冬

See also: 鼕

冬 U+51AC, 冬 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-51AC ← 冫 [U+51AB] CJK Unified Ideographs 冭 → [U+51AD]

冬 U+2F81A, 冬 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F81A ← 仌 [U+2F819] CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement 况 → [U+2F81B]

Translingual

Stroke order

Stroke order

Han character

冬 (Kangxi radical 15, 冫+3, 5 strokes, cangjie input 竹水卜 (HEY), four-corner 2730₃, composition ⿱夂⺀ (GTJV) or ⿱夂冫 (K))

Derived characters

• 佟 咚 㚵 峂 㠽 㤏 𢫝 泈 㹣 㣠 𨒟 𣁲 昸 柊 炵 䂢 終(终) 𨀐 鉖 𩢦 鮗 鴤 鼨
• 䧷 䳉 䶱 㐑 螽 苳 㫡 笗 𩂓 㲇 鼕 氡 庝 疼 图 𥮴

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 131, character 17
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1610
• Dae Jaweon: page 294, character 13
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 867, character 19
• Unihan data for U+51AC

• Unihan data for U+2F81A

Chinese

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 冬
Shang	Warring States			Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)		Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Qin slip script	Ancient script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (冬) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
疼	*dɯːŋ, *duːŋ
冬	*tuːŋ
苳	*tuːŋ
笗	*tuːŋ
炵	*tʰuːŋ, *duːŋ
佟	*duːŋ
鼕	*duːŋ
鉖	*duːŋ
終	*tjuŋ
螽	*tjuŋ
鼨	*tjuŋ
柊	*tjuŋ
鴤	*tjuŋ
泈	*tjuŋ
蔠	*tjuŋ

Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *tuːŋ): phonetic 夂 (zhǐ, “end”) + semantic 日 (“day”) or 仌 (“ice”).

Bronze script and Chu slip script

Composed of the early form of 終 (“end”, as well phonetic), here represented by Shuowen ancient script , + 日 (“day”). In bronze script, 日 () was inside . In Chu slip script, 日 () was below ().

Seal script, Qin clerical script and after

Composed of (“end”, as well phonetic) + 仌 (“ice”).

Etymology 1

simp. and trad.		冬
alternative forms		昸 㫡 𠔙 𣆼 𠘀 昸 㫡 𠔙 𣆼 𠘀 𣅈 𠘗

Possibly related to 終 (OC *tjuŋ, “to end”) (Wang, 1982, Sagart, 2023b). Sagart (ibid.) also proposes cognacy to Chepang त्‍युङ्‌हसा (tyuŋh, “at end, be weak, exhausted”), द्युमःसा (dyumʔ, “at ease after completing work”), द्युम्‌सा (dyum, “terminate, reach end; to be at end”), Jingpho chatum (“end, finish”), Limbu [script needed] (tum-ma, “ripe, mature”), Proto-Central Naga *a-thəm (“end, finish”).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): dōng (dong¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨㄥ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): dong¹

  (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): dǒng

  (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): dòn

  (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): дун (dun, I)

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): dung¹

  (Dongguan, Jyutping++): dung¹

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): uung¹

• Gan (Wiktionary): dung¹
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): tûng

  (Hailu, HRS): dung^ˋ

  (Meixian, Guangdong): dung¹

• Jin (Wiktionary): dung¹
• Northern Min (KCR): dóng
• Eastern Min (BUC): dĕ̤ng
• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): dang¹ / dorng¹
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): tang / tong

  (Teochew, Peng'im): dang¹ / dong¹

  (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): dang¹ / dong¹

• Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): doeng¹
• Wu (Wugniu)
  • (Northern): ¹ton
  • (Jinhua): ¹ton
• Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): dong¹

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: dōng
    • Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄥ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: dong
    • Wade–Giles: tung¹
    • Yale: dūng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: dong
    • Palladius: дун (dun)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʊŋ⁵⁵/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: dong¹
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: dung
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /toŋ⁵⁵/
  • (Xi'an)
    • Guanzhong Pinyin: dǒng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tuəŋ²¹/
  • (Nanjing)
    • Nanjing Pinyin: dòn
    • Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): don¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /toŋ³¹/
  • (Dungan)
    • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: дун (dun, I)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tuŋ²⁴/

