested in Fangyan: 漢，怒也。
  15. (dialectal, rare) rash; reckless
  16. a surname
    漢寶德／汉宝德  ―  Hàn Bǎodé  ―  Han Pao-teh (Taiwanese architect)

See also

[edit]
Dynasties (朝代) in Chinese history
Name Time period Divisions
Xia
夏 (～朝, ～代) 		2070 – 1600 BCE
Shang
商 (～朝, ～代)
殷 (～朝, ～代) 		1600 – 1046 BCE
Zhou
周 (～朝, ～代) 		1046 – 256 BCE Western Zhou
西周
Eastern Zhou
東周 / 东周		 Spring and Autumn period
春秋
Warring States period
戰國 / 战国
Qin
秦 (～朝, ～代) 		221 – 206 BCE
Han
漢 / 汉 (～朝, ～代) 		206 BCE – 220 CE Western Han
西漢 / 西汉
Xin
新 (～朝)
Eastern Han
東漢 / 东汉
Three Kingdoms
三國 / 三国 		220 – 280 CE Wei
魏
Shu Han
蜀漢 / 蜀汉
Wu
吳 / 吴
Jin
晉 / 晋 (～朝, ～代) 		265 – 420 CE Western Jin
西晉 / 西晋
Eastern Jin
東晉 / 东晋
Southern and Northern dynasties
南北朝 		420 – 589 CE Northern dynasties
北朝		 Northern Wei
北魏
Western Wei
西魏
Eastern Wei
東魏 / 东魏
Northern Zhou
北周
Northern Qi
北齊 / 北齐
Southern dynasties
南朝		 Liu Song
劉宋 / 刘宋
Southern Qi
南齊 / 南齐
Liang
梁 (～朝, ～代)
Chen
陳 / 陈 (～朝, ～代)
Sui
隋 (～朝, ～代) 		581 – 618 CE
Tang
唐 (～朝, ～代) 		618 – 907 CE
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
五代十國 / 五代十国 		907 – 960 CE
Liao
遼 / 辽 (～朝, ～代) 		907 – 1125 CE
Song
宋 (～朝, ～代) 		960 – 1279 CE Northern Song
北宋
Southern Song
南宋
Western Xia
西夏 		1038 – 1227 CE
Jin
金 (～朝, ～代) 		1115 – 1234 CE
Western Liao
西遼 / 西辽 		1124 – 1218 CE
Yuan
元 (～朝, ～代) 		1271 – 1368 CE
Ming
明 (～朝, ～代) 		1368 – 1644 CE
Qing
清 (～朝, ～代) 		1636 – 1912 CE
Republic of China
中華民國 / 中华民国 		1912 CE – present Note: In Chinese contexts
People's Republic of China
中華人民共和國 / 中华人民共和国 		1949 CE – present Note: In Chinese contexts

Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (漢):
  • → Japanese: 漢(かん) (kan)
  • → Korean: 한(漢) (han)
  • → Vietnamese: Hán (漢)
  • → Arabic: هان (hān)
  • → Bulgarian: хан (han)
  • → English: Han
  • → Finnish: Han
  • → French: Han
  • → German: Han
  • → Khmer: ហាន (haan)
  • → Polish: Han
  • → Portuguese: han
  • → Russian: хань (xanʹ), ханец (xanec)

    • References

    [edit]

    Japanese

    [edit]
    Shinjitai 漢
    Kyūjitai
    [1]
    漢
    &#xFA47;
    or
    漢+&#xFE00;?
    漢󠄁
    漢+&#xE0101;?
    (Adobe-Japan1)
    漢󠄃
    漢+&#xE0103;?
    (Hanyo-Denshi)
    (Moji_Joho)
    The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.
    See here for details.

    Kanji

    [edit]
    漢

    (Third grade kyōiku kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 漢)

    1. Sino-, China
    2. man

    Readings

    [edit]

    Compounds

    [edit]

    Etymology 1

    [edit]
    Kanji in this term
    漢
    かん
    Grade: 3
    on'yomi
    Alternative spelling
    漢 (kyūjitai)

    From Middle Chinese 漢 (MC xanH), in reference to the Han Chinese ethnic group.

    The sense of man arose from usage in Chinese to differentiate between the “civilized” people of the Han Chinese ethnicity versus other ethnic groups.

    Noun

    [edit]

    漢(かん) • (kan) 

    1. man
      さらに悟(ご)上(じょう)に得(とく)悟(ご)する漢(かん)あり、迷(めい)中(ちゅう)又(う)迷(めい)の漢(かん)あり。
      Sara ni gojō ni tokugo suru kan ari, meichū umei no kan ari.
      Moreover, some men achieve enlightenment and further enlightenment, and some men achieve confusion and further confusion.
    Derived terms
    [edit]

    Proper noun

    [edit]

    漢(かん) • (Kan) 

    1. the name of China during the Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE)
    2. name of various Chinese dynasties
      1. the 西漢 (Saikan, “Western Han”) or 前漢 (Zenkan, “Former Han”) (206 BCE – 9 CE)
      2. the 東漢 (Tōkan, “Eastern Han”) or 後漢 (Gokan, “Later Han”) (25–220 CE)
      3. the 蜀漢 (Shokkan, “Shu Han”) (221–263)
      4. the 成漢 (Seikan, “Cheng Han”) (304–347)
      5. the 南漢 (Nankan, “Southern Han”) (917–971)
      6. the 後漢 (Kōkan, “Later Han”) (947–951)
      7. the 北漢 (Hokukan, “Northern Han”) (951–979)
    3. the Han Chinese people
    4. the Han River, a tributary of the Yangtze
    5. (by extension from the "river" sense) the Milky Way
      Synonyms: 天漢 (Tenkan), 天河 (Tenga), 銀漢 (Ginkan), 銀河 (Ginga), 天の川 (Ama-no-gawa)
    6. alternative name for 漢中 (Kanchū, “Hanzhong”)
    7. a surname
    Derived terms
    [edit]

    Etymology 2

    [edit]
    Kanji in this term
    漢
    から
    Grade: 3
    kun'yomi
    Alternative spelling
    漢 (kyūjitai)

    From Old Japanese.

