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失

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 先, 矢, and 夫
失 U+5931, 失
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5931
← 夰
[U+5930] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 夲 →
[U+5932]

Translingual

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Stroke order
5 strokes

Han character

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失 (Kangxi radical 37, 大+2, 5 strokes, Cangjie input 竹手人 (HQO), four-corner 25030, composition ⿰丿夫 or ⿻𠂉大)

Derived characters

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Additional Derived Characters

References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 249, character 9
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5844
  • Dae Jaweon: page 508, character 7
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 525, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+5931

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
 失

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 失
Shang Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Transcribed ancient scripts
L37633
References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (失) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
眣 *ʔr'aːd, *l'iːɡ, *l̥ʰiɡ
蛈 *l̥ʰiːɡ
迭 *l'iːɡ
跌 *l'iːɡ
瓞 *l'iːɡ
昳 *l'iːɡ
胅 *l'iːɡ
軼 *l'iːɡ, *liɡ
苵 *l'iːɡ
镻 *l'iːɡ
詄 *l'iːɡ
泆 *l'iːɡ, *liɡ
趃 *l'iːɡ
柣 *sl̥ʰiːɡ, *l'iɡ
抶 *l̥ʰiɡ
秩 *l'iɡ
帙 *l'iɡ
紩 *l'iɡ
袠 *l'iɡ
翐 *l'iɡ
妷 *l'iɡ
失 *hliɡ
佚 *liɡ
劮 *liɡ

Pictogram (象形) depicting a footprint of someone that has fallen surrounded by drops of blood (Ji Xusheng, 2004).

Alternatively, according to Shuowen, Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 手 + 乙 — something falling from a hand (手). However, the original form doesn't show any hand.

Etymology

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Cognate with 佚 (OC *liɡ, “to escape; to lose”), 逸 (OC *lid, “to escape; at ease”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Probably Sino-Tibetan; compare Cogtse Situ [Term?] (ka-ʃlə̂k, “to fall (from hand)”), Japhug ɕlɯɣ (“to fall; to slip”) (Zhang, Jacques, and Lai, 2019).

Note also Thai เล็ดลอด (lét-lɔ̂ɔt, “to sneak; to escape by stealth”) (Manomaivibool, 1975).

Pronunciation 1

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Note: sêg4 - Jieyang.
Note:
  • she6 - vernacular;
  • shr6 - literary.
    Rime
    Character 失
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 書 (26)
    Final (韻) 質 (48)
    Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 式質切
    Baxter syit
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ɕiɪt̚/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ɕit̚/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ɕjet̚/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ɕit̚/
    Li
    Rong         		/ɕiĕt̚/
    Wang
    Li         		/ɕĭĕt̚/
    Bernhard
    Karlgren         		/ɕi̯ĕt̚/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		shi
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		sat1
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 失
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		shī
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ syit ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*l̥i[t]/
    English lose

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 失
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 11426
    Phonetic
    component         		失
    Rime
    group         		質
    Rime
    subdivision         		2
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		失
    Old
    Chinese         		/*hliɡ/

    Definitions

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    失

    1. to lose; to lose track of; to mislay
    2. to fail; to not succeed
    3. to breach; to violate
    4. to neglect; to miss
    5. mistake; fault; wrongdoing
    6. 75th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "failure" (𝍐)

    Compounds

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    Pronunciation 2

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    Definitions

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    失

    1. alternative form of 逸 (yì, “to flee; to run away”)
    2. alternative form of 佚 (“to ignore; indulgent”)

    Japanese

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    Kanji

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    失

    (Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

    1. mistake, disadvantage
    2. loss, lose

    Readings

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    Korean

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    Hanja

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    失 (eumhun 잃을 실 (ireul sil))

    1. hanja form? of 실 (“loss”)

    Compounds

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    Vietnamese

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    Han character

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    失: Hán Việt readings: thất[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]
    失: Nôm readings: thắt[1][2][3][4][7], mất[1][2], thất[1][2]

    1. chữ Hán form of thất (“(in compounds) to lose”)
    2. chữ Nôm form of mất (“to lose something”)
    3. chữ Nôm form of thắt (“to tighten or fasten by knotting or anchoring a string, rope, belt or noose”)

    References

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    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Nguyễn (2014).
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Trần (2004).
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Hồ (1976).
    5. ^ Bonet (1899).
    6. ^ Génibrel (1898).
    7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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