勤

See also: 懃

勤 U+52E4, 勤 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-52E4 ← 勣 [U+52E3] CJK Unified Ideographs 勥 → [U+52E5]

勤 U+FA34, 勤 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA34 ← 勉 [U+FA33] CJK Compatibility Ideographs 卑 → [U+FA35]

勤 U+2F827, 勤 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F827 ← 勉 [U+2F826] CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement 勺 → [U+2F828]

Translingual

Han character

勤 (Kangxi radical 19, 力+11 in Chinese, 力+10 in Japanese, 13 strokes in Chinese, 12 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 廿一大尸 (TMKS), four-corner 4412₇, composition ⿰堇力)

Derived characters

• 懃

References

• KangXi: page 149, character 6
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2415
• Dae Jaweon: page 336, character 13
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 378, character 3
• Unihan data for U+52E4

• Unihan data for U+FA34

• Unihan data for U+2F827

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Chinese

Etymology 1

simp. and trad.		勤
2nd round simp.		𰅉

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (堇) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
囏	*krɯːn
螼	*kʰrɯnʔ, *kʰrɯns
堇	*ɡrɯn, *kɯnʔ
墐	*ɡrɯn, *ɡrɯns
𥎊	*ɡrɯn
僅	*ɡrɯns
瑾	*ɡrɯns
覲	*ɡrɯns
殣	*ɡrɯns
饉	*ɡrɯns
廑	*ɡrɯns
瘽	*ɡrɯns, *ɡɯn, *ɡɯnʔ
歏	*ɡrɯns
鄞	*ŋɡrɯn, *ŋɡɯn
謹	*kɯnʔ
槿	*kɯnʔ
漌	*kɯnʔ
慬	*kɯnʔ, *ɡɯn
勤	*ɡɯn
懃	*ɡɯn
懄	*ɡɯn

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɡɯn): phonetic 堇 (OC *ɡrɯn, *kɯnʔ) + semantic 力 (“strong”) – to work hard, to be diligent.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): qín (qin²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄣˊ

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou, Jyutping): kan⁴

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): kin³

• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): khiùn

  (Meixian, Guangdong): kiun²

• Min Dong (BUC): kṳ̀ng
• Min Nan

  (Hokkien, POJ): khûn / khîn

  (Teochew, Peng'im): keng⁵ / kêng⁵ / king⁵

• Wu (Wiktionary): jjin (T3)

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Pinyin: qín
    • Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄣˊ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chyn
    • Tongyong Pinyin: cín
    • Wade–Giles: chʻin2
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰin³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: kan⁴
    • Yale: kàhn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: kan⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: ken⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɐn²¹/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: kin³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰin²²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiùn
    • Hakka Romanization System: kiunˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: kiun²
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯un¹¹/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: kiun²
    • Sinological IPA: /cʰiun¹¹/
• Min Dong
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: kṳ̀ng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰyŋ⁵³/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Taipei, Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khûn
    • Tâi-lô: khûn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: quun
    • IPA (Quanzhou, Taipei, Xiamen): /kʰun²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Kaohsiung, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khîn
    • Tâi-lô: khîn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qiin
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰin²³/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰin¹³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: keng⁵ / kêng⁵ / king⁵
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khṳ̂ng / khêng / khîng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɯŋ⁵⁵/, /kʰeŋ⁵⁵/, /kʰiŋ⁵⁵/

Note:

• keng5 - Chaozhou, Shantou, Chenghai;
• kêng5 - Jieyang;
• king5 - Chaoyang.

Wu

• (Shanghainese)
  • Wiktionary: jjin (T3)
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /d̥͡ʑɪɲ²³/

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• Middle Chinese: /ɡɨn/

Rime
Character	勤
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	群 (30)
Final (韻)	欣 (57)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	巨斤切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɡɨn/
Pan Wuyun	/ɡɨn/
Shao Rongfen	/ɡiən/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/gɨn/
Li Rong	/ɡiən/
Wang Li	/ɡĭən/
Bernard Karlgren	/gi̯ən/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	qín
Expected Cantonese Reflex	kan4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ər/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡɯn/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	勤
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	qín
Middle Chinese	‹ gjɨn ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɡ]ər/
English	toil, diligent, devoted
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	勤
Reading #	1/1
No.	6749
Phonetic component	堇
Rime group	文
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	勤
Old Chinese	/*ɡɯn/

Definitions

勤

1. industrious; diligent; attentive

   辛勤  ―  xīnqín  ―  hardworking

   勤於政事 / 勤于政事  ―  qínyú zhèngshì  ―  to be diligent in attending to government affairs

2. (literary, or in compounds) laborious; hard; miserable; exhausting
3. (literary, or in compounds) duties; service

   外勤  ―  wàiqín  ―  fieldwork

   執勤 / 执勤  ―  zhíqín  ―  to be on duty

4. frequent (done or occurring often)

   勤洗手  ―  qín xǐshǒu  ―  wash hands frequently

   • 自從他到法國去了以後，我練習得很勤；我一定可以把他打敗。 [MSC, trad.]
     自从他到法国去了以后，我练习得很勤；我一定可以把他打败。 [MSC, simp.]

     From: 1943, Zhu Shenghao, 《漢姆萊脫》 (translation of Hamlet)

     Zìcóng tā dào Fǎguó qù le yǐhòu, wǒ liànxí dé hěn qín; wǒ yīdìng kěyǐ bǎ tā dǎbài. [Pinyin]

     Since he went into France, I haue beene in continuall practice; I shall winne at the oddes.