    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: dung¹
    • Yale: dūng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: dung¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: dung¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʊŋ⁵⁵/
  • (Dongguan, Guancheng)
    • Jyutping++: dung¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʊŋ²¹³/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: uung¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɵŋ³³/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: dung¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tuŋ⁴²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: tûng
    • Hakka Romanization System: dung^ˊ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: dung¹
    • Sinological IPA: /tuŋ²⁴/
  • (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
    • Hakka Romanization System: dung^ˋ
    • Sinological IPA: /tuŋ⁵³/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: dung¹
    • Sinological IPA: /tʊŋ⁴⁴/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: dung¹
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /tuŋ¹¹/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: dóng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tɔŋ⁵⁴/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: dĕ̤ng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tøyŋ⁵⁵/
• Puxian Min
  • (Putian, Jiangkou, Nanri, Donghai)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: dang¹
    • Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: dang
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /taŋ⁵³³/
  • (Xianyou, Youyang, Fengting)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: dang¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /taŋ⁵⁴⁴/
  • (Putian, Jiangkou, Nanri, Donghai)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: dorng¹
    • Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: do̤ng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tɒŋ⁵³³/
  • (Xianyou, Youyang, Fengting)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: dorng¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tɒŋ⁵⁴⁴/

Note:

• dang1 - vernacular;
• dorng1 - literary.

• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tang
    • Tâi-lô: tang
    • Phofsit Daibuun: dafng
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /taŋ⁴⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /taŋ³³/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tong
    • Tâi-lô: tong
    • Phofsit Daibuun: dofng
    • Sinological IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /tɔŋ³³/
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tɔŋ⁴⁴/

Note:

• tang - colloquial;
• tong - literary.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: dang¹ / dong¹
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tang / tong
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /taŋ³³/, /toŋ³³/

Note:

• dang1 - colloquial;
• dong1 - literary.

• (Leizhou)
  • Leizhou Pinyin: dang¹ / dong¹
  • Sinological IPA: /taŋ³⁵/, /tɔŋ³⁵/

Note:

• dang1 - colloquial;
• dong1 - literary.

• Southern Pinghua
  • (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
    • Jyutping++: doeng¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tøŋ⁵³/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai, Jiading, Songjiang, Chongming, Suzhou, Changzhou, Jiaxing, Hangzhou, Shaoxing, Ningbo, Zhoushan)
    • Wugniu: ¹ton
    • MiniDict: ton^平
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹ton
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /toŋ⁵³/
    • Sinological IPA (Jiading): /toŋ⁵³/
    • Sinological IPA (Songjiang): /ɗoŋ⁵³/
    • Sinological IPA (Chongming): /toŋ⁵⁵/
    • Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /toŋ⁴⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Changzhou): /toŋ⁵⁵/
    • Sinological IPA (Jiaxing): /toŋ⁵³/
    • Sinological IPA (Hangzhou): /toŋ³³⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Shaoxing): /toŋ⁵²/
    • Sinological IPA (Ningbo): /toŋ⁵²/
    • Sinological IPA (Zhoushan): /toŋ⁵³/
  • (Jinhua)
    • Wugniu: ¹ton
    • Sinological IPA (Jinhua): /toŋ³³⁴/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: dong¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key) (old-style): /tʊŋ³³/
    • Sinological IPA ^(key) (new-style): /tən³³/

---

• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 冬
Mandarin	Beijing	/tuŋ⁵⁵/
	Harbin	/tuŋ⁴⁴/
	Tianjin	/tuŋ²¹/
	Jinan	/tuŋ²¹³/
	Qingdao	/təŋ²¹³/
	Zhengzhou	/tuŋ²⁴/
	Xi'an	/tuŋ²¹/
	Xining	/tuə̃⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/tuŋ⁴⁴/
	Lanzhou	/tũn³¹/
	Ürümqi	/tuŋ⁴⁴/
	Wuhan	/toŋ⁵⁵/
	Chengdu	/toŋ⁵⁵/
	Guiyang	/toŋ⁵⁵/
	Kunming	/toŋ⁴⁴/
	Nanjing	/toŋ³¹/
	Hefei	/təŋ²¹/
Jin	Taiyuan	/tuəŋ¹¹/
	Pingyao	/tuŋ¹³/
	Hohhot	/tũŋ³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/toŋ⁵³/
	Suzhou	/toŋ⁵⁵/
	Hangzhou	/toŋ³³/
	Wenzhou	/toŋ³³/
Hui	Shexian	/tʌ̃³¹/
	Tunxi	/tan¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/toŋ³³/
	Xiangtan	/tən³³/
Gan	Nanchang	/tuŋ⁴²/
Hakka	Meixian	/tuŋ⁴⁴/
	Taoyuan	/tuŋ²⁴/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/toŋ⁵³/
	Nanning	/tuŋ⁵⁵/
	Hong Kong	/tuŋ⁵⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/tɔŋ⁵⁵/ /taŋ⁵⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/tøyŋ⁴⁴/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/tɔŋ⁵⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/toŋ³³/ /taŋ³³/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/ʔdoŋ²³/ /ʔdaŋ²³/

