使

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See also: 便
使 U+4F7F, 使
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4F7F
← 佾
[U+4F7E] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 侀 →
[U+4F80]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
8 strokes

Han character[edit]

使 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+6, 8 strokes, cangjie input 人十中大 (OJLK), four-corner 25206, composition ⿰亻吏)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 101, character 5
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 573
  • Dae Jaweon: page 213, character 12
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 145, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+4F7F

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 使
alternative forms 駛／驶 (sai2; Cantonese “need”)
洗 (sai2; Cantonese “need”)

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 使
Oracle bone script

j19037

Bronze inscriptions

b12363

b12364

Small seal script

s05813

Transcribed ancient scripts

L13528

L13529

L13530

L13531

L13532

L13533

L13534

L13535

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (史) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
吏 *rɯs
倳 *ʔsrɯs
剚 *ʔsrɯs
事 *ʔsrɯs, *zrɯs
史 *srɯʔ
使 *srɯʔ, *srɯs
駛 *srɯʔ, *srɯs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *srɯʔ, *srɯs) : semantic 亻 + phonetic 吏 (OC *rɯs).

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Note:
  • sai2 - vernacular;
  • si2 - literary.
Note:
  • sāi - vernacular;
  • sṳ̄ - literary.
Note:
  • sái - vernacular (including Quanzhou & Philippines “to fuck”);
  • sú/sír - literary.
Rime
Character 使
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 生 (21)
Final (韻) 之 (19)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 踈士切
Baxter sriX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ʃɨX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ʃɨX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ʃieX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ʂɨX/
Li
Rong 		/ʃiəX/
Wang
Li 		/ʃĭəX/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ʂiX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		shǐ
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		si2
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 使
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		shǐ
Middle
Chinese 		‹ sriX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*s-rəʔ/
English send; cause

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 使
Reading # 1/2
No. 11488
Phonetic
component 		史
Rime
group 		之
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		史
Old
Chinese 		/*srɯʔ/

Definitions[edit]

