冬

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See also: 鼕
冬 U+51AC, 冬
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-51AC
← 冫
[U+51AB] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 冭 →
[U+51AD]

冬 U+2F81A, 冬
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F81A
← 仌
[U+2F819] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement 况 →
[U+2F81B]

Translingual

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Stroke order
5 strokes
Stroke order

Han character

[edit]

冬 (Kangxi radical 15, 冫+3, 5 strokes, cangjie input 竹水卜 (HEY), four-corner 27303, composition ⿱夂⺀ (GTJV) or ⿱夂冫 (K))

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 131, character 17
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1610
  • Dae Jaweon: page 294, character 13
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 867, character 19
  • Unihan data for U+51AC

Chinese

[edit]

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 冬
Shang Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Ancient script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (冬) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
疼 *dɯːŋ, *duːŋ
冬 *tuːŋ
苳 *tuːŋ
笗 *tuːŋ
炵 *tʰuːŋ, *duːŋ
佟 *duːŋ
鼕 *duːŋ
鉖 *duːŋ
終 *tjuŋ
螽 *tjuŋ
鼨 *tjuŋ
柊 *tjuŋ
鴤 *tjuŋ
泈 *tjuŋ
蔠 *tjuŋ

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tuːŋ) : phonetic 夂 (, “end”) + semantic 日 (“day”) or 仌 (“ice”).

Bronze script and Chu slip script
Composed of the early form of 終 (“end”, as well phonetic), here represented by Shuowen ancient script , + 日 (“day”). In bronze script, 日 () was inside . In Chu slip script, 日 () was below ().
Seal script, Qin clerical script and after
Composed of (“end”, as well phonetic) + 仌 (“ice”).

Etymology 1

[edit]
simp. and trad.
 冬
alternative forms
昸
㫡
𠔙
𣆼
𠘀
昸
㫡
𠔙
𣆼
𠘀
𣅈
𠘗
 

Possibly related to 終 (OC *tjuŋ, “to end”) (Wang, 1982, Sagart, 2023b). Sagart (ibid.) also proposes cognacy to Chepang त्‍युङ्‌हसा (tyuŋh, “at end, be weak, exhausted”), द्युमःसा (dyumʔ, “at ease after completing work”), द्युम्‌सा (dyum, “terminate, reach end; to be at end”), Jingpho chatum (“end, finish”), Limbu [script needed] (tum-ma, “ripe, mature”), Proto-Ao *a-thəm (“end, finish”).

Pronunciation

[edit]
Note:
  • dang1 - vernacular;
  • dorng1 - literary.
Note:
  • tang - colloquial;
  • tong - literary.
Note:
  • dang1 - colloquial;
  • dong1 - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 冬
Mandarin Beijing /tuŋ⁵⁵/
Harbin /tuŋ⁴⁴/
Tianjin /tuŋ²¹/
Jinan /tuŋ²¹³/
Qingdao /təŋ²¹³/
Zhengzhou /tuŋ²⁴/
Xi'an /tuŋ²¹/
Xining /tuə̃⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /tuŋ⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /tũn³¹/
Ürümqi /tuŋ⁴⁴/
Wuhan /toŋ⁵⁵/
Chengdu /toŋ⁵⁵/
Guiyang /toŋ⁵⁵/
Kunming /toŋ⁴⁴/
Nanjing /toŋ³¹/
Hefei /təŋ²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /tuəŋ¹¹/
Pingyao /tuŋ¹³/
Hohhot /tũŋ³¹/
Wu Shanghai /toŋ⁵³/
Suzhou /toŋ⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /toŋ³³/
Wenzhou /toŋ³³/
Hui Shexian /tʌ̃³¹/
Tunxi /tan¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /toŋ³³/
Xiangtan /tən³³/
Gan Nanchang /tuŋ⁴²/
Hakka Meixian /tuŋ⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /tuŋ²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /toŋ⁵³/
Nanning /tuŋ⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /tuŋ⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /tɔŋ⁵⁵/
/taŋ⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /tøyŋ⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /tɔŋ⁵⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /toŋ³³/
/taŋ³³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /ʔdoŋ²³/
/ʔdaŋ²³/
Rime
Character 冬
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 端 (5)
Final (韻) 冬 (5)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 都宗切
Baxter towng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/tuoŋ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/tuoŋ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/toŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/tawŋ/
Li
Rong 		/toŋ/
Wang
Li 		/tuoŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/tuoŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		dōng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		dung1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 冬
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		dōng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ towng ›
Old
Chinese 		/*tˁuŋ/
English winter

