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梁

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 粱 and 樑
梁 U+6881, 梁
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6881
← 梀
[U+6880] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 梂 →
[U+6882]
梁 U+F97A, 梁
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F97A
← 凉
[U+F979] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 糧 →
[U+F97B]

Translingual

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Traditional 梁
Simplified 梁
Japanese 梁
Korean 梁

Han character

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梁 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+7, 11 strokes, Cangjie input 水金木 (ECD) or 水戈木 (EID), four-corner 33904, composition ⿱⿰氵刅朩(T) or ⿱𱥻朩 or ⿱⿰氵刅木(GHJKV) or ⿱𱥻木)

Derived characters

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Additional Derived Characters

References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 528, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14825
  • Dae Jaweon: page 916, character 18
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1220, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+6881

Chinese

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trad. 梁
simp. # 梁
alternative forms 鿄
𣸑
渿
𣹷
Wikipedia has articles on:

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 梁
Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (刅) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
梁 *raŋ
粱 *raŋ
刱 *sʰraŋs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *raŋ): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 刅 (OC *sʰraŋ) + semantic 木 (“wood”) — a bridge.

Etymology

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(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Are the noun senses related to the proper noun senses?”)

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • nieo2/niu2 - vernacular;
  • lyorng2/lyoeng2 - literary.
Note:
  • niû/niô͘ - vernacular (incl. surname);
  • liông/liâng - literary.
Note:
  • nion5, niên5 - vernacular, incl. surname (niên5 - Chaozhou);
  • liang5 - literary.
    • (Leizhou)
      • Leizhou Pinyin: lio5 / liang5
      • Sinological IPA: /liɔ²²/, /liaŋ²²/
Note:
  • lio5 - vernacular;
  • liang5 - literary.
Rime
Character 梁
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 來 (37)
Final (韻) 陽 (105)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 呂章切
Baxter ljang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/lɨɐŋ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/liɐŋ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/liɑŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/lɨaŋ/
Li
Rong 		/liaŋ/
Wang
Li 		/lĭaŋ/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/li̯aŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		liáng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		loeng4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 梁
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		liáng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ ljang ›
Old
Chinese 		/*raŋ/
English beam; bridge

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 梁
Reading # 1/1
No. 1648
Phonetic
component 		刅
Rime
group 		陽
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		良
Old
Chinese 		/*raŋ/

Definitions

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梁

  1. alternative form of 樑 (liáng, “bridge; roof beam; ridge”); also the simplified form.
  2. (historical) state of Liang
    1. An ancient Chinese state during the Spring and Autumn period
    2. The State of Wei during the Warring States period, after moving its capital to Daliang
    3. A kingdom during the Han dynasty
    4. One of two ancient Chinese states during the end of the Sui dynasty
  3. (historical) Liang dynasty
    1. Liang, one of the Southern Dynasties
    2. Later Liang of the Five Dynasties
  4. a surname
    梁山伯  ―  Liáng Shānbó  ―  Liang Shanbo (in the legend of Butterfly Lovers)
    梁啟超／梁启超  ―  Liáng Qǐchāo  ―  Liang Qichao (Chinese intellectual and politician who lived during the late Qing dynasty and the early Republic of China)

Synonyms

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See also

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Dynasties (朝代) in Chinese history
Name Time period Divisions
Xia
夏 (～朝, ～代) 		2070 – 1600 BCE
Shang
商 (～朝, ～代)
殷 (～朝, ～代) 		1600 – 1046 BCE
Zhou
周 (～朝, ～代) 		1046 – 256 BCE Western Zhou
西周
Eastern Zhou
東周 / 东周		 Spring and Autumn period
春秋
Warring States period
戰國 / 战国
Qin
秦 (～朝, ～代) 		221 – 206 BCE
Han
漢 / 汉 (～朝, ～代) 		206 BCE – 220 CE Western Han
西漢 / 西汉
Xin
新 (～朝)
Eastern Han
東漢 / 东汉
Three Kingdoms
三國 / 三国 		220 – 280 CE Wei
魏
Shu Han
蜀漢 / 蜀汉
Wu
吳 / 吴
Jin
晉 / 晋 (～朝, ～代) 		265 – 420 CE Western Jin
西晉 / 西晋
Eastern Jin
東晉 / 东晋
Southern and Northern dynasties
南北朝 		420 – 589 CE Northern dynasties
北朝		 Northern Wei
北魏
Western Wei
西魏
Eastern Wei
東魏 / 东魏
Northern Zhou
北周
Northern Qi
北齊 / 北齐
Southern dynasties
南朝		 Liu Song
劉宋 / 刘宋
Southern Qi
南齊 / 南齐
Liang
梁 (～朝, ～代)
Chen
陳 / 陈 (～朝, ～代)
Sui
隋 (～朝, ～代) 		581 – 618 CE
Tang
唐 (～朝, ～代) 		618 – 907 CE
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
五代十國 / 五代十国 		907 – 960 CE
Liao
遼 / 辽 (～朝, ～代) 		907 – 1125 CE
Song
宋 (～朝, ～代) 		960 – 1279 CE Northern Song
北宋
Southern Song
南宋
Western Xia
西夏 		1038 – 1227 CE
Jin
金 (～朝, ～代) 		1115 – 1234 CE
Western Liao
西遼 / 西辽 		1124 – 1218 CE
Yuan
元 (～朝, ～代) 		1271 – 1368 CE
Ming
明 (～朝, ～代) 		1368 – 1644 CE
Qing
清 (～朝, ～代) 		1636 – 1912 CE
Republic of China
中華民國 / 中华民国 		1912 CE – present Note: In Chinese contexts
People's Republic of China
中華人民共和國 / 中华人民共和国 		1949 CE – present Note: In Chinese contexts

Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (梁):
  • → Japanese: 梁(りょう) (Ryō)
  • → Korean: 양(梁) (Yang)
  • → Vietnamese: Lương (梁)

Others:

Compounds

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Gaya

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Etymology

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This the only certain term in Gaya. According to Beckwith (2004) p. 40, potentially related to Proto-Japonic *to / Japanese 戸(と) (to, “door”), although a bisyllabic/dimoraic reading has also been suggested, in which case this would be in error, and if the intended reading was actually the Sino-Korean reading, this is in severe error.

Pronunciation

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The transcription 梁 indicates the pronunciation, however the exact reading is uncertain. Beckwith (2004) p. 40 has more.

This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!
Particularly: “I don't know anything about the historical pronunciations of Old Korean, someone who does should add an explanation.”

Noun

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梁 (*dor, *dol [uncertain])

  1. gate, door (defined as 門 (mwon) in the Samguk sagi)

Japanese

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Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja

Kanji

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梁

(Jinmeiyō kanji)

Readings

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  • Kan-on: りょう (ryō)←りやう (ryau, historical)
  • On: ろう (rō)
  • Kun: はし (hashi, 梁)、はり (hari, 梁)、うつばり (utsubari, 梁)、やな (yana, 梁)

Compounds

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
梁
うつばり
Jinmeiyō
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese 梁 (utupari); attested phonetically in Old Japanese in the Shin'yaku Kegonkyō Ongi Shiki of 794, with the spelling 宇都波利.[1][2]

Likely a compound of 内 (utsu-, “inside”, bound form) +‎ 張り (hari, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of 張る (haru, “to stick; to spread”)), as suggested by various works.[2]

Alternatively, the initial utsu- is connected to utsu-, spelled variously in addition to 内 (“inside”) as 全 (“all of which is contained in a group”), 空, 虚 (“an inner hollow or empty space; an inner void”), which are likely cognates.[2]

Pronunciation

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Noun

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梁(うつばり) • (utsubari) 

  1. a beam
  2. (figuratively) the central figure or person, a pillar

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
梁
はり
Jinmeiyō
kun'yomi

Attested in the Muromachi period.[5]

The late attestation in Middle Japanese suggests that this might have been an abbreviation of 梁 (utsubari), also pronounced utsuhari in older texts.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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梁(はり) • (hari) 

  1. beam, joist

Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
梁
やな
Jinmeiyō
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
簗

From Old Japanese 梁 (yana). Attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720.[6][7]

There are various theories, such as a derivation from 屋魚 (ya na, “house of a fish”), やる魚 (yaru na, “a fish to be done”), an abbreviation of 梁簀 (yanasu), and a shift from 板庭 (itaniwa).[7]

Pronunciation

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Noun

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梁(やな) • (yana) 

  1. fish trap, fish weir

Etymology 4

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Kanji in this term
梁
りょう
Jinmeiyō
kan'on

From Middle Chinese 梁 (MC ljang).

Pronunciation

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Proper noun

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梁(りょう) • (Ryō) ←りやう (Ryau)?

  1. (historical) Liang

References

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  1. ^ Omodaka, Hisataka (1967), 時代別国語大辞典 上代編 [The dictionary of historical Japanese: Old Japanese] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN, page 124
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 “うつ‐ばり 【梁】Paid subscription required”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here
    The 語源説 (gogensetsu, “etymological theory”) section gives the following theories:
    1. ウチバリ（内張）の転〔名語記・桑家漢語抄所引秘授抄・和句解・日本釈名・東雅・万葉集類林・家屋雑考・大言海〕。
    2. ウツハリ（全張）の義〔名言通・和訓栞〕。
    3. ウツハリ（空張）の義〔言元梯〕。ウツハリギ（空張木）の下略〔日本語原学＝林甕臣〕。
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 “はり 【梁】Paid subscription required”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[2] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here
  6. ^ Omodaka, Hisataka (1967), 時代別国語大辞典 上代編 [The dictionary of historical Japanese: Old Japanese] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN, page 764
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 “やな 【梁・簗】Paid subscription required”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[3] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here
    The 語源説 (gogensetsu, “etymological theory”) section gives the following theories:
    1. ヤナ（屋魚）の義〔名言通・和訓栞・大言海〕。
    2. 魚がもれないようにするところからヤルナの義か〔和句解〕。
    3. ヤナス（梁簀）の略〔国語の語根とその分類＝大島正健〕。
    4. イタニハ（板庭）の反〔名語記〕。
  8. ^ “りょう［リャウ］ 【梁】Paid subscription required”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[4] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here

Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 梁 (MC ljang). Recorded as Middle Korean 랴ᇰ (lyang) (Yale: lyang) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

梁 (eumhun 들보 량 (deulbo ryang), word-initial (South Korea) 들보 양 (deulbo yang))

  1. hanja form? of 량/양 (“beam; bridge”)

Compounds

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References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [6]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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梁: Hán Nôm readings: lương

  1. chữ Hán form of Lương (“a surname from Chinese”)
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