hoodlum

English

Etymology

The earliest reference to the word hoodlum is in the December 15, 1866 Daily Alta California.

Attested since 1871. Many sources have been proposed, but none are certain. The Online Etymology Dictionary suggests that it may derive from Bavarian Haderlump (“ragamuffin”).

According to Herbert Asbury's book The Barbary Coast: An Informal History of the San Francisco Underworld (1933, A. A. Knopf, New York), the word originated in San Francisco from a particular street gang's call to unemployed Irishmen to "huddle 'em" (to beat up Chinese migrants), after which San Francisco newspapers took to calling street gangs "hoodlums".

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈhuːdləm/, /ˈhʊdləm/
• Hyphenation: hood‧lum

Noun

hoodlum (plural hoodlums or hoodla) (hoodla is humorous and nonstandard)

1. a gangster; a hired thug
2. a rough or violent youth

Synonyms

• See also Thesaurus:criminal
• See also Thesaurus:troublemaker

Translations

a gangster; a hired thug

• Afrikaans: rampokker (af)
• Bulgarian: гангстер (bg) m (gangster)
• Finnish: gangsteri (fi)
• French: bandit (fr) m
• German: Schläger (de) m, Ganove (de) m, Gangster (de) m, Bandit (de) m

• Khmer: យូកូង (yuu kooŋ)
• Latin: grassātor m
• Russian: банди́т (ru) m (bandít), го́пник (ru) m (gópnik)
• Sotho: tsotsi
• Spanish: matón m, bandido (es) m, pandillero (es) m

a rough or violent youth

• Bulgarian: хулиган (bg) m (huligan)
• Cebuano: bugoy
• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 阿飛 (zh), 阿飞 (zh) (āfēi), 流氓 (zh) (liúmáng), 歹徒 (zh) (dǎitú)

• Finnish: hulttio (fi)
• French: voyou (fr) m
• German: Ganove (de) m, Halbstarker (de) m, Rowdy (de) m, Schlägertyp m

• Hindi: गुंडा (hi) m (guṇḍā)
• Japanese: チンピラ (chinpira), 与太者 (よたもの, yotamono)
• Latin: grassātor m
• Occitan: malfaràs m, gusàs m, sacamand (oc) m
• Portuguese: marginal (pt) m, f
• Russian: хулига́н (ru) m (xuligán), буя́н (ru) m (buján)
• Spanish: matón m

Further reading

• “Frederick Bee History Project”, in (Please provide the title of the work), accessed October 4, 2014