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 冬
Reading # 1/1
No. 2419
Phonetic
component 		冬
Rime
group 		終
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		冬
Old
Chinese 		/*tuːŋ/

Definitions

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冬

  1. winter
  2. (Cantonese) winter solstice
    做冬 [Cantonese]  ―  zou6 dung1 [Jyutping]  ―  to celebrate the winter solstice with a dinner
    冬大過年／冬大过年 [Cantonese]  ―  dung1 daai6 gwo3 nin4 [Jyutping]  ―  the winter solstice is more important than Chinese New Year
  3. (Southern Min) year
  4. (～日) (telegraphy) the second day of a month
  5. Alternative form of 咚 (dōng, “bang; thud”)
  6. a surname
Synonyms
[edit]
Dialectal synonyms of 冬天 (“winter”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 冬, 冬日
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 冬天, 冬季, 冬日
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 冬天
Taiwan 冬天
Chengde 冬天
Chifeng 冬天
Hulunbuir (Hailar) 冬天
Heihe 冬天
Qiqihar 冬天
Harbin 冬天
Wuchang (Yingchengzi) 冬天
Jiamusi 冬天
Baicheng 冬天
Changchun 冬天
Tonghua 冬天
Shenyang 冬天
Jinzhou 冬天
Singapore 冬天
Jilu Mandarin Tianjin 冬天, 冬底下
Tangshan 冬天
Cangzhou 冬天
Xianxian (Xiaoying) 冬天
Baoding 冬天
Shijiazhuang 冬天
Lijin 冬天
Jinan 冬天
Jiaoliao Mandarin Dalian 冬天, 冬季天兒
Dandong 冬天
Yantai 冬天
Yantai (Muping) 冬天, 冬季天兒
Qingdao 冬天, 臘月天兒
Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 冬天
Lingbao 冬天
Jining 冬天
Daming 冬天
Wanrong 冬間
Linfen 冬天
Shangqiu 冬天
Yuanyang 冬天
Zhengzhou 冬天
Xinyang 冬天
Baihe 冬天, 九天, 九裡頭
Xi'an 冬天, 冬裡
Dingbian 冬天, 冬裡
Baoji 冬天, 寒天, 冬上
Tianshui 冬天
Xining 冬天
Xuzhou 冷天, 冬天, 寒裡
Fuyang 冬天
Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 冬天
Masanchin (Shaanxi Dungan) 冬天
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 冬天
Lanzhou 冬天, 冬月天, 冷月天
Dunhuang 冬天, 冬裡
Hami 冬天
Ürümqi 冬天
Ürümqi (Xigou) 冬天
Ürümqi (Changshanzi) 冬天
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 冬天, 冬天家
Nanchong 冬天, 寒天
Dazhou 冷天
Hanyuan 冬天, 冷天
Xichang 冬天, 寒天
Zigong 冬天, 冷天, 冬辰
Chongqing 冬天, 冷天
Wuhan 冬季, 冬天, 冷天, 冷季
Yichang 冷天
Xiangyang 冬天, 冷天裡
Tianmen 冬天, 寒天, 冷天
Guiyang 冬天, 冬天家, 寒天
Zunyi 冬天
Bijie 冷天家
Liping 冬天
Zhaotong 冬天
Dali 冬天
Kunming 冬天
Mengzi 冬天
Guilin 冬天
Pingle 寒天, 寒冷天, 冬月天
Liuzhou 冬天, 冷天
Nanning (Wuming) 冬天, 冷天, 北風天
Hechi (Yizhou) 冬天, 冷天
Luocheng (Dongmen) 冬天, 冷天
Tianlin (Langping) 冬天
Jishou 冬天, 冷天
Changde 冬天
Hanzhong 冬天
Mae Salong (Lancang) 冷天
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 冷天, 冬天
Yangzhou 冷天, 冬寒天, 冬天, 寒裡
