豈

See also: 岂

豈 U+8C48, 豈 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8C48 ← 豇 [U+8C47] CJK Unified Ideographs 豉 → [U+8C49]

豈 U+F900, 豈 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F900 [unassigned: U+D7FC–U+F8FF] ← ퟻ [U+D7FB] CJK Compatibility Ideographs 更 → [U+F901]

Translingual

Han character

豈 (radical 151, 豆+3, 10 strokes, cangjie input 山一口廿 (UMRT), four-corner 2210₈, composition ⿱山豆)

Derived characters

• 凒 𠹛 塏 㜐 嵦 愷 㨟 溰 𤠲 隑 暟 榿 㱯 䐩 𤧸 皚 䁗 磑 䅱 螘 䠽 鎧 䭓 䱺 䶣
• 凱 獃 敱 敳 𧯶 覬 顗 颽
• 䔇 闓 𠏥

References

• KangXi: page 1191, character 20
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 36249
• Dae Jaweon: page 1654, character 15
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3565, character 4
• Unihan data for U+8C48

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Chinese

trad.		豈
simp.		岂

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 豈
Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Chu Slip and silk script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (豈) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
獃	*tŋɯː, *ŋɯː
剴	*kŋɯːl, *ŋɯːl
凱	*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ
愷	*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ
塏	*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ
鎧	*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, *ŋ̊ʰɯːls
颽	*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ
暟	*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ
闓	*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, *ŋ̊ʰɯːls
豈	*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ, *ŋ̊ʰɯlʔ
隑	*ɡɯːls, *ŋɯːl
皚	*ŋɯːl
嵦	*ŋɡɯːl
敳	*ŋɯːl
磑	*ŋɯːl, *ŋuːl, *ŋuːls
螘	*ŋralʔ, *ŋɯlʔ
覬	*krɯls
溰	*ŋɯl
顗	*ŋɯlʔ

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): qǐ (qi³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄑㄧˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): hei²
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khí
• Min Nan

  (Hokkien, POJ): khí

  (Teochew, Peng'im): ka²

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Pinyin: qǐ
    • Zhuyin: ㄑㄧˇ
    • Wade–Giles: chʻi3
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chii
    • Tongyong Pinyin: cǐ
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi²¹⁴/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: hei²
    • Yale: héi
    • Cantonese Pinyin: hei²
    • Guangdong Romanization: héi²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hei̯³⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khí
    • Hakka Romanization System: ki`
    • Hagfa Pinyim: ki³
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰi³¹/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khí
    • Tâi-lô: khí
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qie
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kʰi⁵³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰi⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰi⁵³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kʰi⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰi⁴¹/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: ka²
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khá
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰa⁵²/

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• Middle Chinese: /kʰɨi^X/

Rime
Character	豈
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	微 (20)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	袪狶切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰɨiX/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰɨiX/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰiəiX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰɨjX/
Li Rong	/kʰiəiX/
Wang Li	/kʰĭəiX/
Bernard Karlgren	/kʰe̯iX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	qǐ

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.qʰˤəjʔ/, /*C.qʰəjʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ/, /*ŋ̊ʰɯlʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	豈	豈
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	kǎi	qǐ
Middle Chinese	‹ khojX ›	‹ khj+jX ›
Old Chinese	/*C.qʰˁəjʔ/	/*C.qʰəjʔ/
English	happy, pleasant	how
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	豈	豈
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	10109	10123
Phonetic component	豈	豈
Rime group	微	微
Rime subdivision	1	1
Corresponding MC rime	愷	豈
Old Chinese	/*ŋ̊ʰɯːlʔ/	/*ŋ̊ʰɯlʔ/
Notes	同愷見小雅，說文微省聲而微所從又豈省聲， 陳獨秀雲象還師奏鼓， 後作凱

Definitions

豈

1. (literary, rhetorical question) how (used in rhetorical questions)

   Synonyms: 怎麼／怎么 (zěnme), 哪 (nǎ)

2. can it be possible that

   Synonyms: 莫非 (mòfēi), 難道／难道 (nándào)

Compounds

• 豈不／岂不 (qǐbù)
• 豈不是／岂不是 (qǐbùshì)
• 豈但／岂但 (qǐdàn)
• 豈只／岂只
• 豈可／岂可 (qǐkě)
• 豈弟／岂弟

• 豈弟君子／岂弟君子
• 豈敢／岂敢 (qǐgǎn)
• 豈料／岂料 (qǐliào)
• 豈有此理／岂有此理 (qǐyǒu-cǐlǐ)
• 豈期／岂期

• 豈止／岂止 (qǐzhǐ)
• 豈直／岂直
• 豈知／岂知
• 豈能／岂能 (qǐnéng)
• 豈非／岂非 (qǐfēi)

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of 豈 – see 愷 (“peaceful; harmonious”). (This character, 豈, is an obsolete form of 愷.)

References

• “Query for 豈”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan], Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.

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Japanese

Kanji

豈

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

1. an interjection of surprise

Readings

• On (unclassified): き (ki), がい (gai), かい (kai)
• Kun: あに (ani)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ani]

Adverb

豈(あに) • (ani) 

1. a rhetorical interrogative; (just) how
2. expresses a strong denial; not at all, not in the least

Derived terms

• 豈図(あにはか)らんや (ani hakaran ya)

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Korean

Hanja

豈 • (gae, gi) (hangeul 개, 기, revised gae, gi, McCune–Reischauer kae, ki, Yale kay, ki)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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Vietnamese

Han character

豈 (khởi)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.