勤

See also: 懃

勤 U+52E4, 勤 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-52E4 ← 勣 [U+52E3] CJK Unified Ideographs 勥 → [U+52E5]

Translingual

Han character

勤 (radical 19 力+11, 13 strokes, cangjie input 廿一大尸 (TMKS), four-corner 4412₇, composition ⿰堇力)

Derived characters

• 懃

References

• KangXi: page 149, character 6
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2415
• Dae Jaweon: page 336, character 13
• Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 1, page 378, character 3
• Unihan data for U+52E4

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Chinese

Etymology 1

simp. and trad.		勤

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (堇) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
	Old Chinese
囏	*krɯːn
螼	*kʰrɯnʔ, *kʰrɯns
堇	*ɡrɯn, *kɯnʔ
墐	*ɡrɯn, *ɡrɯns
𥎊	*ɡrɯn
僅	*ɡrɯns
瑾	*ɡrɯns
覲	*ɡrɯns
殣	*ɡrɯns
饉	*ɡrɯns
廑	*ɡrɯns
瘽	*ɡrɯns, *ɡɯn, *ɡɯnʔ
歏	*ɡrɯns
鄞	*ŋɡrɯn, *ŋɡɯn
謹	*kɯnʔ
槿	*kɯnʔ
漌	*kɯnʔ
慬	*kɯnʔ, *ɡɯn
勤	*ɡɯn
懃	*ɡɯn
懄	*ɡɯn

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɡɯn): phonetic 堇 (OC *ɡrɯn, *kɯnʔ) + semantic 力 (“strong”) – to work hard, to be diligent.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): qín (qin²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄣˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): kan⁴
• Min Nan (POJ): khûn / khîn

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Pinyin: qín
    • Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄣˊ
    • Wade-Giles: ch'in²
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chyn
    • IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰin³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: kan⁴
    • Yale: kàhn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: kan⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: ken⁴
    • IPA ^(key): /kʰɐn²¹/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Taipei, Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khûn
    • Tâi-lô: khûn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: quun
    • IPA (Quanzhou, Taipei, Xiamen): /kʰun²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Kaohsiung, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khîn
    • Tâi-lô: khîn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qiin
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰin²³/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰin¹³/

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• Middle Chinese: /ɡɨn/▼

Rime
Character	勤
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	群 (30)
Final (韻)	欣 (57)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	巨斤切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɡɨn/
Pan Wuyun	/ɡɨn/
Shao Rongfen	/ɡiən/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/gɨn/
Li Rong	/ɡiən/
Wang Li	/ɡĭən/
Bernard Karlgren	/gi̯ən/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	qín

• Old Chinese▼

  (Baxter-Sagart): /*[ɡ]ər/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡɯn/

Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	勤
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	qín
Middle Chinese	‹ gjɨn ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɡ]ər/
English	toil, diligent, devoted
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	勤
Reading #	1/1
No.	6749
Phonetic component	堇
Rime group	文
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	勤
Old Chinese	/*ɡɯn/

Definitions

勤

1. industrious, diligent, attentive
2. 80th tetragram of the Taixuanjing

Compounds

• 倦勤
• 值勤 (zhíqín)
• 克儉克勤／克俭克勤
• 克勤克儉／克勤克俭
• 內勤／内勤 (nèiqín)
• 全勤
• 出勤 (chūqín)
• 加二殷勤
• 勤儉／勤俭 (qínjiǎn)
• 勤兒／勤儿
• 勤勉 (qínmiǎn)
• 勤務／勤务 (qínwù)
• 勤務兵／勤务兵
• 勤務召集／勤务召集
• 勤務員／勤务员
• 勤勞／勤劳 (qínláo)
• 勤奮／勤奋 (qínfèn)
• 勤學／勤学
• 勤快 (qínkuài)
• 勤恤
• 勤慎
• 勤懇／勤恳 (qínkěn)
• 勤政

• 勤政愛民／勤政爱民
• 勤敏
• 勤王
• 勤練／勤练
• 勤能補拙／勤能补拙
• 勤苦
• 勤行
• 勤謹／勤谨
• 勤雜人員／勤杂人员
• 地勤
• 執勤／执勤 (zhíqín)
• 外勤 (wàiqín)
• 夜勤 (yèqín)
• 將勤補拙／将勤补拙
• 專勤制度／专勤制度
• 後勤／后勤 (hòuqín)
• 恩勤
• 懋勤殿
• 打勤勞／打勤劳
• 打勤獻趣／打勤献趣
• 服勤
• 查勤
• 業精於勤／业精于勤

• 殷勤 (yīnqín)
• 殷殷勤勤
• 父母恩勤
• 特勤 (tèqín)
• 獻勤／献勤
• 獻殷勤／献殷勤 (xiàn yīnqín)
• 矢勤矢勇
• 空勤
• 精勤
• 缺勤 (quēqín)
• 考勤 (kǎoqín)
• 耄勤
• 耒耜之勤
• 聯勤總部／联勤总部
• 調勤／调勤
• 警勤區／警勤区
• 警察勤務／警察勤务
• 辛勤 (xīnqín)
• 通勤 (tōngqín)
• 通勤圈
• 電子通勤／电子通勤
• 顏勤禮碑／颜勤礼碑

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of 勤 – see 懃. (This character, 勤, is the simplified form of 懃.)

Notes: Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China and Singapore. Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan.

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Japanese

Shinjitai	勤
Kyūjitai

Kanji

勤

(grade 6 “Kyōiku” kanji)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

• Goon: ごん (gon, Jōyō, uncommon)
• Kan’on: きん (kin, Jōyō)
• Kun: つとめる (tsutomeru, 勤める, Jōyō); つとまる (tsutomaru, 勤まる, Jōyō); つとめ (tsutome, 勤め)

Compounds

• 勤学
• 勤苦
• 勤倹
• 勤倹尚武
• 勤倹力行
• 勤仕
• 勤続
• 勤惰
• 勤怠
• 勤王/勤皇
• 勤王攘夷
• 勤番
• 勤勉
• 勤務
• 勤役
• 勤労
• 勤行
• 勤求
• 勤修

Proper noun

勤 (hiragana つとむ, rōmaji Tsutomu)

1. A male given name

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Korean

Hanja

勤 • (geun) (hangeul 근, revised geun, McCune-Reischauer kŭn)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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Vietnamese

Han character

勤 (cần, cùn)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.