Lianyungang 冬天, 寒天, 寒裡
Lianshui 冬天, 寒裡頭
Nantong 寒天
Anqing 冬天, 冷天
Wuhu 冬天
Hefei 冬天
Hong'an 冬天道, 冷天道
Mandarin Yongning (Najiahu) 冬天, 冷天
Cantonese Guangzhou 冬天, 冷天
Hong Kong 冬天, 凍天
Taishan 冷天
Taishan (Guanghai) 冬天
Kaiping (Chikan) 冷天
Dongguan 冬天
Nanning 冷天
Wuzhou 冷天
Yulin 天冷天
Guiping (Jiangkou) 冷天, 冬天
Guiping (Madong) 冬天, 北風天
Baise 冷天
Mandalay (Taishan) 冬天
Gan Nanchang 冬天
Pengze 冬下天
Lichuan 冷天
Pingxiang 冷天, 冬下裡
Hakka Meixian 冬天, 冬下, 冬下頭, 寒天, 冷天
Wuhua (Shuizhai) 冷天
Wuhua (Huacheng) 冷天
Wuhua (Changbu) 冬下晨
Wuhua (Mianyang) 冷天
Liancheng (Peitian) 冬下
Yudu 冬下
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 寒天, 冷天, 冬下頭
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 寒天, 冷天, 冬下頭
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 寒天, 冷天, 冬下頭, 冬下時
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 寒天, 冬下頭
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 寒天, 冬下頭, 冬下時
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 寒天, 冬天
Bobai (Shahe) 冬天
Bobai (Longtan) 冬天
Bobai (Lingping) 冷天
Beiliu (Gonghe, Xilang) 冬天
Xingye (Gaofeng) 冬下天
Guilin (Xiaojiang, Lingui) 冬天
Pingle (Tong'an) 冬天
Yangshuo (Jinbao) 冬天, 冬下
Sabah (Longchuan) 冬天, 冬季
Pontianak (Meixian) 冷天
Huizhou Jixi 下冬, 冬場子, 冬場下
Shexian 冬天
Jin Taiyuan 冬天
Yangyuan 冬天, 冬末寒天
Datong (Xicetian, Yunzhou) 冬天, 冬哩
Xinzhou 冬天, 冬金天, 冬兒, 冬景天
Lüliang (Lishi) 冬天
Changzhi 冬天
Linhe 冬天, 冬天裡
Jining 冬天
Hohhot 冬天
Erenhot 冬天
Pingshan 冬天
Zhangjiakou 冬天
Handan 冬天
Linzhou 冬天
Suide 冬裡
Northern Min Jian'ou 冬天
Eastern Min Fuzhou 凊天, 冬天
Fuzhou (Changle) 凊天
Fuqing 凊天, 冬天
Yongtai 凊天
Gutian 寒天
Fu'an 寒天
Ningde 寒天
Shouning 寒天
Zhouning 寒天
Fuding 寒天
Matsu 冬天
Southern Min Xiamen 冬天, 寒天, 寒冬, 寒儂
Quanzhou 冬天, 寒天, 寒儂
Yongchun 寒天, 冬天
Zhangzhou 冬天, 寒天, 寒冬
Zhao'an 寒天, 冬天
Dongshan 寒天, 冬天
Taipei 冬天, 寒儂, 寒天
New Taipei (Sanxia) 冬仔, 寒天
Kaohsiung 冬天, 寒儂, 寒天
Yilan 冬天, 寒儂, 寒天
Changhua (Lukang) 冬天, 寒儂, 寒天
Taichung 冬天, 寒天
Tainan 冬天, 寒儂, 寒天
Hsinchu 冬天, 寒天儂
Kinmen 冬天, 寒天
Penghu (Magong) 冬天, 寒天
Penang (Hokkien) 冬天
Singapore (Hokkien) 寒天
Manila (Hokkien) 寒儂
Zhangping (Yongfu) 寒天, 在冬
Guilin (Biyange) 冬天
Pingle (Zhoutang) 寒天, 冷天, 冬月天
Shantou 冬天時, 凝天時
Shantou (Chenghai) 凝天時, 凊天時, 凊天
Jieyang 冬天時, 凝天時, 寒天時
Haifeng 凝天時, 凊天時, 冬天時
Leizhou 冬天
Haikou 冬季
Qionghai 寒天
Puxian Min Putian 寒天, 冬天
Central Min Yong'an 冬天
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 冬季
Northern Pinghua Guilin (Wutong, Lingui) 冬天, 冷天
Guilin (Liutang, Lingui) 冬天
Lingchuan (Sanjie) 冷天, 冬天