    Originally referred to the Gaya confederacy, an independent state in the south of the Korean peninsula in the years 42–562 CE. Over time, the meaning extended to refer in general to the Korean peninsula and China, expanding further just before and during the Edo period to refer to foreign lands in general.[2][3]

    Alternative forms

    [edit]

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Prefix

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    漢(から) • (kara-) 

    1. element in compounds, referring to things imported from China or Korea, or from other foreign lands
      漢(から)詩(うた)、唐(から)歌(うた)、唐(から)揚(あ)げ、漢(から)音(ごえ)
      karauta, karauta, karaage, karagoe
      Chinese-style poetry (as opposed to formal waka Japanese-style poetry), Chinese-style poetry, deep-fried chicken or fish (a style introduced by Europeans in the 1600s), “Chinese voice” → the kan'on or Chinese-derived reading for a character
    Derived terms
    [edit]

    Noun

    [edit]

    漢(から) • (kara) 

    1. (historical) shortly before and during the Edo period, foreign lands in general

    Proper noun

    [edit]

    漢(から) • (Kara) 

    1. the Gaya confederacy
    2. (archaic) the Korean peninsula
    3. (archaic) China, especially during the Han dynasty
    Derived terms
    [edit]

    Etymology 3

    [edit]
    Kanji in this term
    漢
    あや
    Grade: 3
    kun'yomi
    Alternative spelling
    漢 (kyūjitai)

    From Old Japanese, in reference to clans purportedly originating from China.[2][4][3] Appears to be cognate with 文 / 紋 / 綾 / 絢 (aya, “a pattern or design; a pattern of diagonally interweaving lines; twill; how something fits together, the reason or background of a thing; skillful expression in color or words; melody, tune”), possibly in distant reference to technologies and cultural practices brought to Japan by the original Chinese immigrants.

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Proper noun

    [edit]

    漢(あや) • (Aya) 

    1. short for 漢氏 (Aya uji): name of one of two ancient clans, purportedly descendants from Han Chinese, and notable historically for major achievements in fields including literature, diplomacy, and finance, among others
      1. 東漢 (Yamato no Aya)
      2. 西漢 (Kawachi no Aya)
    Derived terms
    [edit]

    Etymology 4

    [edit]
    Kanji in this term
    漢
    おとこ
    Grade: 3
    kun'yomi
    Alternative spelling
    漢 (kyūjitai)

    Rare alternative spelling for 男 (otoko, “man”), from usage in Chinese to differentiate between the “civilized” people of the Han Chinese ethnicity versus other ethnic groups.

    See the 男 entry for the derivation of the reading.

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Noun

    [edit]

    漢(おとこ) • (otoko) ←をとこ (wotoko)?

    1. (slang) rare spelling of 男 (“man”)
      • 2004 July 7, Nobuhiro Watsuki, “第(だい)26(にじゅうろく)話(わ)　トレーニング・デイ [Chapter 26: Training Day]”, in 武(ブ)装(ソウ)錬(レン)金(キン) [Armed Alchemy], volume 3, Tokyo: Shueisha, →ISBN, page 161:
        漢(おとこ)は背(せ)中(なか)で人(じん)生(せい)を語(かた)る！キミのベストポーズでスーパーアピール‼
        Otoko wa senaka de jinsei o kataru! Kimi no besuto pōzu de sūpā apīru‼
        Men show what life is with their backs! Strike your best pose to drive home your point!!

    References

    [edit]
    1. ^ “漢”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Shōgaku Tosho (1988), 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (1995), 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    6. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

    Korean

    [edit]

    Etymology

    [edit]

    From Middle Chinese 漢 (MC xanH).

    Historical readings
    Dongguk Jeongun reading
    Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 한〮 (Yale: hán)
    Middle Korean
    Text Eumhun
    Gloss (hun) Reading
    Gwangju Cheonjamun, 1575 하ᄂᆞᆯ (Yale: hanol) 한 (Yale: han)

    Pronunciation

    [edit]
    • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ha̠(ː)n]
    • Phonetic hangul: [한(ː)]
      • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

    Hanja

    [edit]
    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    漢 (eumhun 한나라 한 (Hannara han))

    1. hanja form? of 한 (“Sino-, China”) [affix]
    2. hanja form? of 한 (“man; person”) [suffix]
    3. hanja form? of 한 (“Han dynasty”) [proper noun]

    Compounds

    [edit]

    References

    [edit]
    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

    Vietnamese

    [edit]

    Han character

    [edit]

    漢: Hán Việt readings: hán[1][2][3][4][5][6][7], hớn[2][3]
    漢: Nôm readings: hớn[1][3][4][5][6][7], hắn[1][2][5], háng[1][4], han[1], hán[6]

    The character Hán 漢, written with 龷 as the top component. This is the common form found in Vietnamese Hán Nôm texts.
    1. chữ Hán form of Hán
      1. of or relating to China
      2. the Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE)
    2. chữ Nôm form of háng (“groin”)
    3. chữ Nôm form of hắn (“(archaic as a neutral pronoun in Northern and Southern dialects, familiar or informal in Central Vietnam) he/him; she/her”)

    Compounds

    [edit]

    References

    [edit]
    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Nguyễn (2014).
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Trần (2004).
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Hồ (1976).
    5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Bonet (1899).
    6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Génibrel (1898).
    7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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