辛苦
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Chinese
[edit]8th heavenly stem; tired | bitter; intensely; miserable bitter; intensely; miserable; painful | ||
---|---|---|---|
trad. (辛苦) | 辛 | 苦 | |
simp. #(辛苦) | 辛 | 苦 | |
anagram | 苦辛 |
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄣ ㄎㄨˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: sinkǔ
- Wade–Giles: hsin1-kʻu3
- Yale: syīn-kǔ
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shinkuu
- Palladius: синьку (sinʹku)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɕin⁵⁵ kʰu²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: san1 fu2
- Yale: sān fú
- Cantonese Pinyin: san1 fu2
- Guangdong Romanization: sen1 fu2
- Sinological IPA (key): /sɐn⁵⁵ fuː³⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sîn-khú
- Hakka Romanization System: xinˊ kuˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: xin1 ku3
- Sinological IPA: /sin²⁴ kʰu³¹/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Jinjiang, Philippines)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sin-khó͘
- Tâi-lô: sin-khóo
- Phofsit Daibuun: sinqor
- IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /sin⁴⁴⁻²² kʰɔ⁵³/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /sin⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɔ⁴¹/
- IPA (Taipei): /sin⁴⁴⁻³³ kʰɔ⁵³/
- IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Philippines): /sin³³ kʰɔ⁵⁵⁴/
- (Hokkien: Hui'an)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sen-khó͘
- Tâi-lô: sen-khóo
- Phofsit Daibuun: senqor
- IPA (Hui'an): /sen³³ kʰɔ⁵⁴/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: sing1 kou2
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sing khóu
- Sinological IPA (key): /siŋ³³⁻²³ kʰou⁵²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Jinjiang, Philippines)
- Wu
- Middle Chinese: sin khuX|khuH
Adjective
[edit]辛苦
Synonyms
[edit]Dialectal synonyms of 辛苦 (“laborious”) [map]
Variety | Location | Words |
---|---|---|
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 辛苦, 累人, 吃重, 吃力 | |
Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 辛苦 |
Taiwan | 辛苦 | |
Malaysia | 辛苦 | |
Singapore | 辛苦 | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | 辛苦 |
Hong Kong | 辛苦 | |
Taishan | 辛苦 | |
Dongguan | 辛苦 | |
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 辛苦 | |
Singapore (Guangfu) | 辛苦 | |
Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 辛苦 |
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 辛苦 | |
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 辛苦 | |
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 辛苦 | |
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 辛苦 | |
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 辛苦 | |
Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 辛苦 |
Singapore (Fuqing) | 辛苦 | |
Southern Min | Xiamen | 艱苦 |
Quanzhou | 艱苦 | |
Zhangzhou | 艱苦 | |
Penang (Hokkien) | 艱苦 | |
Singapore (Hokkien) | 艱苦 | |
Manila (Hokkien) | 艱苦 | |
Shantou | 艱苦 | |
Shantou (Chenghai) | 艱苦 | |
Jieyang | 艱苦 | |
Singapore (Teochew) | 艱苦 | |
Pontianak (Teochew) | 艱苦 | |
Wenchang | 艱苦 | |
Singapore (Hainanese) | 艱苦 | |
Southern Pinghua | Nanning (Tingzi) | 辛苦 |
Wu | Shanghai | 辛苦, 衰瘏, 吃力 |
Shanghai (Chongming) | 辛 | |
Suzhou | 辛苦 | |
Danyang | 吃力 | |
Hangzhou | 吃力 | |
Ningbo | 𢜭力, 吃力 | |
Jinhua | 著力, 吃力 |
Related terms
[edit]Verb
[edit]辛苦
- to work hard; to toil; to go through hardship
- (polite) to trouble; to bother (often used to thank someone for assistance; can be used for general assistance over time or a specific act)
Synonyms
[edit]- 付託/付托 (fùtuō)
- 勞慰/劳慰 (nao2 wei4) (Sichuanese, polite)
- 勞累/劳累 (láolèi) (polite)
- 囑託/嘱托 (zhǔtuō)
- 委託/委托 (wěituō)
- 寄 (jì)
- 寄託/寄托 (jìtuō)
- 打擾/打扰 (dǎrǎo) (polite)
- 拜託/拜托 (bàituō) (polite)
- 煩/烦 (fán) (polite)
- 相煩/相烦 (xiāngfán) (polite)
- 託付/托付 (tuōfù)
- 託管/托管 (tuōguǎn)
- 麻煩/麻烦 (máfan) (polite)
- 齪嘈/龊嘈 (Zhangzhou Hokkien, Taiwanese Hokkien)
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]Japanese
[edit]Kanji in this term | |
---|---|
辛 | 苦 |
しん Grade: S |
く Grade: 3 |
on'yomi |
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]Verb
[edit]辛苦する • (shinku suru) suru (stem 辛苦し (shinku shi), past 辛苦した (shinku shita))
- go through great hardship
Conjugation
[edit]Conjugation of "辛苦する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 辛苦し | しんくし | shinku shi | |
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 辛苦し | しんくし | shinku shi | |
Shūshikei ("terminal") | 辛苦する | しんくする | shinku suru | |
Rentaikei ("attributive") | 辛苦する | しんくする | shinku suru | |
Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 辛苦すれ | しんくすれ | shinku sure | |
Meireikei ("imperative") | 辛苦せよ¹ 辛苦しろ² |
しんくせよ¹ しんくしろ² |
shinku seyo¹ shinku shiro² | |
Key constructions | ||||
Passive | 辛苦される | しんくされる | shinku sareru | |
Causative | 辛苦させる 辛苦さす |
しんくさせる しんくさす |
shinku saseru shinku sasu | |
Potential | 辛苦できる | しんくできる | shinku dekiru | |
Volitional | 辛苦しよう | しんくしよう | shinku shiyō | |
Negative | 辛苦しない | しんくしない | shinku shinai | |
Negative continuative | 辛苦せず | しんくせず | shinku sezu | |
Formal | 辛苦します | しんくします | shinku shimasu | |
Perfective | 辛苦した | しんくした | shinku shita | |
Conjunctive | 辛苦して | しんくして | shinku shite | |
Hypothetical conditional | 辛苦すれば | しんくすれば | shinku sureba | |
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative |
References
[edit]Vietnamese
[edit]辛苦
References
[edit]Categories:
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