且

See also: 旦, 目, and 自

且 U+4E14, 且 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E14 ← 专 [U+4E13] CJK Unified Ideographs 丕 → [U+4E15]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

且 (Kangxi radical 1, 一+4, 5 strokes, cangjie input 月一 (BM), four-corner 7710₀, composition ⿱⺝一 or ⿴𠀃𠄠)

1. Shuowen Jiezi radical №494

Derived characters

• 咀, 坥, 姐, 狙, 阻, 䏣, 柤, 𤇅, 祖, 租, 粗, 組(组), 袓, 䱉, 助, 䢸, 䪶, 宜, 㡹, 査, 𤇙, 䯶, 跙, 徂

References

• KangXi: page 77, character 7
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 29
• Dae Jaweon: page 154, character 19
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 15, character 5
• Unihan data for U+4E14

Further reading

Wikisource

• 且 on Wikidata.Wikidata

---

Chinese

simp. and trad.		且
alternative forms		𠀇 𠀃

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 且
Shang	Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts
Oracle bone script j29048 j29049 j29050 j29051 j29052 j29053 j29054 j29055 j29056 j29057 j29058 j29059 j29060 j29061 j29062 j29063 j29064 j29065 j29066 j29067 j29068 j29069 j29070 j29071 j29072 j29073 j29074 j29075 j29076 j29077 j29078 j29079 j29080 j29081 j29082 j29083 j29084 j29085 j29086 j29087 j29088 j29089 j29090 j29091 j29092 j29093 j29094 j29095 j29096 j29097 j29098 j29099 j29100 j29101 j29102 j29103 j29104 j29105 j29106 j29107 j29108 j29109 j29110 j29111 j29112 j29113 j29114 j29115 j29116 j29117 j29118 j29119 j29120 j29121 j29122 j29123 j29124 j29125 j29126 j29127 j29128 j29129 j29130 j29131 Bronze inscriptions b19394 b19395 b19396 b19397 b19398 b19399 b19400 b19401 b19402 b19403 b19404 b19405 b19406 b19407 b19408 b19409 b19410 b19411 b19412 b19413 b19414 b19415 b19416 b19417 b19418 b19419 b19420 b19421 b19422 b19423 b19424 b19425 b19426 b19427 b19428 b19429 b19430 b19431 b19432 b19433 b19434 b19435 b19436 b19437 b19438 b19439 b19440 b19441 b19442 b19443 b19444 b19445 b19446 b19447 b19448 b19449 b19450 b19451 b19452 b19453 b19454 b19455 b19456 b19457 b19458 b19459 b19460 b19461 Small seal script s10640 Transcribed ancient scripts L35047 L17323 L17324 L17325 L17326 L17327 L17328 L17329 L17330 L17331 L17332 L30577 L02894
References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Characters in the same phonetic series (且) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
虘	*zaːl, *zaː
蔖	*zlaːl, *sʰaːʔ
摣	*rnaː, *ʔsraː
袓	*ʔsjaː, *zaʔ
怚	*ʔsjaː, *ʔsas, *zaʔ
罝	*ʔsjaː
謯	*ʔslja, *ʔsraːʔ
姐	*ʔsjaːʔ
抯	*ʔsljaːʔ, *ljaːʔ, *ʔsraː
飷	*ʔsjaːʔ
且	*sʰjaːʔ, *ʔsa
趄	*sʰjaːs, *sʰa
笡	*sʰjaːs
查	*ʔsraː, *zraː, *zraː
柤	*ʔsraː
樝	*ʔsraː
皻	*ʔsraː
渣	*ʔsraː
楂	*zraː
苴	*zraː, *ʔsa, *ʔsaʔ, *sʰa
駔	*ʔslaːŋʔ, *zaːʔ
租	*ʔsaː
蒩	*ʔsaː, *ʔsaːʔ, *sʰa
祖	*ʔsaːʔ
組	*ʔsaːʔ
珇	*ʔsaːʔ
靻	*ʔsaːʔ
粗	*sʰaː, *zaːʔ
徂	*zaː
殂	*zaː
麆	*zaːʔ, *zras
伹	*zaːʔ, *sʰa
蛆	*ʔsa, *sʰa
沮	*ʔsa, *ʔsas, *sʰa, *zaʔ, *ʔsra
咀	*ʔsaʔ, *zaʔ
疽	*sʰa
雎	*sʰa
狙	*sʰa, *sʰas
岨	*sʰa
砠	*sʰa
坥	*sʰa, *sʰas
刞	*sʰas
覰	*sʰas
覷	*sʰas
跙	*zaʔ
筯	*das
菹	*ʔsra
葅	*ʔsra
阻	*ʔsraʔ, *ʔsras
俎	*ʔsraʔ
詛	*ʔsraʔ, *ʔsras
鉏	*zra, *zraʔ
豠	*zra
鋤	*zra
耡	*zra, *zras
齟	*zraʔ
助	*zras