---

• Middle Chinese: towng

Rime
Character	冬
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	端 (5)
Final (韻)	冬 (5)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	都宗切
Baxter	towng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tuoŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/tuoŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/toŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/tawŋ/
Li Rong	/toŋ/
Wang Li	/tuoŋ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/tuoŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	dōng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	dung1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*tˤuŋ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*tuːŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	冬
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	dōng
Middle Chinese	‹ towng ›
Old Chinese	/*tˁuŋ/
English	winter
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	冬
Reading #	1/1
No.	2419
Phonetic component	冬
Rime group	終
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	冬
Old Chinese	/*tuːŋ/

Definitions

冬

1. winter
2. (Cantonese) winter solstice

   做冬 [Cantonese]  ―  zou⁶ dung¹ [Jyutping]  ―  to celebrate the winter solstice with a dinner

   冬大過年／冬大过年 [Cantonese]  ―  dung¹ daai⁶ gwo³ nin⁴ [Jyutping]  ―  the winter solstice is more important than Chinese New Year

3. (Hokkien) year
4. (～日) (telegraphy) the second day of a month
5. a surname

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 冬天 (“winter”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		冬, 冬日
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		冬天, 冬季, 冬日
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	冬天
	Taiwan	冬天
	Chengde	冬天
	Chifeng	冬天
	Hulunbuir (Hailar)	冬天
	Heihe	冬天
	Qiqihar	冬天
	Harbin	冬天
	Wuchang (Yingchengzi)	冬天
	Jiamusi	冬天
	Baicheng	冬天
	Changchun	冬天
	Tonghua	冬天
	Shenyang	冬天
	Jinzhou	冬天
	Singapore	冬天
Jilu Mandarin	Tianjin	冬天, 冬底下
	Tangshan	冬天
	Cangzhou	冬天
	Xianxian (Xiaoying)	冬天
	Baoding	冬天
	Shijiazhuang	冬天
	Lijin	冬天
	Jinan	冬天
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Dalian	冬天, 冬季天兒
	Dandong	冬天
	Yantai	冬天
	Yantai (Muping)	冬天, 冬季天兒
	Qingdao	冬天, 臘月天兒
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	冬天
	Lingbao	冬天
	Jining	冬天
	Daming	冬天
	Wanrong	冬間
	Linfen	冬天
	Shangqiu	冬天
	Yuanyang	冬天
	Zhengzhou	冬天
	Xinyang	冬天
	Baihe	冬天, 九天, 九裡頭
	Xi'an	冬天, 冬裡
	Dingbian	冬天, 冬裡
	Baoji	冬天, 寒天, 冬上
	Tianshui	冬天
	Xining	冬天
	Xuzhou	冷天, 冬天, 寒裡
	Fuyang	冬天
	Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan)	冬天
	Masanchin (Shaanxi Dungan)	冬天
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	冬天
	Yongning (Najiahu)	冬天, 冷天
	Lanzhou	冬天, 冬月天, 冷月天
	Dunhuang	冬天, 冬裡
	Hami	冬天
	Ürümqi	冬天
	Ürümqi (Xigou)	冬天
	Ürümqi (Changshanzi)	冬天
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	冬天, 冬天家
	Nanchong	冬天, 寒天
	Dazhou	冷天
	Hanyuan	冬天, 冷天
	Xichang	冬天, 寒天
	Zigong	冬天, 冷天, 冬辰
	Chongqing	冬天, 冷天
	Wuhan	冬季, 冬天, 冷天, 冷季
	Yichang	冷天
	Xiangyang	冬天, 冷天裡
	Tianmen	冬天, 寒天, 冷天
	Guiyang	冬天, 冬天家, 寒天
	Zunyi	冬天
	Bijie	冷天家
	Liping	冬天
	Zhaotong	冬天
	Dali	冬天
	Kunming	冬天
	Mengzi	冬天
	Guilin	冬天
