且

See also: 旦, 目, and 自

且 U+4E14, 且 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E14 ← 专 [U+4E13] CJK Unified Ideographs 丕 → [U+4E15]

Translingual

Han character

且 (radical 1 一+4, 5 strokes, cangjie input 月一 (BM), four-corner 7710₀, composition ⿴𠀃𠄠)

Derived characters

• 祖 姐 阻 狙 租 粗 組 (组) 宜 助 袓

References

• KangXi: page 77, character 7
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 29
• Dae Jaweon: page 154, character 19
• Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 15, character 5
• Unihan data for U+4E14

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Chinese

simp. and trad.		且
alt. forms		𠀇 𠀃

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 且
Shang	Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts
Oracle bone script j29048 j29049 j29050 j29051 j29052 j29053 j29054 j29055 j29056 j29057 j29058 j29059 j29060 j29061 j29062 j29063 j29064 j29065 j29066 j29067 j29068 j29069 j29070 j29071 j29072 j29073 j29074 j29075 j29076 j29077 j29078 j29079 j29080 j29081 j29082 j29083 j29084 j29085 j29086 j29087 j29088 j29089 j29090 j29091 j29092 j29093 j29094 j29095 j29096 j29097 j29098 j29099 j29100 j29101 j29102 j29103 j29104 j29105 j29106 j29107 j29108 j29109 j29110 j29111 j29112 j29113 j29114 j29115 j29116 j29117 j29118 j29119 j29120 j29121 j29122 j29123 j29124 j29125 j29126 j29127 j29128 j29129 j29130 j29131 Bronze inscriptions b19394 b19395 b19396 b19397 b19398 b19399 b19400 b19401 b19402 b19403 b19404 b19405 b19406 b19407 b19408 b19409 b19410 b19411 b19412 b19413 b19414 b19415 b19416 b19417 b19418 b19419 b19420 b19421 b19422 b19423 b19424 b19425 b19426 b19427 b19428 b19429 b19430 b19431 b19432 b19433 b19434 b19435 b19436 b19437 b19438 b19439 b19440 b19441 b19442 b19443 b19444 b19445 b19446 b19447 b19448 b19449 b19450 b19451 b19452 b19453 b19454 b19455 b19456 b19457 b19458 b19459 b19460 b19461 Small seal script s10640 Transcribed ancient scripts L35047 L17323 L17324 L17325 L17326 L17327 L17328 L17329 L17330 L17331 L17332 L30577 L02894
References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Characters in the same phonetic series (且) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
	Old Chinese
虘	*zaːl, *zaː
蔖	*zlaːl, *sʰaːʔ
摣	*rnaː, *ʔsraː
袓	*ʔsjaː, *zaʔ
怚	*ʔsjaː, *ʔsas, *zaʔ
罝	*ʔsjaː
謯	*ʔslja, *ʔsraːʔ
姐	*ʔsjaːʔ
抯	*ʔsljaːʔ, *ljaːʔ, *ʔsraː
飷	*ʔsjaːʔ
且	*sʰjaːʔ, *ʔsa
趄	*sʰjaːs, *sʰa
笡	*sʰjaːs
查	*ʔsraː, *zraː, *zraː
柤	*ʔsraː
樝	*ʔsraː
皻	*ʔsraː
渣	*ʔsraː
楂	*zraː
苴	*zraː, *ʔsa, *ʔsaʔ, *sʰa
駔	*ʔslaːŋʔ, *zaːʔ
租	*ʔsaː
蒩	*ʔsaː, *ʔsaːʔ, *sʰa
祖	*ʔsaːʔ
組	*ʔsaːʔ
珇	*ʔsaːʔ
靻	*ʔsaːʔ
粗	*sʰaː, *zaːʔ
徂	*zaː
殂	*zaː
麆	*zaːʔ, *zras
伹	*zaːʔ, *sʰa
蛆	*ʔsa, *sʰa
沮	*ʔsa, *ʔsas, *sʰa, *zaʔ, *ʔsra
咀	*ʔsaʔ, *zaʔ
疽	*sʰa
雎	*sʰa
狙	*sʰa, *sʰas
岨	*sʰa
砠	*sʰa
坥	*sʰa, *sʰas
刞	*sʰas
覰	*sʰas
覷	*sʰas
跙	*zaʔ
筯	*das
菹	*ʔsra
葅	*ʔsra
阻	*ʔsraʔ, *ʔsras
俎	*ʔsraʔ
詛	*ʔsraʔ, *ʔsras
鉏	*zra, *zraʔ
豠	*zra
鋤	*zra
耡	*zra, *zras
齟	*zraʔ
助	*zras

Pictogram (象形). Multiple interpretations:

• A sacrificial vessel used for chopping and holding meat, as viewed from above (Wang, 1923) – original form of 俎 (OC *ʔsraʔ).
• An erect penis, the symbol of the male ancestor (Guo, 1931) – original form of 祖 (OC *ʔsaːʔ).
• A stone altar – original form of 祖 (OC *ʔsaːʔ).