Lingchuan (Shuangzhou) 冬天
Waxiang Guzhang (Gaofeng) 冬天
Wu Shanghai 冬天, 冷天, 冬場裡, 寒場裡
Shanghai (Chongming) 寒天, 寒場裡, 寒裡
Suzhou 冬天, 冷天, 寒天
Danyang 冬天, 冬天頭, 冬季
Hangzhou 冬天
Ningbo 冬天價, 冬天
Wenzhou 天色冷, 十二月
Jinhua 冬天
Jinhua (Tangxi) 冬裡
Xiang Changsha 冬天, 冷天
Loudi 冬天
Quanzhou 冬天
Dialectal synonyms of 冬至 (“winter solstice”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 冬至, 南至
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 冬至
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 冬至
Taiwan 冬至
Chifeng 冬至
Hulunbuir (Hailar) 冬至
Harbin 冬至
Shenyang 冬至
Singapore 冬至
Jilu Mandarin Tianjin 冬至
Tangshan 冬至
Cangzhou 冬至
Baoding 冬至
Shijiazhuang 冬至
Jinan 冬至
Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 冬, 過冬
Qingdao 冬至, 過冬
Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 冬至
Wanrong 冬至
Zhengzhou 冬至
Xi'an 冬至
Xining 冬至
Xuzhou 冬至, 長至 dated
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 冬至
Lanzhou 冬至
Ürümqi 冬至
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 冬至
Chongqing 冬至
Wuhan 冬至
Guiyang 冬至
Kunming 冬至
Guilin 冬至
Liuzhou 冬至
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 冬至
Yangzhou 冬至
Nantong 冬至, 大冬
Hefei 冬至
Cantonese Guangzhou 冬至, 冬節, 冬
Hong Kong 冬至, 冬, 冬節
Dongguan 冬至
Gan Nanchang 冬至
Lichuan 冬至
Pingxiang 冬至
Hakka Meixian 冬至
Yudu 冬至
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 冬節, 冬至
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 冬節, 冬至
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 冬節
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 冬節, 冬至
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 冬節
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 冬節
Huizhou Jixi 冬至
Shexian 冬至
Jin Taiyuan 冬至, 過冬
Xinzhou 冬至
Linhe 冬至
Jining 冬至
Hohhot 冬至
Zhangjiakou 冬至
Handan 冬至
Northern Min Jian'ou 冬節
Eastern Min Fuzhou 冬至, 冬節
Fuqing 冬至
Southern Min Xiamen 冬節
Xiamen (Tong'an) 冬節
Quanzhou 冬節, 小年兜
Jinjiang 冬節
Zhangzhou 冬節
Zhangzhou (Longhai) 冬節
Zhao'an 冬節
Tainan 冬節
Penang (Hokkien) 冬節
Singapore (Hokkien) 冬節
Chaozhou 冬節
Shantou (Chenghai) 冬節
Jieyang 冬節
Haifeng 冬節
Ho Chi Minh City (Teochew) 冬節
Haikou 冬至, 冬節
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 冬至
Wu Shanghai 冬至
Shanghai (Chongming) 冬至
Suzhou 冬至
Danyang 冬至
Hangzhou 冬至
Ningbo 冬至
Wenzhou 冬節
Jinhua 冬至
Xiang Changsha 冬至
Loudi 冬至
See also
[edit]
Seasons in Mandarin · 四季 (sìjì, “four seasons”) (layout · text) · category
春 (chūn, “spring”) 夏 (xià, “summer”) 秋 (qiū, “fall; autumn”) 冬 (dōng, “winter”)