	Pingle	寒天, 寒冷天, 冬月天
	Liuzhou	冬天, 冷天
	Nanning (Wuming)	冬天, 冷天, 北風天
	Hechi (Yizhou)	冬天, 冷天
	Luocheng (Dongmen)	冬天, 冷天
	Tianlin (Langping)	冬天
	Jishou	冬天, 冷天
	Changde	冬天
	Hanzhong	冬天
	Mae Salong (Lancang)	冷天
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	冷天, 冬天
	Yangzhou	冷天, 冬寒天, 冬天, 寒裡
	Lianyungang	冬天, 寒天, 寒裡
	Lianshui	冬天, 寒裡頭
	Nantong	寒天
	Anqing	冬天, 冷天
	Wuhu	冬天
	Hefei	冬天
	Hong'an	冬天道, 冷天道
Cantonese	Guangzhou	冬天, 冷天
	Hong Kong	冬天, 凍天
	Taishan	冷天
	Taishan (Guanghai)	冬天
	Kaiping (Chikan)	冷天
	Dongguan	冬天
	Nanning	冷天
	Wuzhou	冷天
	Yulin	天冷天
	Guiping (Jiangkou)	冷天, 冬天
	Guiping (Madong)	冬天, 北風天
	Baise	冷天
	Mandalay (Taishan)	冬天
Gan	Nanchang	冬天
	Pengze	冬下天
	Lichuan	冷天
	Pingxiang	冷天, 冬下裡
Hakka	Meixian	冬天, 冬下, 冬下頭, 寒天, 冷天
	Wuhua (Shuizhai)	冷天
	Wuhua (Huacheng)	冷天
	Wuhua (Changbu)	冬下晨
	Wuhua (Mianyang)	冷天
	Liancheng (Peitian)	冬下
	Yudu	冬下
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	寒天, 冷天, 冬下頭
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	寒天, 冷天, 冬下頭
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	寒天, 冷天, 冬下頭, 冬下時
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	寒天, 冬下頭
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	寒天, 冬下頭, 冬下時
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	寒天, 冬天
	Bobai (Shahe)	冬天
	Bobai (Longtan)	冬天
	Bobai (Lingping)	冷天
	Beiliu (Gonghe, Xilang)	冬天
	Xingye (Gaofeng)	冬下天
	Guilin (Xiaojiang, Lingui)	冬天
	Pingle (Tong'an)	冬天
	Yangshuo (Jinbao)	冬天, 冬下
	Sabah (Longchuan)	冬天, 冬季
	Pontianak (Meixian)	冷天
Huizhou	Jixi	下冬, 冬場子, 冬場下
	Shexian	冬天
Jin	Taiyuan	冬天
	Yangyuan	冬天, 冬末寒天
	Datong (Xicetian, Yunzhou)	冬天, 冬哩
	Xinzhou	冬天, 冬金天, 冬兒, 冬景天
	Lüliang (Lishi)	冬天
	Changzhi	冬天
	Linhe	冬天, 冬天裡
	Jining	冬天
	Hohhot	冬天
	Erenhot	冬天
	Pingshan	冬天
	Zhangjiakou	冬天
	Handan	冬天
	Linzhou	冬天
	Suide	冬裡
Northern Min	Jian'ou	冬天
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	凊天, 冬天
	Fuzhou (Changle)	凊天
	Fuqing	凊天, 冬天
	Yongtai	凊天
	Gutian	寒天
	Fu'an	寒天
	Ningde	寒天
	Shouning	寒天
	Zhouning	寒天
	Fuding	寒天
	Matsu	冬天
Southern Min	Xiamen	冬天, 寒天, 寒冬, 寒儂
	Quanzhou	冬天, 寒天, 寒儂
	Yongchun	寒天, 冬天
	Zhangzhou	冬天, 寒天, 寒冬
	Zhao'an	寒天, 冬天
	Dongshan	寒天, 冬天
	Taipei	冬天, 寒儂, 寒天
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	冬仔, 寒天
	Kaohsiung	冬天, 寒儂, 寒天
	Yilan	冬天, 寒儂, 寒天
	Changhua (Lukang)	冬天, 寒儂, 寒天
	Taichung	冬天, 寒天
	Tainan	冬天, 寒儂, 寒天
	Hsinchu	冬天, 寒天儂
	Kinmen	冬天, 寒天
	Penghu (Magong)	冬天, 寒天
	Penang (Hokkien)	冬天
	Singapore (Hokkien)	寒天
	Manila (Hokkien)	寒儂
	Zhangping (Yongfu)	寒天, 在冬
	Guilin (Biyange)	冬天
	Pingle (Zhoutang)	寒天, 冷天, 冬月天
	Shantou	冬天時, 凝天時
	Shantou (Chenghai)	凝天時, 凊天時, 凊天
	Jieyang	冬天時, 凝天時, 寒天時
	Haifeng	凝天時, 凊天時, 冬天時
	Leizhou	冬天
	Haikou	冬季
	Qionghai	寒天
Puxian Min	Putian	寒天, 冬天
Central Min	Yong'an	冬天
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	冬季
Northern Pinghua	Guilin (Wutong, Lingui)	冬天, 冷天
	Guilin (Liutang, Lingui)	冬天
	Lingchuan (Sanjie)	冷天, 冬天
	Lingchuan (Shuangzhou)	冬天
Waxiang	Guzhang (Gaofeng)	冬天
Wu	Shanghai	冬天, 冷天, 冬場裡, 寒場裡
	Shanghai (Chongming)	寒天, 寒場裡, 寒裡
	Suzhou	冬天, 冷天, 寒天
	Danyang	冬天, 冬天頭, 冬季
	Hangzhou	冬天
	Ningbo	冬天價, 冬天
	Wenzhou	天色冷, 十二月
	Jinhua	冬天
	Jinhua (Tangxi)	冬裡
Xiang	Changsha	冬天, 冷天
	Loudi	冬天
	Quanzhou	冬天

