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合

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 台, 🈴, 閤, 会, and 슴
合 U+5408, 合
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5408
← 吇
[U+5407] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 吉 →
[U+5409]

Translingual

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Stroke order
6 strokes

Han character

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合 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+3, 6 strokes, Cangjie input 人一口 (OMR), four-corner 80601, composition ⿱亼口)

Derived characters

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Additional Derived Characters

References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 174, character 24
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3287
  • Dae Jaweon: page 387, character 17
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 581, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+5408

Chinese

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Chinese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia zh

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 合
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (合) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
龕 *kʰuːm
媕 *quːm, *qromʔ, *qɯːm, *qramʔ, *qɯːb
頜 *ɡuːmʔ, *kuːb
答 *tkuːb
畣 *tkuːb
荅 *tkuːb
嗒 *tuːb, *tʰoːb
褡 *tuːb, *toːb
撘 *tuːb
搭 *tuːb, *tʰoːb
榙 *tkuːb, *ɡuːb
佮 *tkʰuːb, *kuːb, *quːb, *quːb
蛤 *kuːb
鴿 *kuːb
合 *kuːb, *ɡuːb
郃 *kuːb, *ɡuːb
匌 *kuːb, *kʰuːb
鉿 *kuːb
閤 *kuːb
鞈 *kuːb, *kruːb
韐 *kuːb, *kruːb
鮯 *kuːb
哈 *ŋɡuːb
姶 *quːb, *quːb
欱 *qʰuːb, *qʰruːb
盒 *ɡuːb
耠 *ɡuːb
詥 *ɡuːb
塔 *tʰuːb
鞳 *tʰoːb
劄 *rtuːb
跲 *kruːb, *kob, *ɡob
袷 *kruːb, *ŋkob
餄 *kruːb
恰 *kʰruːb
帢 *kʰruːb
洽 *ɡruːb
祫 *ɡruːb
珨 *ɡruːb
烚 *ɡruːb
歙 *qʰjob, *qʰrub
湁 *tkʰub
拾 *ɡjub
給 *krub
翕 *qʰrub
噏 *qʰrub
潝 *qʰrub
熻 *qʰrub
嬆 *qʰrub
翖 *qʰrub
闟 *qʰrub

Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 亼 + 口 (“mouth”) : Two mouths speaking together. See also 會.

Etymology 1

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simp. and trad.
 合

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *gap ~ kap. Compare 蓋 (OC *kaːbs, *kaːb, *ɡaːb, “to cover”) and 盍 (OC *ɡaːb, “to unite”) (STEDT). Outside of Sinitic, possibly cognate with Burmese ကပ် (kap, “to approach”).

Pronunciation

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Note: gap4 - in 三合 (“Sanhe, Taishan”).
Note:
  • ha̍p - literary (“to close; to join; to add up to; classifier for matching sets”);
  • ha̍h/a̍h - vernacular (“to suit; to get along well”).
Note:
  • hab8 - alternative pronunciation for "to close";
  • gah4 - "to fit", etc..
Note:
  • 8gheq - regular pronunciation for "together", etc;
  • 7keq - alternative pronunciation in certain words like 合算.
Rime
Character 合
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
Final (韻) 合 (160)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 侯閤切
Baxter hop
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɦʌp̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɦəp̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɣɒp̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɦəp̚/
Li
Rong 		/ɣᴀp̚/
Wang
Li 		/ɣɒp̚/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ɣăp̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		hé
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		hap6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 合
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		hé
Middle
Chinese 		‹ hop ›
Old
Chinese 		/*m-kˁop/
English come together; bring together

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 合
Reading # 2/2
No. 4970
Phonetic
component 		合
Rime
group 		緝
Rime
subdivision 		3
Corresponding
MC rime 		合
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡuːb/

Definitions

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合

  1. to close; to shut
    合上  ―  héshàng  ―  close
  2. to join; to combine; to unite; to bring together
    組合／组合  ―  zǔhé  ―  to assemble
    集合  ―  jíhé  ―  to gather, to assemble
  3. to suit; to fit
    適合／适合  ―  shìhé  ―  to fit, to suit
    合適／合适  ―  héshì  ―  suitable, fitting
    魚和紅酒不合。／鱼和红酒不合。  ―  Yú hé hóngjiǔ bùhé.  ―  Fish and red wine don't go well together.
    那個店裡沒有合我尺寸的帽子。 [MSC, trad.]
    那个店里没有合我尺寸的帽子。 [MSC, simp.]
    Nà ge diàn lǐ méiyǒu hé wǒ chǐcùn de màozǐ. [Pinyin]
    There are no hats in that store that fit me.
  4. to have sexual intercourse
  5. to fight, to have a confrontation with
  6. to add up to; to be equivalent to; to amount to
    一公頃合十五市畝。 [MSC, trad.]
    一公顷合十五市亩。 [MSC, simp.]
    Yī gōngqǐng hé shíwǔ shìmǔ. [Pinyin]
    A hectare is equivalent to 15 mu.
  7. spouse
  8. whole; entire
  9. together
    這張卡片是我們全家合送的。祝您母親節快樂。 [MSC, trad.]
    这张卡片是我们全家合送的。祝您母亲节快乐。 [MSC, simp.]
    Zhè zhāng kǎpiàn shì wǒmen quánjiā hé sòng de. Zhù nín mǔqīnjié kuàilè. [Pinyin]
    This card comes from the whole family. Happy Mother's Day.
  10. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) alternative form of 盒 (hé, “box”)
  11. (games, battle) round
  12. (astronomy) conjunction
  13. (Hokkien) to get along well
  14. (Chinese phonetics) short for 合口 (hékǒu, “closed-mouthed”)
  15. (Xiamen Hokkien) Classifier for matching sets of instruments such as teaware.
  16. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Classifier for number of fights.
  17. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to compound; to make up (medicine, etc.)
  18. a surname

Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (合):
  • → Vietnamese: hợp (合)

Others:

Etymology 2

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simp. and trad.
 合

Pronunciation

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Note: literary reading.
Rime
Character 合
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 合 (160)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 古沓切
Baxter kop
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kʌp̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kəp̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kɒp̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kəp̚/
Li
Rong 		/kᴀp̚/
Wang
Li 		/kɒp̚/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/kăp̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		ge
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gap3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 合
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		gě
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kop ›
Old
Chinese 		/*kˁop/
English together; put together; combined

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 合
Reading # 1/2
No. 4955
Phonetic
component 		合
Rime
group 		緝
Rime
subdivision 		3
Corresponding
MC rime 		閤
Old
Chinese 		/*kuːb/

Definitions

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合

  1. unit of volume, equal to one tenth of a 升 (shēng)
    1. (Han dynasty) equal to 2 龠 (yuè)

Etymology 3

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simp. and trad.
 合

Pronunciation

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Definitions

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合

  1. (music) Kunqu gongche notation for the note low sol (5̣).
  2. (music) Cantonese opera gongche notation for the note low sol (5̣).

Compounds

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Derived terms

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Etymology 4

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simp. and trad.
 合

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • kap - literary;
  • kah - vernacular.

Definitions

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合

  1. (Hokkien, Teochew) alternative form of 佮 (“and; with”)

Etymology 5

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simp. and trad.
 合
alternative forms 敆

Pronunciation

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Note: gab4 - "to combine" (e.g. 合藥).

Definitions

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合

  1. (Hokkien, Teochew) to wrap a book (with paper, etc.)
  2. (Hokkien, traditional Chinese medicine) to have a traditional Chinese medicine prescription filled (of the patient)
  3. (Mainland China Hokkien) to embrace in one's bosom
  4. (Mainland China Hokkien, figurative) to watch over; to look after; to take care of (a child, etc.)
  5. (Taiwanese Hokkien) to match; to go with
  6. (Teochew) to concoct (to make medicine, etc.)
  7. (Teochew) to form a partnership
  8. (Teochew) to bind (into a book)
Compounds
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Etymology 5

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For pronunciation and definitions of 合 – see 閤 (“to close, to shut; all of, whole of”).
(This character is the simplified form of 閤).
Notes:

Etymology 6

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For pronunciation and definitions of 合 – see 盒 (“box; case; etc.”).
(This character is the second-round simplified form of 盒).
Notes:

References

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Japanese

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Kanji

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合

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. fit
  2. suit
  3. join
  4. one tenth

Readings

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From Middle Chinese 合 (MC hop); compare Mandarin 合 (hé, gě):

From Middle Chinese 合 (MC kop); compare Mandarin 合 (gě):

From native Japanese roots:

Compounds

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
合
ごう
Grade: 2
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 合 (MC hop).

Pronunciation

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Counter

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合(ごう) • (-gō) ←がふ (-gafu)?

  1. covered containers
  2. battles

Noun

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合(ごう) • (gō) ←がふ (gafu)?

  1. 0.18039 liters, equaling ten shaku or a tenth of a shō
  2. a tenth of the distance from the base to the summit of a mountain
See also
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Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
合
あ(い)
Grade: 2
kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 合 – see the following entry.
【あい】
[suffix] mutual, together, each other, meeting
[noun] short for 合い服 (aifuku, “clothing worn in spring or autumn”)
Alternative spelling
合い
(This term, 合, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Korean

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Etymology

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(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

Pronunciation

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Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

合 (eumhun 합할 합 (haphal hap))

  1. hanja form? of 합 (“to unite”)

Vietnamese

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Han character

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合: Hán Việt readings: hợp[1][2][3][4][5], hiệp[3][4][5], hạp[6][3], cáp[3][4]
合: Nôm readings: hợp[1][2][6], họp[1][2][6], hiệp[1][2], hạp[6], cáp[1], cóp[6], gộp[6], sáp[1]

  1. chữ Hán form of hợp (“to unite, suitable”)
  2. chữ Hán form of hiệp (“unite”)
  3. chữ Hán form of hạp (“to unite, suitable (rare spelling of hợp)”)
  4. chữ Nôm form of sáp (“flexible material used to store cosmetics”)

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Trần (1999).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Nguyễn (1974).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Thiều Chửu (1942).
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Trần (2004).
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