In the oracle bones and bronze inscriptions, this character was commonly used as 祖 (OC *ʔsaːʔ). Usage as 俎 (OC *ʔsraʔ) is not attested until the Warring States period in the bamboo script.

Etymology

“and; also; almost; be going to”

Cognate with 將 (OC *ʔsaŋ, *ʔsaŋs) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation 1

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): qiě (qie³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄝˇ

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou, Jyutping): ce²

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): cie²

• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chhiá
• Min Dong (BUC): chiā
• Min Nan

  (Hokkien, POJ): chhiáⁿ / chhiá

  (Teochew, Peng'im): cian²

• Wu (Wiktionary): qia (T2); qi (T2)

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Pinyin: qiě
    • Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄝˇ
    • Wade-Giles: ch'ieh³
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chiie
    • IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi̯ɛ²¹⁴/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: ce²
    • Yale: ché
    • Cantonese Pinyin: tse²
    • Guangdong Romanization: cé²
    • IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰɛː³⁵/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: cie²
    • IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰiɛ⁵⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhiá
    • Hakka Romanization System: qia`
    • Hagfa Pinyim: qia³
    • IPA: /t͡ɕʰi̯a³¹/
• Min Dong
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: chiā
    • IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰia³³/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, mainstream Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiáⁿ
    • Tâi-lô: tshiánn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: chviar
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡ɕʰiã⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /t͡ɕʰiã⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡ɕʰiã⁴¹/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiá
    • Tâi-lô: tshiá
    • Phofsit Daibuun: chiar
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /t͡ɕʰia⁵³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: cian²
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tshiáⁿ
    • IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰĩã⁵²/
• Wu
  • (Shanghainese)
    • Wiktionary: qia (T2); qi (T2)
    • IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰia̱³⁴/, /t͡ɕʰi³⁴/

Note:

• 2qia - vernacular;
• 2qi - literary.

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• Middle Chinese: /t͡sʰia^X/▼

Rime
Character	且
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	清 (14)
Final (韻)	麻 (100)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	七也切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡sʰiaX/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡sʰiaX/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡sʰiaX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/t͡sʰiaX/
Li Rong	/t͡sʰiaX/
Wang Li	/t͡sʰĭaX/
Bernard Karlgren	/t͡sʰi̯aX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	qiě

• Old Chinese▼

  (Baxter-Sagart): /*[tsʰ]Aʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*sʰjaːʔ/

Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	且
Reading #	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	qiě
Middle Chinese	‹ tshjæX ›
Old Chinese	/*[tsʰ]Aʔ/
English	moreover
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	且
Reading #	1/2
No.	10379
Phonetic component	且
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	且
Old Chinese	/*sʰjaːʔ/

Definitions

且

1. this
2. almost; nearly
3. be going to; will; shall
4. just; for the time being
5. even (placed after a hypothetical extreme scenario for emphasis)
6. (dialectal) for a long time
7. and; also (for juxtaposition)

   而且  ―  érqiě  ―  and; but also

   • 他的演講簡短且切中要害。 [MSC, trad.]
     他的演讲简短且切中要害。 [MSC, simp.]

     Tā de yǎnjiǎng jiǎnduǎn qiě qièzhòng yàohài. [Pinyin]

     His speech was short and to the point.

8. both ... and ...
9. or (to list alternatives)
10. moreover (to indicate progression)
11. if; assuming (to indicate hypotheticality)
12. sentence-initial or sentence-medial modal particle
13. A surname​.