Dialectal synonyms of 冬至 (“winter solstice”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		冬至, 南至
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		冬至
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	冬至
	Taiwan	冬至
	Chifeng	冬至
	Hulunbuir (Hailar)	冬至
	Harbin	冬至
	Shenyang	冬至
	Singapore	冬至
Jilu Mandarin	Tianjin	冬至
	Tangshan	冬至
	Cangzhou	冬至
	Baoding	冬至
	Shijiazhuang	冬至
	Jinan	冬至
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	冬, 過冬
	Qingdao	冬至, 過冬
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	冬至
	Wanrong	冬至
	Zhengzhou	冬至
	Xi'an	冬至
	Xining	冬至
	Xuzhou	冬至, 長至 dated
	Pizhou	冬行
	Lianyungang (Ganyu)	冬至
	Donghai	冬至, 過冬
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	冬至
	Lanzhou	冬至
	Ürümqi	冬至
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	冬至
	Chongqing	冬至
	Wuhan	冬至
	Guiyang	冬至
	Kunming	冬至
	Guilin	冬至
	Liuzhou	冬至
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	冬至
	Yangzhou	冬至, 大冬
	Baoying	大冬
	Taizhou	大冬
	Zhenjiang	大冬
	Lianyungang	過冬
	Huai'an (Huaiyin)	大冬
	Xuyi	大冬
	Nantong	冬至, 大冬, 過冬
	Rugao	大冬
	Yancheng	過冬
	Funing	過大冬
	Sihong	大冬
	Hefei	冬至
Cantonese	Guangzhou	冬至, 冬節, 冬
	Hong Kong	冬至, 冬, 冬節
	Dongguan	冬至
Gan	Nanchang	冬至
	Lichuan	冬至
	Pingxiang	冬至
Hakka	Meixian	冬至
	Yudu	冬至
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	冬節, 冬至
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	冬節, 冬至
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	冬節
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	冬節, 冬至
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	冬節
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	冬節
Huizhou	Jixi	冬至
	Shexian	冬至
Jin	Taiyuan	冬至, 過冬
	Xinzhou	冬至
	Linhe	冬至
	Jining	冬至
	Hohhot	冬至
	Zhangjiakou	冬至
	Handan	冬至
Northern Min	Jian'ou	冬節
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	冬至, 冬節
	Fuqing	冬至
Southern Min	Xiamen	冬節
	Xiamen (Tong'an)	冬節
	Quanzhou	冬節, 小年兜
	Jinjiang	冬節
	Zhangzhou	冬節
	Zhangzhou (Longhai)	冬節
	Zhao'an	冬節
	Tainan	冬節
	Penang (Hokkien)	冬節
	Singapore (Hokkien)	冬節
	Manila (Hokkien)	冬節
	Chaozhou	冬節
	Shantou (Chenghai)	冬節
	Jieyang	冬節
	Haifeng	冬節
	Ho Chi Minh City (Teochew)	冬節
	Haikou	冬至, 冬節
Puxian Min	Putian	冬節
	Putian (Jiangkou, Hanjiang)	冬節
	Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu)	冬節
	Xianyou	冬節
	Xianyou (Fengting)	冬節
	Xianyou (Youyang)	冬節
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	冬至
Wu	Shanghai	冬至
	Shanghai (Chongming)	冬至
	Suzhou	冬至
	Wuxi	冬至
	Changshu	冬至
	Nantong (Haimen)	交冬
	Changzhou	冬至
	Danyang	冬至
	Nanjing (Gaochun)	冬至
	Hangzhou	冬至
	Ningbo	冬至
	Wenzhou	冬節
	Jinhua	冬至
Xiang	Changsha	冬至
	Loudi	冬至