Pictogram (象形). Multiple interpretations:

• A sacrificial vessel used for chopping and holding meat, as viewed from above (Wang, 1923) – original form of 俎 (OC *ʔsraʔ).
• An erect penis, the symbol of the male ancestor (Guo, 1931) – original form of 祖 (OC *ʔsaːʔ).
• A stone altar – original form of 祖 (OC *ʔsaːʔ).

In the oracle bones and bronze inscriptions, this character was commonly used as 祖 (OC *ʔsaːʔ). Usage as 俎 (OC *ʔsraʔ) is not attested until the Warring States period in the bamboo script.

Etymology

“and; also; almost; be going to”

Cognate with 將 (OC *ʔsaŋ, *ʔsaŋs) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation 1

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): qiě (qie³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄝˇ

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou, Jyutping): ce²

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): cie²

• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): chhiá

  (Meixian, Guangdong): qia³

• Min Dong (BUC): chiā
• Min Nan

  (Hokkien, POJ): chhiáⁿ / chhiá

  (Teochew, Peng'im): cian²

• Wu (Wiktionary): qia (T2); qi (T2)

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Pinyin: qiě
    • Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄝˇ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chiee
    • Tongyong Pinyin: ciě
    • Wade–Giles: chʻieh3
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰjɛ²¹⁴/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: ce²
    • Yale: ché
    • Cantonese Pinyin: tse²
    • Guangdong Romanization: cé²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰɛː³⁵/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: cie²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰiɛ⁵⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhiá
    • Hakka Romanization System: qia`
    • Hagfa Pinyim: qia³
    • Sinological IPA: /t͡ɕʰi̯a³¹/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: qia³
    • Sinological IPA: /t͡ɕʰia³¹/
• Min Dong
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: chiā
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰia³³/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiáⁿ
    • Tâi-lô: tshiánn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: chviar
    • IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /t͡ɕʰiã⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /t͡ɕʰiã⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡ɕʰiã⁴¹/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chhiá
    • Tâi-lô: tshiá
    • Phofsit Daibuun: chiar
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /t͡ɕʰia⁵³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: cian²
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tshiáⁿ
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰĩã⁵²/
• Wu
  • (Shanghainese)
    • Wiktionary: qia (T2); qi (T2)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰia̱³⁴/, /t͡ɕʰi³⁴/

Note:

• 2qia - vernacular;
• 2qi - literary.

---

• Middle Chinese: /t͡sʰia^X/

Rime
Character	且
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	清 (14)
Final (韻)	麻 (100)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	七也切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡sʰiaX/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡sʰiaX/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡sʰiaX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/t͡sʰiaX/
Li Rong	/t͡sʰiaX/
Wang Li	/t͡sʰĭaX/
Bernard Karlgren	/t͡sʰi̯aX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	qiě
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ce2

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[tsʰ]Aʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*sʰjaːʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	且
Reading #	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	qiě
Middle Chinese	‹ tshjæX ›
Old Chinese	/*[tsʰ]Aʔ/
English	moreover
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	且
Reading #	1/2
No.	10379
Phonetic component	且
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	且
Old Chinese	/*sʰjaːʔ/

Definitions

且

1. this
2. almost; nearly
3. be going to; will; shall

   • 闔廬且死，告其子夫差曰：「必毋忘越。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     阖庐且死，告其子夫差曰：“必毋忘越。” [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, circa 91 BCE

     Hélú qiě sǐ, gào qí zǐ Fūchaī yuē: “Bì wú wàng Yuè.” [Pinyin]

     Helu, when he is about to die, instructs his son Fuchai: "Never ever forget Yue."