使

  1. to order (somebody to do something); to send (somebody)
  2. (literary) to put (people) to work
  3. to let; to make; to cause to
    這突如其來的消息使他大為震驚。 [MSC, trad.]
    这突如其来的消息使他大为震惊。 [MSC, simp.]
    Zhè tūrúqílái de xiāoxī shǐ tā dàwéi zhènjīng. [Pinyin]
    This sudden news caused him great shock.
  4. to use; to employ
    呢把刀幾好使 [Cantonese, trad.]
    呢把刀几好使 [Cantonese, simp.]
    ni1 baa2 dou1 gei2 hou2 sai2 [Jyutping]
    This knife is pretty good to use.
  5. to play; to play with; to resort to; to dally with
    使心眼  ―  shǐ xīnyǎn  ―  (please add an English translation of this usage example)
  6. to indulge
    使性子  ―  shǐ xìngzi  ―  to get angry; to lose one's temper
  7. (literary) if
  8. (Cantonese, always negated or interrogative) need to [do something]; have to
    你唔使攞咁多！ [Cantonese, trad.]
    你唔使𫽋咁多！ [Cantonese, simp.]
    nei5 m4 sai2 lo2 gam3 do1! [Jyutping]
    You don't need to get so much!
    你陣間使唔使落街買嘢呀？ [Cantonese, trad.]
    你阵间使唔使落街买嘢呀？ [Cantonese, simp.]
    nei5 zan6 gaan1 sai2 m4 sai2 lok6 gaai1 maai5 je5 aa3? [Jyutping]
    Do you need to head out to buy things later?
    仲使講嘅？／仲使讲嘅？ [Cantonese]  ―  zung6 sai2 gong2 ge2? [Jyutping]  ―  Surely it goes without saying.
  9. (Cantonese, always negated or interrogative) need [something]; require; want strongly
  10. (Quanzhou and Philippine Hokkien, vulgar) to fuck
Synonyms[edit]
  • (to let; to make; to cause to): 令 (lìng), 讓／让 (ràng)
  • (to dispatch): 送 (sòng)
  • (to use):
Dialectal synonyms of 用 (“to use”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 用, 使用
Mandarin Beijing 使, 用
Jinan 使, 用
Xi'an 使喚
Wuhan 用
Chengdu 用, 使
Guilin 用
Yangzhou 用
Hefei 使, 用
Malaysia 用
Singapore 用
Cantonese Guangzhou 用, 使
Hong Kong 用, 使
Yangjiang 使
Singapore (Guangfu) 用
Gan Nanchang 用
Hakka Meixian 用
Jin Taiyuan 使喚, 用
Northern Min Jian'ou 使
Eastern Min Fuzhou 使
Southern Min Xiamen 用
Penang (Hokkien) 用
Singapore (Hokkien) 用
Chaozhou 用, 使
Singapore (Teochew) 用
Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 用
Wu Suzhou 用
Wenzhou 用
Xiang Changsha 用
Shuangfeng 用
  • (if):
Dialectal synonyms of 如果 (“if”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 若, 假, 如, 使, 令, 苟, 向, 向使, 向令, 假令, 假使, 誠, 誠使, 倘, 儻, 當使
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 若, 如, 如果, 若果, 假如, 假若, 假使, 假設, 倘若, 倘或, 倘然, 倘使, 若是, 若然, 設若, 設使, 設令, 設或, 設
Mandarin Beijing 要是, 要
Taiwan 要是, 要, 如果
Jinan 要是
Xi'an 要是
Wuhan 要是
Chengdu 要是, 假比
Yangzhou 要是, 要, 假使
Hefei 要是, 倘此, 倘倘
Malaysia 如果
Singapore 如果
Cantonese Guangzhou 如果, 若果, 若然, 假使間
Hong Kong 如果, 若果, 若然, 若然之, 假使, 假使間, 假如
Macau 假如
Taishan 如果, 假使
Yangjiang 設若
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 如果
Singapore (Guangfu) 如果
Gan Nanchang 要是, 若是
Lichuan 假使
Hakka Meixian 係話, 若係, 如果
Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 若果, 係講, 係話
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 係講, 若係, 假使
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 係講, 係準, 係準講, 準講, 準假, 係若, 若係, 假使, 假詐
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 係講, 若係, 假使
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 準講, 可比, 假使, 係講, 若係, 若係講, 準若講
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 係講, 若係, 假使
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 若係講, 假使, 若講, 係講, 若係
Kuching (Hepo) 假使
Jin Taiyuan 要是
Northern Min Jian'ou 來是, 如果
Pucheng (Shibei) 來是, 如果
Eastern Min Fuzhou 儷是, 若還
Southern Min Xiamen 設使, 若是, 若, 若欲是, 假若, 假若是, 欲, 欲是, 甲若, 甲若是
Quanzhou 設使, 若是, 若, 若欲是, 假若, 假若是, 欲, 欲是
Zhangzhou 設使, 若是, 若, 假若, 假若是, 欲, 欲是, 甲若, 甲若是
Tainan 若是, 若準, 若, 假使, 設使
Penang (Hokkien) 若是, 若準
Singapore (Hokkien) 若是
Manila (Hokkien) 若是, 若, 假使
Chaozhou 若是
Shantou 如果
Jieyang 若, 若是
Singapore (Teochew) 若是
Wu Shanghai 要是, 如果, 假使, 倘然, 倘使, 是得
Suzhou 要, 如果
Wenzhou 若是, 若
Xiang Changsha 要是
Shuangfeng 要是, 要此
  • (Cantonese) (need): 需要 (xūyào)
  • (to fuck):
Dialectal synonyms of 肏 (“to fuck; to have sex with”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Mandarin Beijing 肏1, 日, 弄
Taiwan 幹, 肏1
Harbin 肏1
Shenyang 肏1
Yantai (Muping) 肏1
Jinan 肏1
Luoyang 日, 尻
Wanrong 日
Xi'an 窄, 失
Yinchuan 日
Lanzhou 日
Xining 日
Ürümqi 日
Wuhan 日, 搞
Chengdu 日
Guiyang 日, 肏1
Kunming 日
Guilin 屌, 肏1
Liuzhou 屌, 肏1
Xuzhou 日, 尻, 操, 肏1
Yangzhou 入
Nanjing 日, 操
Hefei 弄
Malaysia 幹
Singapore 幹
Cantonese Guangzhou 屌
Hong Kong 屌
Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 屌
Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 屌
Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 屌
Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 屌
Macau 屌
Guangzhou (Panyu) 屌
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 屌
Guangzhou (Conghua) 屌
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 屌
Foshan 屌
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 屌
Foshan (Shunde) 屌
Foshan (Sanshui) 屌
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 屌
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 屌
Zhuhai (Qianshan) 屌
Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka) 屌
Zhuhai (Doumen) 屌
Jiangmen (Baisha) 屌
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 屌
Taishan 屌
Kaiping (Chikan) 屌
Enping (Niujiang) 屌
Heshan (Yayao) 屌
Dongguan 屌
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 屌
Qingyuan 屌
Fogang 屌
Yingde (Hanguang) 屌
Yangshan 屌
Lianzhou (Qingshui Sihui) 屌
Shaoguan 屌
Shaoguan (Qujiang) 屌
Renhua 屌
Lechang 屌
Zhaoqing (Gaoyao) 屌
Sihui 屌
Guangning 屌
Deqing 屌
Huaiji 屌
Fengkai (Nanfeng) 屌
Yunfu 屌
Xinxing 屌
Luoding 屌
Yunan (Pingtai) 屌
Yangjiang 屌
Xinyi 屌
Lianjiang 屌
Beihai 屌
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 屌
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 屌
Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 屌
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 屌
Penang (Guangfu) 屌
Singapore (Guangfu) 屌
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 屌
Móng Cái 屌
Gan Nanchang 戳
Lichuan 戳
Pingxiang 戳
Hakka Meixian 屌
Dabu (Xihe) 屌
Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 屌
Huidong (Daling) 屌
Dongguan (Qingxi) 屌
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 屌
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 屌
Wuhua (Huacheng) 屌
Heyuan (Bendihua) 屌
Wengyuan 屌
Shaoguan (Qujiang) 屌
Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 屌
Liannan 屌
Conghua (Lütian) 屌
Jiexi 屌
Changting 屌
Wuping 屌
Wuping (Yanqian) 屌
Wuping (Pingyu) 屌
Liancheng 屌
Ninghua 屌
Yudu 屌, 戳
Ningdu 屌
Ruijin 屌
Shicheng 屌
Shangyou (Shexi) 屌
Tonggu (Sandu) 屌, 戳
Ganzhou (Panlong) 屌
Dayu 屌
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 屌
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 屌
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 屌
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 屌
Hong Kong 屌
Yangxi (Tangkou) 屌
Yangchun (Sanjia) 屌
Xinyi (Sihe) 屌
Xinyi (Qianpai) 屌
Gaozhou (Xindong) 屌
Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai) 屌
Huazhou (Xin'an) 屌
Lianjiang (Shijiao) 屌
Lianjiang (Qingping) 屌
Mengshan (Xihe) 屌
Luchuan 屌
Sabah (Longchuan) 屌
Kuala Lumpur (Dabu) 屌
Jin Taiyuan 透, 肏1, 日
Xinzhou 透, 日
Linhe 透
Jining 透
Hohhot 透
Baotou 透
Northern Min Jian'ou 饁
Eastern Min Fuzhou 𠚺
Changle 𠚺
Fuqing 𠚺
Gutian 𠚺
Fu'an 操
Ningde 操
Shouning 戳
Zhouning 戳
Fuding 操
Southern Min Xiamen 姦
Xiamen (Tong'an) 箍
Quanzhou 使, 獛
Jinjiang 使
Nan'an 使
Hui'an 使
Anxi 使
Yongchun 使
Dehua 使
Zhangzhou 姦, 躄
Taipei 姦
Kaohsiung 姦
Yilan 姦
Taichung 姦
Tainan 姦
Taitung 姦
Penang (Hokkien) 姦
Singapore (Hokkien) 姦, 使
Manila (Hokkien) 使
Chaozhou 甫
Shantou 甫
Shantou (Chenghai) 甫
Shantou (Chaoyang) 甫
Jieyang 甫
Lufeng 甫
Haifeng 甫
Johor Bahru (Teochew) 甫
Singapore (Teochew) 甫
Leizhou 肏4
Wenchang 肏4
Haikou 肏4
Puxian Min Putian 騷
Xianyou 騷
Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 屌
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 屌
Wu Shanghai 戳
Shanghai (Chongming) 戳
Suzhou 戳
Haining (Yanguan) 戳
Danyang 肏5
Ningbo 嬉
Wenzhou 裝
Jinhua 弄, 入
Xiang Changsha 肏3
Loudi 肏3
Shuangfeng 肏3