Dialectal synonyms of 年 (“year”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		年, 歲, 載
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		年, 載
Northeastern Mandarin	Taiwan	年
	Singapore	年
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	年
Central Plains Mandarin	Xining	年
Southwestern Mandarin	Wuhan	年
	Guilin	年
Cantonese	Guangzhou	年
	Hong Kong	年
	Taishan	年
	Singapore (Guangfu)	年
Gan	Nanchang	年
	Lichuan	年
	Pingxiang	年
Hakka	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	年
	Miaoli (Gongguan; N. Sixian)	年
	Miaoli (Zhuolan; N. Sixian)	年
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	年
	Pingtung (Wuluo, Ligang; S. Sixian)	年
	Kaohsiung (Meinong; S. Sixian)	年
	Kaohsiung (Shanlin; S. Sixian)	年
	Miaoli (Zhuolan; Raoping)	年
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	年
Southern Min	Xiamen	冬
	Quanzhou	冬
	Zhangzhou	年, 冬
	Zhao'an	年, 冬
	New Taipei (Tamsui)	年, 冬
	New Taipei (Pingxi)	年, 冬
	Kaohsiung	年, 冬
	Kaohsiung (Cijin)	年
	Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang)	年, 冬
	Yilan (Luodong)	年
	Yilan (Toucheng)	年
	Changhua (Yongjing)	年, 冬
	Tainan	年, 冬
	Tainan (Anping)	年, 冬
	Chiayi	年, 冬
	Chiayi County (Dongshi)	年
	Pingtung (Baoli, Checheng)	年
	Penghu (Xiyu)	年, 冬
	Penang (Hokkien)	年
	Singapore (Hokkien)	年
	Jieyang	年
	Haifeng	年
	Singapore (Teochew)	年
	Leizhou	年
	Haikou	年
Wu	Wenzhou	年

See also

Seasons in Mandarin · 四季 (sìjì, “four seasons”) (layout · text) · category
春 (chūn, “spring”)	夏 (xià, “summer”)	秋 (qiū, “fall; autumn”)	冬 (dōng, “winter”)

Compounds

• 丁冬 (dīngdōng)
• 三冬 (sāndōng)
• 三冬兩夏 / 三冬两夏
• 九冬
• 人工冬眠
• 仲冬
• 佳冬 (Jiādōng)
• 做冬
• 入冬 (rùdōng)
• 冒兒咕冬 / 冒儿咕冬
• 冬事
• 冬令 (dōnglìng)
• 冬令進補 / 冬令进补
• 冬候鳥 / 冬候鸟
• 冬儲 / 冬储
• 冬凌
• 冬初
• 冬夏 (dōngxià)
• 冬大過年 / 冬大过年
• 冬天 (dōngtiān)
• 冬季 (dōngjì)
• 冬季作物
• 冬季運動 / 冬季运动 (dōngjì yùndòng)
• 冬寒
• 冬寒菜
• 冬小麥 / 冬小麦 (dōngxiǎomài)
• 冬心
• 冬扇夏爐 / 冬扇夏炉
• 冬日 (dōngrì)
• 冬日可愛 / 冬日可爱
• 冬暖夏涼 / 冬暖夏凉 (dōngnuǎnxiàliáng)
• 冬月 (Dōngyuè)
• 冬水 (dōngshuǐ)
• 冬溫夏凊 / 冬温夏凊
• 冬灌
• 冬烘 (dōnghōng)
• 冬烘先生
• 冬狩
• 冬瓜 (dōngguā)
• 冬眠 (dōngmián)
• 冬筍 / 冬笋 (dōngsǔn)
• 冬節 / 冬节 (dōngjié)
• 冬粉 (dōngfěn)
• 冬至 (dōngzhì)
• 冬花 (dōnghuā)
• 冬菜 (dōngcài)
• 冬菇 (dōnggū)
• 冬藏
• 冬蟄 / 冬蛰
• 冬蟲夏草 / 冬虫夏草 (dōngchóngxiàcǎo)
• 冬衣 (dōngyī)
• 冬裝 / 冬装 (dōngzhuāng)
• 冬賑 / 冬赈
• 冬防
• 冬風 / 冬风
• 冬麥 / 冬麦 (dōngmài)
• 初冬 (chūdōng)
• 嚴冬 / 严冬 (yándōng)
• 夏鑪冬扇 / 夏𬬻冬扇
• 天門冬 / 天门冬 (tiānméndōng)
• 孟冬
• 季冬 (Jìdōng)
• 寒冬 (hándōng)
• 寒冬臘月 / 寒冬腊月 (hándōnglàyuè)
• 幫冬 / 帮冬
• 忍冬 (rěndōng)
• 拜冬
• 撲冬冬 / 扑冬冬
• 撲通通冬 / 扑通通冬
• 暖冬 (nuǎndōng)
• 款冬
• 殘冬 / 残冬 (cándōng)
• 殘冬臘月 / 残冬腊月
• 無冬無夏 / 无冬无夏
• 玄冬
• 盛冬
• 矮冬瓜 (ǎidōngguā)
• 秋收冬藏
• 窮冬 / 穷冬
• 立冬 (Lìdōng)
• 紅冬冬 / 红冬冬
• 肥冬瘦年
• 臘盡冬殘 / 腊尽冬残
• 茄冬
• 越冬作物 (yuèdōng zuòwù)
• 過冬 / 过冬 (guòdōng)
• 開冬 / 开冬
• 隆冬 (lóngdōng)
• 麥冬 / 麦冬 (màidōng)
• 麥門冬 / 麦门冬 (màiméndōng)

