겨울
Korean[edit]
Etymology[edit]
First attested in the Worin cheon'gangjigok (月印千江之曲 / 월인천강지곡), 1449, as Middle Korean 겨ᅀᅳᆶ〮 (Yale: kyèzúlh).
Compare dialect forms 겨욹 (gyeouk), 저슭 (jeoseuk), 저싥 (jeosik), 줅 (juk), 겨을 (gyeo'eul), 절 (jeol), 줄기 (julgi), 절기 (jeolgi), 저슬 (jeoseul), 저실 (jeosil), etc.).[1]
Generally considered to be a compound from 겨시‐ (Yale: kyesi-, “to stay”, honorific) + ㄹ (Yale: -l, irrealis adnominal suffix) + ㅎ (Yale: -h, suffix to make a noun) in the sense of "cold season to stay inside". [2]
James Marshall Unger (2001) asserts it is probably cognate to Japanese 如月 (Kisaragi, “the second month of the lunar calendar”).[3] However this theory is unreasonable for the following reasons:
- The 2nd month of East Asian lunar calendar is when the vernal equinox occurs, or the middle month of spring, which is never considered as winter.[4]
- Vowel ㅕ (Yale: ye) of Koreanic is consistently transcribed in <e> in Japanese, until its pronunciation changed to [jʌ̹] as the standard Korean in the early modern times (cf. 寺 (tera, “temple”, borrowed from Baekje, related to Middle Korean 뎔〮 (Yale: tyél; modern Korean 절 (jeol))), 嶋 (sema, transliteration of the Baekje word for "island", related to 셤〯 (Yale: syěm; modern Korean 섬 (seom))), 倍留 (peru, transliteration of 별 (byeol, “star”) in the Wakan Sansai Zue, 1712) (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)).
Pronunciation[edit]
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [kjʌ̹uɭ]
- Phonetic hangul: [겨울]
| Romanizations | |
|---|---|
| Revised Romanization? | gyeoul |
| Revised Romanization (translit.)? | gyeoul |
| McCune–Reischauer? | kyŏul |
| Yale Romanization? | kyewul |
- South Gyeongsang (Busan) pitch accent: 겨울의 / 겨울에 / 겨울까지
Syllables in red take high pitch. This word always takes high pitch only on the first syllable, and lowers the pitch of subsequent suffixes.
Noun[edit]
겨울 • (gyeoul)
Coordinate terms[edit]
| Seasons in Korean · 사철 (四철, sacheol), 사계 (四季, sagye, “four seasons”) (layout · text) · category | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 봄 (bom, “spring”) | 여름 (yeoreum, “summer”) | 가을 (ga'eul, “fall; autumn”) | 겨울 (gyeoul, “winter”) |
Derived terms[edit]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Rei Fukui (2017 March 28) 小倉進平『朝鮮語方言の研究』所載資料による言語地図とその解釈―第１集[1], 東京大学人文社会系研究科 韓国朝鮮文化研究室
- ^ 조혁연 (2003 October 31) “‘올케’ 의 어원”, in 중부매일[2]
- ^ Unger, J. Marshall (2001) “Layers of Words and Volcanic Ash in Japan and Korea”, in The Journal of Japanese Studies[3], volume 27, page 104
- ^ Vovin, Alexander (2010) Koreo-Japonica: A Re-Evaluation of a Common Genetic Origin[4], University of Hawai’i Press, →ISBN, →JSTOR, pages 151-152