Compounds

Derived terms from 且

• 不苟且
• 且住
• 且則／且则
• 且夫
• 且如
• 且慢 (qiěmàn)
• 且戰且走／且战且走
• 且是
• 且歌且舞
• 且自
• 且行且談／且行且谈
• 且要
• 且見／且见
• 且說／且说 (qiěshuō)

• 且道
• 並且／并且 (bìngqiě)
• 因循苟且
• 姑且 (gūqiě)
• 尚且 (shàngqiě)
• 得過且過／得过且过 (déguòqiěguò)
• 急且
• 抑且
• 故且 (gùqiě)
• 敢且
• 方且
• 暫且／暂且 (zànqiě)
• 暫且擱下／暂且搁下
• 更且

• 權且／权且 (quánqiě)
• 死且不朽
• 況且／况且 (kuàngqiě)
• 甚且
• 窮且益堅／穷且益坚
• 而且 (érqiě)
• 聊且
• 苟且 (gǒuqiě)
• 苟且偷安
• 苟且偷生
• 苟且唐塞
• 苟且自度
• 載歌且舞／载歌且舞

Pronunciation 2

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): jū (ju¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄩ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): zeoi¹, ceoi²
• Min Dong (BUC): cṳ̆
• Min Nan

  (Hokkien, POJ): chu / chir

  (Teochew, Peng'im): zu¹

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Pinyin: jū
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄩ
    • Wade-Giles: chü¹
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiu
    • IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕy⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: zeoi¹, ceoi²
    • Yale: jēui, chéui
    • Cantonese Pinyin: dzoey¹, tsoey²
    • Guangdong Romanization: zêu¹, cêu²
    • IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕɵy̯⁵⁵/, /t͡ɕʰɵy̯³⁵/
• Min Dong
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: cṳ̆
    • IPA ^(key): /t͡sy⁵⁵/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chu
    • Tâi-lô: tsu
    • Phofsit Daibuun: zw
    • IPA (Xiamen): /t͡su⁴⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chir
    • Tâi-lô: tsir
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sɯ³³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: zu¹
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsu
    • IPA ^(key): /t͡su³³/

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• Middle Chinese: /t͡sɨʌ/▼

Rime
Character	且
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	精 (13)
Final (韻)	魚 (22)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	子魚切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡sɨʌ/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡siɔ/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡siɔ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/t͡sɨə̆/
Li Rong	/t͡siɔ/
Wang Li	/t͡sĭo/
Bernard Karlgren	/t͡si̯wo/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jū

• Old Chinese▼

  (Baxter-Sagart): /*tsa/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ʔsa/

Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	且
Reading #	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jū
Middle Chinese	‹ tsjo ›
Old Chinese	/*tsa/
English	[final particle]
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	且
Reading #	2/2
No.	10413
Phonetic component	且
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	且
Old Chinese	/*ʔsa/

Definitions

且

1. Alternative form of 俎 (zǔ, “chopping board”).
2. many; numerous; flourishing
3. sixth month in the lunar calendar
4. sentence-final modal particle
5. Alternative form of 駔 (zǎng, “steed”).

Compounds

Derived terms from 且

• 且月
• 狂且

• 猼且

• 鉗且／钳且

Pronunciation 3

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): cú (cu²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄘㄨˊ

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Pinyin: cú
    • Zhuyin: ㄘㄨˊ
    • Wade-Giles: ts'u²
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tswu
    • IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰu³⁵/

Definitions

且

1. Alternative form of 徂 (cú, “to go to”).

Pronunciation 4

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): jū (ju¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄩ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): ceoi¹, cou⁴

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Pinyin: jū
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄩ
    • Wade-Giles: chü¹
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiu
    • IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕy⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: ceoi¹, cou⁴
    • Yale: chēui, chòuh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: tsoey¹, tsou⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: cêu¹, cou⁴
    • IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰɵy̯⁵⁵/, /t͡sʰou̯²¹/

Definitions

且

1. Only used in 次且 (“hesitant in walking”).

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Japanese

Kanji

且

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

• Goon: しゃ (sha); しょ (sho); ぞ (zo)
• Kan’on: しゃ (sha); しょ (sho); そ (so)
• Kan’yōon: しょ (sho)
• Kun: かつ (katsu, 且つ, Jōyō)

Compounds

• 苟且 (かりそめ) (karisome)
• 且又 (かつまた) (katsumata)

Related terms

• 且 (か)つ (katsu)

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Korean

Hanja

且 • (cha, jeo, jo)

• Eumhun:
  • Sound (hangeul): 차, 저, 조 (revised: cha, jeo, jo, McCune-Reischauer: ch'a, chŏ, cho)
  • Name (hangeul): 또, 공경스러울, 도마 (revised: tto, gonggyeongseureoul, doma, McCune-Reischauer: tto, konggyŏngsǔrǒul, toma)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

• Naver Hanja Dictionary: 且

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Vietnamese

Han character

且 (thả, vả, vã)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

• Nom Foundation