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of 冬 – see 咚 (“ratatat; etc.”). (This character is a variant form of 咚).

Etymology 3

simp. and trad.		冬

Pronunciation

• Cantonese (Jyutping): dung³

---

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: dung³
    • Yale: dung
    • Cantonese Pinyin: dung³
    • Guangdong Romanization: dung³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʊŋ³³/

Definitions

冬

1. (Hong Kong Cantonese, cha chaan teng jargon) alternative form of 凍 / 冻 (dung³, “cold; iced”)
   • 2006 October 12, 莊志聰, quoting 蔡坤明, “義務培訓失業人士 茶餐廳為飲食業添生力軍”, in CSR脈搏 [CSR Pulse]‎^[1], volume 4, page 10:

     例如凍檸檬茶，要寫成『冬0T』，你要全部記得住，寫得快，水吧又要明白，一點也不易！」 [Literary Cantonese, trad.]
     例如冻柠檬茶，要写成『冬0T』，你要全部记得住，写得快，水吧又要明白，一点也不易！」 [Literary Cantonese, simp.]

     lai⁶ jyu⁴ dung³ ning⁴ mung¹ caa⁴, jiu³ se² sing⁴ ‘dung³ 0T’, nei⁵ jiu³ cyun⁴ bou⁶ gei³ dak¹ zyu⁶, se² dak¹ faai³, seoi² baa¹ jau⁶ jiu³ ming⁴ baak⁶, jat¹ dim² jaa⁵ bat¹ ji⁶!” [Jyutping]

     For example, iced lemon tea needs to be written as "冬0T". You need to be able to remember it and write it quickly, and the drinks counter has to understand it. It's not easy at all!

   • 2018, 徐振邦以及一羣本土青年寫作人 [Chui Chun Pong et al.], 下午茶——小息生活提案 [Make Time for Tea Break], Hong Kong: 突破出版社 [Breakthrough Ltd.], →ISBN, page 132:

     她用姆指^{[sic – meaning 拇指]}壓一壓破舊的卡紙，「冬T」便隨着紙角翹向下成了一個倒三角形，緊緊扣住桌邊。 [Literary Cantonese, trad.]
     她用姆指^{[sic – meaning 拇指]}压一压破旧的卡纸，「冬T」便随着纸角翘向下成了一个倒三角形，紧紧扣住桌边。 [Literary Cantonese, simp.]

     taa¹ jung⁶ mou⁵ zi² aat³ jat¹ aat³ po³ gau⁶ dik¹ kaat¹ zi², “dung³ T” bin⁶ ceoi⁴ zoek⁶ zi² gok³ kiu⁴ hoeng³ haa⁶ sing⁴ liu⁵ jat¹ go³ dou² saam¹ gok³ jing⁴, gan² gan² kau³ zyu⁶ coek³ bin¹. [Jyutping]

     She pressed on the worn-out card with her thumb, "冬T" ("iced milk tea") curled downwards along the corner of the card, making an upside-down triangle, tightly clinging on to the edge of the table.