Pronunciation 2[edit]

Note:
  • sái - vernacular;
  • sé̤ṳ - literary.
Note:
  • sài - vernacular;
  • sù/sìr - literary.
Rime
Character 使
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 生 (21)
Final (韻) 之 (19)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 踈吏切
Baxter sriH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ʃɨH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ʃɨH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ʃieH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ʂɨH/
Li
Rong 		/ʃiəH/
Wang
Li 		/ʃĭəH/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ʂiH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		shì
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		si3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 使
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		shǐ
Middle
Chinese 		‹ sriH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*s-rəʔ-s/
English envoy

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 使
Reading # 2/2
No. 11491
Phonetic
component 		史
Rime
group 		之
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		𩢲
Old
Chinese 		/*srɯs/

Definitions[edit]

使

  1. to be sent as an envoy
  2. envoy; messenger
    來使／来使  ―  láishǐ  ―  envoy from another country

Compounds[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

使

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Noun[edit]

使(し) • (shi) 

  1. messenger

Korean[edit]

Etymology[edit]

“to use; in order to; etc.”

From Middle Chinese 使 (MC sriX).

Historical readings
“envoy; messenger”

From Middle Chinese 使 (MC sriH).

Historical readings

Pronunciation[edit]

  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [sʰa̠(ː)]
  • Phonetic hangul: [사(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja[edit]

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

使 (eumhun 부릴 사 (buril sa))

  1. Hanja form? of 사 (“to use; to employ”).
  2. Hanja form? of 사 (“in order to do”).
  3. Hanja form? of 사 (“envoy; messenger”).

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

References[edit]

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

使: Hán Nôm readings: sứ, sử, sửa, thửa

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Compounds[edit]

References[edit]

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