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商

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 啇
商 U+5546, 商
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5546
← 啅
[U+5545] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 啇 →
[U+5547]

Translingual

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Stroke order

Han character

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商 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 卜金月口 (YCBR), four-corner 00227, composition ⿳亠丷冏)

References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 194, character 32
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3803
  • Dae Jaweon: page 415, character 9
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 288, character 6
  • Unihan data for U+5546

Chinese

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trad. 商
simp. # 商
alternative forms
謪
𠘾
𠹧
𠼬
𠾃
謪
𠘾
𠹧
𠼬
𠾃
𠿧
𡂦
𡃬
𡄚
𡅟
𥫐
𧶜
𧷞
𨝗
 

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 商
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (商) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
商 *hljaŋ
蔏 *hljaŋ
螪 *hljaŋ

Many theories around the origin of this character exist.

  • Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *hljaŋ): semantic 㕯 (“to speak slowly”) + phonetic 章 (OC *kjaŋ)， according to Xu Shen. The phonetic component is contracted. It originally conveyed the meaning of "to estimate the inside from outside." Later, it came to mean "to trade" or "to engage in commerce."[1]
  • Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) depicting placing and burning firewood (辛, here used as an abbreviation of 薪 (“firewood”)) on a pedestal (丙) to worship Antares. 口 was added later when this character started being used for the name of a dynasty.

The interpretation of a wine vessel on sale on a table is folk etymology.

References

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  1. ^ Digital Shinjigen 2017

Etymology

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Traditionally it is considered that 商人 (shāngrén) is so named because this term originally refers to people from Shang dynasty, who tend to do business.[1]

From 賒 (OC *hljaː) plus terminative suffix *-ŋ (Schuessler, 2007). See there for further etymology.

Pronunciation

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Rime
Character 商
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 書 (26)
Final (韻) 陽 (105)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 式羊切
Baxter syang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɕɨɐŋ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɕiɐŋ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɕiɑŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɕɨaŋ/
Li
Rong 		/ɕiaŋ/
Wang
Li 		/ɕĭaŋ/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ɕi̯aŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		shāng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		soeng1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 商 商 商
Reading # 1/3 2/3 3/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		shāng shāng shāng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ syang › ‹ syang › ‹ syang ›
Old
Chinese 		/*s-taŋ/ /*s-taŋ/ /*s-taŋ/
English musical note (place name) estimate; business; trader

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 商
Reading # 1/1
No. 11097
Phonetic
component 		商
Rime
group 		陽
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		商
Old
Chinese 		/*hljaŋ/

Definitions

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商

  1. trade; commerce; business
  2. businessman; dealer; trader; merchant
  3. (mathematics) quotient
    6除以2的商是3。  ―  6 chúyǐ 2 de shāng shì 3.  ―  The quotient of 6 divided by 2 is 3.
  4. (music) the second note in the Chinese pentatonic scale
  5. (～朝) Shang Dynasty
  6. to discuss; to consult
  7. (～宿) (Chinese astronomy) Alternative name for 心 (xīn, “Heart mansion (one of the Twenty-Eight Mansions)”).
  8. a surname

Coordinate terms

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See also

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Dynasties (朝代) in Chinese history
Name Time period Divisions
Xia
夏 (～朝, ～代) 		2070 – 1600 BCE
Shang
商 (～朝, ～代)
殷 (～朝, ～代) 		1600 – 1046 BCE
Zhou
周 (～朝, ～代) 		1046 – 256 BCE Western Zhou
西周
Eastern Zhou
東周 / 东周		 Spring and Autumn period
春秋
Warring States period
戰國 / 战国
Qin
秦 (～朝, ～代) 		221 – 206 BCE
Han
漢 / 汉 (～朝, ～代) 		206 BCE – 220 C.E. Western Han
西漢 / 西汉
Xin
新 (～朝)
Eastern Han
東漢 / 东汉
Three Kingdoms
三國 / 三国 		220 – 280 C.E. Wei
魏
Shu Han
蜀漢 / 蜀汉
Wu
吳 / 吴
Jin
晉 / 晋 (～朝, ～代) 		265 – 420 C.E. Western Jin
西晉 / 西晋
Eastern Jin
東晉 / 东晋
Southern and Northern dynasties
南北朝 		420 – 589 C.E. Northern dynasties
北朝		 Northern Wei
北魏
Western Wei
西魏
Eastern Wei
東魏 / 东魏
Northern Zhou
北周
Northern Qi
北齊 / 北齐
Southern dynasties
南朝		 Liu Song
劉宋 / 刘宋
Southern Qi
南齊 / 南齐
Liang
梁 (～朝, ～代)
Chen
陳 / 陈 (～朝, ～代)
Sui
隋 (～朝, ～代) 		581 – 618 C.E.
Tang
唐 (～朝, ～代) 		618 – 907 C.E.
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
五代十國 / 五代十国 		907 – 960 C.E.
Liao
遼 / 辽 (～朝, ～代) 		907 – 1125 C.E.
Song
宋 (～朝, ～代) 		960 – 1279 C.E. Northern Song
北宋
Southern Song
南宋
Western Xia
西夏 		1038 – 1227 C.E.
Jin
金 (～朝, ～代) 		1115 – 1234 C.E.
Western Liao
西遼 / 西辽 		1124 – 1218 C.E.
Yuan
元 (～朝, ～代) 		1271 – 1368 C.E.
Ming
明 (～朝, ～代) 		1368 – 1644 C.E.
Qing
清 (～朝, ～代) 		1636 – 1912 C.E.

Compounds

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References

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  1. ^ Du Yu《春秋經傳集解》(Spring & Autumn Annals and Zuo Traditions - Collected Explanations) Vol. 2

Japanese

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Kanji

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商

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

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Compounds

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
商
しょう
Grade: 3
on'yomi
Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja

From Middle Chinese 商 (syang, “commerce”).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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商(しょう) • (shō) ←しやう (syau)?

  1. dealing, dealer, merchant
  2. (arithmetic) quotient

See also

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Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
商
あき
Grade: 3

15th century[2] (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

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商(あき) • (aki) 

  1. (often in compounds) trade, the exchange of goods for goods, barter
    あきひと ― akihito ― a trader, person who trades

References

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  1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 商 (MC syang). Recorded as Middle Korean 샤ᇰ (syang) (Yale: syang) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

商 (eumhun 장사 상 (jangsa sang))

  1. hanja form? of 상 (“trade; commerce”)

Compounds

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References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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商: Hán Nôm readings: thương

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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