5. 80th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "laboring" (𝍕)
6. a surname.

Synonyms

• (laborious):

edit

Synonyms of 勤

• 不容易 (bùróngyì)
• 困難／困难 (kùnnan)
• 疑難／疑难 (yínán)
• 良苦 (liángkǔ) (literary)

• 艱巨／艰巨 (jiānjù)
• 艱苦／艰苦 (jiānkǔ)
• 艱難／艰难 (jiānnán)
• 苦難／苦难 (kǔnàn)

• 辛勞／辛劳 (xīnláo)
• 辛苦 (xīnkǔ)
• 難／难 (nán)

• (duties): 勤務／勤务 (qínwù)
• (frequent):

edit

• 頻仍／频仍 (pínréng) (literary)
• 頻密／频密 (pínmì)

• 頻數／频数 (pínshuò) (literary)

• 頻繁／频繁 (pínfán)

Compounds

• 倦勤
• 值勤 (zhíqín)
• 克儉克勤／克俭克勤
• 克勤克儉／克勤克俭 (kèqínkèjiǎn)
• 內勤／内勤 (nèiqín)
• 全勤
• 出勤 (chūqín)
• 加二殷勤
• 勤儉／勤俭 (qínjiǎn)
• 勤兒／勤儿
• 勤力 (qínlì)
• 勤勉 (qínmiǎn)
• 勤務／勤务 (qínwù)
• 勤務兵／勤务兵 (qínwùbīng)
• 勤務召集／勤务召集
• 勤務員／勤务员 (qínwùyuán)
• 勤勞／勤劳 (qínláo)
• 勤奮／勤奋 (qínfèn)
• 勤學／勤学
• 勤快 (qínkuài)
• 勤恤
• 勤慎
• 勤懇／勤恳 (qínkěn)
• 勤政 (qínzhèng)

• 勤政愛民／勤政爱民 (qínzhèng'àimín)
• 勤敏
• 勤有功，戲無益／勤有功，戏无益 (qínyǒugōng, xìwúyì)
• 勤王 (qínwáng)
• 勤練／勤练
• 勤能補拙／勤能补拙 (qínnéngbǔzhuō)
• 勤苦 (qínkǔ)
• 勤行
• 勤謹／勤谨
• 勤雜人員／勤杂人员
• 地勤 (dìqín)
• 執勤／执勤 (zhíqín)
• 外勤 (wàiqín)
• 夜勤 (yèqín)
• 將勤補拙／将勤补拙 (jiāngqínbǔzhuō)
• 專勤制度／专勤制度
• 後勤／后勤 (hòuqín)
• 恩勤
• 懋勤殿
• 打勤勞／打勤劳
• 打勤獻趣／打勤献趣
• 服勤
• 查勤
• 業精於勤／业精于勤

• 業精於勤，荒於嬉／业精于勤，荒于嬉 (yè jīng yú qín, huāng yú xī)
• 殷勤 (yīnqín)
• 殷殷勤勤
• 父母恩勤
• 特勤 (tèqín)
• 獻勤／献勤
• 獻殷勤／献殷勤 (xiàn yīnqín)
• 矢勤矢勇
• 空勤 (kōngqín)
• 精勤
• 缺勤 (quēqín)
• 考勤 (kǎoqín)
• 耄勤
• 耒耜之勤
• 聯勤總部／联勤总部
• 調勤／调勤
• 警勤區／警勤区
• 警察勤務／警察勤务
• 辛勤 (xīnqín)
• 通勤 (tōngqín)
• 通勤圈
• 電子通勤／电子通勤
• 顏勤禮碑／颜勤礼碑

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of 勤 – see 懃 (“courteous, cordial; zealous”). (This character, 勤, is the simplified form of 懃.)

Notes: Simplified Chinese is mainly used in Mainland China, Malaysia and Singapore. Traditional Chinese is mainly used in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan.

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Japanese

Shinjitai	勤
Kyūjitai	勤

Kanji

勤

(grade 6 “Kyōiku” kanji)

1. diligence

Readings

• Go-on: ごん (gon, Jōyō ^†)
• Kan-on: きん (kin, Jōyō)
• Kun: つとめる (tsutomeru, 勤める, Jōyō); つとまる (tsutomaru, 勤まる, Jōyō); つとめ (tsutome, 勤め)

Compounds

Compounds

• 勤(きん)学(がく) (kingaku)
• 勤(きん)苦(く) (kinku)
• 勤(きん)倹(けん) (kinken)
• 勤(きん)続(ぞく) (kinzoku)
• 勤(きん)惰(だ) (kinda)
• 勤(きん)怠(たい) (kintai)
• 勤(きん)王(のう) (kinnō)
• 勤(きん)皇(のう) (kinnō)
• 勤(きん)王(のう)攘(じょう)夷(い) (kinnō jōi)
• 勤(きん)番(ばん) (kinban)
• 勤(きん)勉(べん) (kinben)
• 勤(きん)務(む) (kinmu)
• 勤役
• 勤(きん)労(ろう) (kinrō)
• 勤(ごん)行(ぎょう) (gongyō)
• 勤(ごん)求(ぐ) (gongu)
• 勤修

Proper noun

勤(つとむ) • (Tsutomu) 

1. a male given name

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Korean

Hanja

勤 (eum 근 (geun))

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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Vietnamese

Han character

勤: Hán Nôm readings: cần, cùn

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.