References

• “冬”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[2], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Shinjitai	冬
Kyūjitai	冬 冬 or 冬+︀?
	冬󠄀 冬+󠄀? (Adobe-Japan1)
	冬󠄃 冬+󠄃? (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details.

Kanji

冬

(Second grade kyōiku kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 冬)

Readings

• Go-on: とう (tō, Jōyō)^{←とう (tou, historical)}
• Kan-on: とう (tō, Jōyō)^{←とう (tou, historical)}
• Kun: ふゆ (fuyu, 冬, Jōyō)
• Nanori: かず (kazu)、とし (toshi)、ふゆ (fuyu)

Compounds

• 冬瓜(かもうり) (kamouri)
• 忍冬(すいかずら) (suikazura)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
冬
ふゆ Grade: 2
kun'yomi

⟨puyu⟩ → /ɸuju/

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *puyu.

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) ふゆ [fùyúꜜ] (Odaka – [2])
• IPA^(key): [ɸɯ̟jɯ̟]

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

冬(ふゆ) • (fuyu) 

1. winter (season)

   Synonyms: 冬季 (tōki), 冬期 (tōki)

   冬(ふゆ)の狂(きょう)風(ふう)

   Fuyu no Kyōfū

   The Winds of Winter

Derived terms

• 冬(ふゆ)将(しょう)軍(ぐん) (fuyushōgun)
• 冬(ふゆ)休(やす)み (fuyuyasumi)
• 冬(ふゆ)山(やま) (fuyuyama)
• 冬(ふゆ)空(ぞら) (fuyuzora)
• 初(はつ)冬(ふゆ) (hatsufuyu)
• 真(ま)冬(ふゆ) (mafuyu)

Coordinate terms

Seasons in Japanese · 四(し)季(き) (shiki, “four seasons”) (layout · text) · category
春(はる) (haru, “spring”) 春(しゅん)季(き) (shunki, “spring”) 春(しゅん)期(き) (shunki, “spring period”)	夏(なつ) (natsu, “summer”) 夏(か)季(き) (kaki, “summer”) 夏(か)期(き) (kaki, “summer period”)	秋(あき) (aki, “fall; autumn”) 秋(しゅう)季(き) (shūki, “fall; autumn”) 秋(しゅう)期(き) (shūki, “fall period”)	冬(ふゆ) (fuyu, “winter”) 冬(とう)季(き) (tōki, “winter”) 冬(とう)期(き) (tōki, “winter period”)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
冬
とう Grade: 2
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 冬 (MC towng).

Affix

冬(とう) • (tō) 

1. winter

Derived terms

• 冬(トウ)瓜(ガン) (tōgan)
• 冬(とう)季(き) (tōki)
• 冬(とう)期(き) (tōki)
• 冬(とう)月(げつ) (tōgetsu)
• 冬(とう)至(じ) (tōji)
• 冬(とう)眠(みん) (tōmin)
• 越(えっ)冬(とう) (ettō)
• 季(き)冬(とう) (kitō)
• 旧(きゅう)冬(とう) (kyūtō)
• 厳(げん)冬(とう) (gentō)
• 初(しょ)冬(とう) (shotō)
• 晩(ばん)冬(とう) (bantō)
• 立(りっ)冬(とう) (rittō)
• 忍(にん)冬(どう) (nindō)

See also

• ウィンター (wintā)

References

• “冬”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[3] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2025

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 冬 (MC towng). Recorded as Middle Korean 도ᇰ (twong) (Yale: twong) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

冬 (eumhun 겨울 동 (gyeoul dong))

1. hanja form^? of 동 (“winter”)

Compounds

• 동면 (冬眠, dongmyeon)
• 동지 (冬至, dongji)
• 입동 (立冬, ipdong)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [4]

Okinawan

Kanji

冬

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

• On (unclassified): とぅん (tun)
• Kun: ふゆ (fuyu, 冬, Jōyō)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
冬
ふゆ Grade: 2
kun'yomi

Compare Japanese 冬 (fuyu, “winter”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɸuju]

Noun

冬(ふゆ) (fuyu) 

1. winter

References

• “ふゆ【冬】” in JLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.

Vietnamese

Han character

冬: Hán Nôm readings: đông

1. chữ Hán form of đông (“winter”)

Derived terms

• 冬至 (đông chí)
• 春夏秋冬 (xuân hạ thu đông)
• 立冬 (lập đông)