Compounds

[edit]

Etymology 2

[edit]
For pronunciation and definitions of 冬 – see 鼕.
(This character is the simplified form of 鼕).
Notes:

References

[edit]

Japanese

[edit]
Shinjitai 冬
Kyūjitai
[1]
冬
&#x2F81A;
or
冬+&#xFE00;?
冬󠄀
冬+&#xE0100;?
(Adobe-Japan1)
冬󠄃
冬+&#xE0103;?
(Hanyo-Denshi)
(Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.
See here for details.

Kanji

[edit]
冬

(Second grade kyōiku kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 冬)

Readings

[edit]

Compounds

[edit]

Etymology 1

[edit]
Kanji in this term
冬
ふゆ
Grade: 2
kun'yomi
Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja
English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

⟨puyu⟩ → /ɸuju/

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *puyu.

Pronunciation

[edit]
  • (Tokyo) ふゆ [fùyúꜜ] (Odaka – [2])[2]
  • IPA(key): [ɸɯ̟jɯ̟]
  • Audio:(file)

Noun

[edit]

冬(ふゆ) • (fuyu) 

  1. winter (season)
    Synonyms: 冬季 (tōki), 冬期 (tōki)
    冬(ふゆ)の狂(きょう)風(ふう)
    Fuyu no Kyōfū
    The Winds of Winter
Derived terms
[edit]
Derived terms

Coordinate terms

[edit]
Seasons in Japanese · 四(し)季(き) (shiki, “four seasons”) (layout · text) · category
春(はる) (haru, “spring”)
春(しゅん)季(き) (shunki, “spring”)
春(しゅん)期(き) (shunki, “spring period”) 		夏(なつ) (natsu, “summer”)
夏(か)季(き) (kaki, “summer”)
夏(か)期(き) (kaki, “summer period”) 		秋(あき) (aki, “fall; autumn”)
秋(しゅう)季(き) (shūki, “fall; autumn”)
秋(しゅう)期(き) (shūki, “fall period”) 		冬(ふゆ) (fuyu, “winter”)
冬(とう)季(き) (tōki, “winter”)
冬(とう)期(き) (tōki, “winter period”)

Etymology 2

[edit]
Kanji in this term
冬
とう
Grade: 2
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 冬 (MC towng).

Affix

[edit]

冬(とう) • (tō) 

  1. winter
Derived terms
[edit]
Derived terms

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Haga, Gōtarō (1914) 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, →DOI, page 264 (paper), page 182 (digital)
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]

From Middle Chinese 冬 (MC towng). Recorded as Middle Korean 도ᇰ (twong) (Yale: twong) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

[edit]
Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

冬 (eumhun 겨울 동 (gyeoul dong))

  1. hanja form? of 동 (“winter”)

Compounds

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Compounds

References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Okinawan

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Kanji

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冬

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

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Etymology

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Kanji in this term
冬
ふゆ
Grade: 2
kun'yomi

Compare Japanese 冬 (fuyu, “winter”).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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冬(ふゆ) (fuyu) 

  1. winter

References

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  • “ふゆ【冬】” in JLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.

Vietnamese

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Han character

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冬: Hán Nôm readings: đông[1]

  1. chữ Hán form of đông (“winter”).

Derived terms

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References

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  1. ^ Trần (1999).
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