商

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商 U+5546, 商
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5546
← 啅
[U+5545] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 啇 →
[U+5547]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
商-order.gif

Han character[edit]

商 (radical 30, 口+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 卜金月口 (YCBR), four-corner 00227, composition ⿱⿱亠丷冏)

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 194, character 32
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3803
  • Dae Jaweon: page 415, character 9
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 288, character 6
  • Unihan data for U+5546

Chinese[edit]

trad. 商
simp. # 商
alternative forms
 
謪
𠘾
𠹧
𠼬
𠾃
謪
𠘾
𠹧
𠼬
𠾃
𠿧
𡂦
𡃬
𡄚
𡅟
𥫐
𧶜
𧷞
𨝗

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 商
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu Slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
商-oracle.svg 商-bronze.svg 商-silk.svg 商-seal.svg 商-bigseal.svg
Characters in the same phonetic series (商) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
商 *hljaŋ
蔏 *hljaŋ
螪 *hljaŋ

Etymology[edit]

Traditionally it is considered that 商人 (shāngrén) is so named because this term originally refers to people from Shang dynasty, who tend to do business.

Schuessler (2007) lists two possible origins:

  1. 賒 (OC *hljaː), which may be related to Thai แลก (lɛ̂ɛk), plus terminative suffix *-ŋ;
  2. connected with Proto-Tibeto-Burman *lay (“change, exchange”) or Proto-Tibeto-Burman *b-ley (“barter”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Rime
Character 商
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 書 (26)
Final (韻) 陽 (105)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 式羊切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɕɨɐŋ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɕiɐŋ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɕiɑŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɕɨaŋ/
Li
Rong 		/ɕiaŋ/
Wang
Li 		/ɕĭaŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ɕi̯aŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		shāng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		soeng1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 商 商 商
Reading # 1/3 2/3 3/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		shāng shāng shāng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ syang › ‹ syang › ‹ syang ›
Old
Chinese 		/*s-taŋ/ /*s-taŋ/ /*s-taŋ/
English musical note (place name) estimate; business; trader

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 商
Reading # 1/1
No. 11097
Phonetic
component 		商
Rime
group 		陽
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		商
Old
Chinese 		/*hljaŋ/

Definitions[edit]

商

  1. trade; commerce; business
  2. businessman; dealer
  3. (mathematics) quotient
    6除2的商是3  ―  6 chú 2 de shāng shì 3  ―  the quotient of 6 divided by 2 is 3
  4. (music) the second note in the Chinese pentatonic scale
  5. (～朝) Shang Dynasty
  6. to discuss; to consult

Coordinate terms[edit]

See also[edit]

Dynasties (朝代) in Chinese history
Name Time period Divisions
Xia
夏 (～朝, ～代) 		2070 – 1600 B.C.E.
Shang
商 (～朝, ～代)
殷 (～朝, ～代) 		1600 – 1046 B.C.E.
Zhou
周 (～朝, ～代) 		1046 – 256 B.C.E. Western Zhou
西周
Eastern Zhou
東周／东周		 Spring and Autumn period
春秋
Warring States period
戰國／战国
Qin
秦 (～朝, ～代) 		221 – 206 B.C.E.
Han
漢／汉 (～朝, ～代) 		206 B.C.E. – 220 C.E. Western Han
西漢／西汉
Xin
新 (～朝)
Eastern Han
東漢／东汉
Three Kingdoms
三國／三国 		220 – 280 C.E. Wei
魏
Shu
蜀
Wu
吳／吴
Jin
晉／晋 (～朝, ～代) 		265 – 420 C.E. Western Jin
西晉／西晋
Eastern Jin
東晉／东晋
Southern and Northern dynasties
南北朝 		420 – 589 C.E. Northern dynasties
北朝		 Northern Wei
北魏
Western Wei
西魏
Eastern Wei
東魏／东魏
Northern Zhou
北周
Northern Qi
北齊／北齐
Southern dynasties
南朝		 Liu Song
劉宋／刘宋
Southern Qi
南齊／南齐
Liang
梁 (～朝, ～代)
Chen
陳／陈 (～朝, ～代)
Sui
隋 (～朝, ～代) 		581 – 618 C.E.
Tang
唐 (～朝, ～代) 		618 – 907 C.E.
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
五代十國／五代十国 		907 – 960 C.E.
Liao
遼／辽 (～朝, ～代) 		907 – 1125 C.E.
Song
宋 (～朝, ～代) 		960 – 1279 C.E. Northern Song
北宋
Southern Song
南宋
Western Xia
西夏 		1038 – 1227 C.E.
Jin
金 (～朝, ～代) 		1115 – 1234 C.E.
Western Liao
西遼／西辽 		1124 – 1218 C.E.
Yuan
元 (～朝, ～代) 		1271 – 1368 C.E.
Ming
明 (～朝, ～代) 		1368 – 1644 C.E.
Qing
清 (～朝, ～代) 		1636 – 1912 C.E.

Compounds[edit]

Derived terms from 商

References[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

商

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja
Kanji in this term
商
しょう
Grade: 3
on’yomi

Etymology[edit]

From Middle Chinese 商 (syang, “commerce”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

商(しょう) • (shō) ←しやう (syau)?

  1. dealing, dealer, merchant
  2. (arithmetic) quotient

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Middle Chinese 商 (MC ɕɨɐŋ). Recorded as Middle Korean 샤ᇰ (Yale: syang) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja[edit]

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

商 (eumhun 장사 상 (jangsa sang))

  1. Hanja form? of 상 (“trade; commerce”).

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

References[edit]

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

商: Hán Nôm readings: thương

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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