4. just; for the time being

   • 因欲至郢，將軍孫武曰：「民勞，未可，且待之。」乃歸。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     因欲至郢，将军孙武曰：“民劳，未可，且待之。”乃归。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, circa 91 BCE

     Yīn yù zhì yǐng, jiāngjūn Sūn Wǔ yuē: “Mín láo, wèikě, qiě dài zhī.” Nǎi guī. [Pinyin]

     (Wu Yun and Bopi) wanted to follow through and strike all the way to Ying. General Sun Wu said, "Our civilians are exhausted by the war, therefore we must not advance. For now, let us wait (for future opportunities)." Hence, the armies returned.

5. even (used for emphasis, often with a hypothetical extreme scenario)
6. (dialectal Mandarin) for a long time

   這水太燙，且得晾會兒呢。 [dialectal Mandarin, trad.]
   这水太烫，且得晾会儿呢。 [dialectal Mandarin, simp.]

   Zhè shuǐ tài tàng, qiě děi liàng huǐr ne. [Pinyin]

   This water is so hot; [it] need to be left alone to cool down for a long time.

   這活兒且幹不完呢。 [dialectal Mandarin, trad.]
   这活儿且干不完呢。 [dialectal Mandarin, simp.]

   Zhèi huór qiě gàn bu wán ne. [Pinyin]

   (please add an English translation of this example)

7. and; also (for juxtaposition)

   而且  ―  érqiě  ―  and; but also

   他的演講簡短且切中要害。 [MSC, trad.]
   他的演讲简短且切中要害。 [MSC, simp.]

   Tā de yǎnjiǎng jiǎnduǎn qiě qièzhòng yàohài. [Pinyin]

   His speech was short and to the point.

8. both ... and ...
9. or (to list alternatives)
10. moreover (to indicate progression)

    • 且句踐為人能辛苦，今不滅，後必悔之。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
      且句践为人能辛苦，今不灭，后必悔之。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

      From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, circa 91 BCE

      Qiě Gōujiàn weírén néng xīnkǔ, jīn bù miè, hòu bì huǐ zhī. [Pinyin]

      Furthermore, King Goujian's conduct has always been one of endurance during extreme hardship; if you fail to neutralize him at this moment, you will regret it later.

11. if; assuming (to indicate hypotheticality)
12. sentence-initial or sentence-medial modal particle
13. A surname​.

Compounds

Derived terms from 且

• 不苟且
• 且住
• 且則／且则
• 且夫 (qiěfú)
• 且如
• 且慢 (qiěmàn)
• 且戰且走／且战且走
• 且是
• 且末 (Qiěmò)
• 且歌且舞 (qiěgēqiěwǔ)
• 且自
• 且行且談／且行且谈
• 且要
• 且見／且见

• 且說／且说 (qiěshuō)
• 且道
• 並且／并且 (bìngqiě)
• 因循苟且 (yīnxúngǒuqiě)
• 姑且 (gūqiě)
• 尚且 (shàngqiě)
• 得過且過／得过且过 (déguòqiěguò)
• 急且 (jíqiě)
• 抑且
• 故且 (gùqiě)
• 敢且
• 方且
• 暫且／暂且 (zànqiě)
• 暫且擱下／暂且搁下

• 更且
• 權且／权且 (quánqiě)
• 死且不朽
• 況且／况且 (kuàngqiě)
• 甚且 (shènqiě)
• 窮且益堅／穷且益坚
• 而且 (érqiě)
• 聊且 (liáoqiě)
• 苟且 (gǒuqiě)
• 苟且偷安
• 苟且偷生 (gǒuqiětōushēng)
• 苟且唐塞
• 苟且自度
• 載歌且舞／载歌且舞

Pronunciation 2

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): jū (ju¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄩ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): zeoi¹, ceoi²
• Min Dong (BUC): cṳ̆
• Min Nan

  (Hokkien, POJ): chu / chir

  (Teochew, Peng'im): zu¹

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Pinyin: jū
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄩ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiu
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jyu
    • Wade–Giles: chü1
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕy⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: zeoi¹, ceoi²
    • Yale: jēui, chéui
    • Cantonese Pinyin: dzoey¹, tsoey²
    • Guangdong Romanization: zêu¹, cêu²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ʃɵy̯⁵⁵/, /t͡ʃʰɵy̯³⁵/
• Min Dong
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: cṳ̆
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sy⁵⁵/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chu
    • Tâi-lô: tsu
    • Phofsit Daibuun: zw
    • IPA (Xiamen): /t͡su⁴⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chir
    • Tâi-lô: tsir
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sɯ³³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: zu¹
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsu
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡su³³/

---

• Middle Chinese: /t͡sɨʌ/

Rime
Character	且
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	精 (13)
Final (韻)	魚 (22)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	子魚切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡sɨʌ/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡siɔ/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡siɔ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/t͡sɨə̆/
Li Rong	/t͡siɔ/
Wang Li	/t͡sĭo/
Bernard Karlgren	/t͡si̯wo/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jū
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zeoi1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*tsa/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ʔsa/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	且
Reading #	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jū
Middle Chinese	‹ tsjo ›
Old Chinese	/*tsa/
English	[final particle]
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	且
Reading #	2/2
No.	10413
Phonetic component	且
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	且
Old Chinese	/*ʔsa/

Definitions

且

1. Alternative form of 俎 (zǔ, “chopping board”).
2. many; numerous; flourishing
3. sixth month in the lunar calendar
4. sentence-final modal particle
5. Alternative form of 駔／驵 (zǎng, “steed”).

Compounds

Derived terms from 且

• 且月
• 且末 (Jūmò)

• 且蘭／且兰
• 狂且

• 猼且
• 鉗且／钳且

Pronunciation 3

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): cú (cu²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄘㄨˊ

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Pinyin: cú
    • Zhuyin: ㄘㄨˊ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tswu
    • Tongyong Pinyin: cú
    • Wade–Giles: tsʻu2
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰu³⁵/

Definitions

且

1. Alternative form of 徂 (cú, “to go to”).

Pronunciation 4

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): jū (ju¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄩ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): ceoi¹, cou⁴

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Pinyin: jū
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄩ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiu
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jyu
    • Wade–Giles: chü1
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕy⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: ceoi¹, cou⁴
    • Yale: chēui, chòuh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: tsoey¹, tsou⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: cêu¹, cou⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ʃʰɵy̯⁵⁵/, /t͡sʰou̯²¹/

Definitions

且

1. Only used in 次且 (“hesitant in walking”).

---

Japanese

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Kanji

且

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

1. moreover
2. also
3. furthermore

Readings

• Go-on: しゃ (sha); しょ (sho); ぞ (zo)
• Kan-on: しゃ (sha); しょ (sho); そ (so)
• Kan’yō-on: しょ (sho)
• Kun: かつ (katsu, 且つ, Jōyō)

Compounds

• 苟且(かりそめ) (karisome)
• 且(かつ)又(また) (katsumata)
• 暫且(ざんしょ) (zansho)
• 尚(なお)且(か)つ (naokatsu)

Related terms

• 且(か)つ (katsu)

---

Korean

Etymology 1

Hanja

且 (eumhun 또 차 (tto cha))

1. Hanja form^? of 차 (“moreover; also”).

Compounds

• (archaic) 차설 (且說, chaseol)

Etymology 2

Hanja

且 (eumhun 도마 조 (doma jo))

1. Alternative form of 俎 (“Hanja form^? of 조 (“a sacrificial altar; a cutting board, a chopping board”).”)

Etymology 3

Hanja

且 (eumhun 공경할 저 (gonggyeonghal jeo))

1. (obsolete) Hanja form^? of 저 (“respect”).

References

• Naver Hanja Dictionary: 且

---

Pai-lang

Noun

且 (*tsɑʔ)

1. Sun

References

• Hill, Nathan W. (2017), “Songs of the Bailang: A New Transcription with Etymological Commentary”, in Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient‎^[1], volume 103, pages 386—429

---

Vietnamese

Han character

且: Hán Việt readings: thả, thư, tồ
且: Nôm readings: thả, vã, vả

1. (literary) besides, again, moreover

Descendants

• Nôm: 𡲤

References

• Nom Foundation