秋

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See also: 秌 and 鞦
秋 U+79CB, 秋
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-79CB
← 秊
[U+79CA] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 秌 →
[U+79CC]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
9 strokes
Stroke order

Han character[edit]

秋 (Kangxi radical 115, 禾+4, 9 strokes, cangjie input 竹木火 (HDF), four-corner 29980, composition ⿰禾火)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 850, character 6
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24940
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1273, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2595, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+79CB

Chinese[edit]

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 秋
Shang Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Oracle bone script Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (秋) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
鍫 *sʰew
篍 *sʰiw, *sʰiws, *sʰɯw
愀 *sʰiwʔ, *zɯwʔ
湫 *ʔsliwʔ, *ʔsɯw, *sʰɯw, *zɯwʔ
揪 *ʔsɯw
揫 *ʔsɯw
啾 *ʔsɯw
鬏 *ʔsɯw
秋 *sʰɯw
鰍 *sʰɯw
楸 *sʰɯw
秌 *sʰɯw
鞦 *sʰɯw
鶖 *sʰɯw
萩 *sʰɯw
甃 *ʔsrɯws
醔 *sʰrɯw
愁 *zrɯw
僽 *zrɯws

The oracle bone forms and bronze inscriptions show the pictogram (象形) of a cricket or a locust, sometimes with a fire 火 glyph underneath. In its later form, became a Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *sʰɯw): semantic 禾 (“grain”) + abbreviated phonetic 𤒅 (). Often thought of as an Ideogrammic compound (會意): 禾 (“grain”) + 火 (“fire”); after harvesting the grain, the fields are burned to kill locusts and their eggs.

Etymology 1[edit]

trad. 秋
simp. # 秋
alternative forms
 
秌／秋
𤇫
𥝛
𥡄
𥡌
秌／秋
𤇫
𥝛
𥡄
𥡌
𥤚
𥤛
𪺋
𥤠
𪔁
𪚼
𪛁
龝／秋

Unclear.

Schuessler (2007) minimally reconstructs OC *tshiu < Proto-Chinese *C-nh(i)u and proposes its cognacy to either:

  • 收 (OC *(n)hiu) "to reap, harvest, gather"; or
  • *卒 (OC *tsut) "to finish, end, die", as vegetation dies in autumn; additionally in Zuozhuan, this word's referent was winter's dead vegetation.

Sagart (2023b) relates 秋 (OC *tsʰiw) to 揫 (OC *[dz]iw) "collect, bring together", whose OC pronunciation should possibly be amended *m-tsʰiw or *m-tsiw (as Mandarin jiū suggests).

Pronunciation[edit]

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 秋
Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕʰiou⁵⁵/
Harbin /t͡ɕʰiou⁴⁴/
Tianjin /t͡ɕʰiou²¹/
Jinan /t͡ɕʰiou²¹³/
Qingdao /t͡sʰiou²¹³/
Zhengzhou /t͡sʰiou²⁴/
Xi'an /t͡ɕʰiou²¹/
Xining /t͡ɕʰiɯ⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /t͡ɕʰiəu⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /t͡ɕʰiou³¹/
Ürümqi /t͡ɕʰiɤu⁴⁴/
Wuhan /t͡ɕʰʰiəu⁵⁵/
Chengdu /t͡ɕʰiəu⁵⁵/
Guiyang /t͡ɕʰiəu⁵⁵/
Kunming /t͡ɕʰiəu⁴⁴/
Nanjing /t͡sʰiəɯ³¹/
Hefei /t͡ɕʰiɯ²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕʰiəu¹¹/
Pingyao /t͡ɕʰiəu¹³/
Hohhot /t͡ɕʰiəu³¹/
Wu Shanghai /t͡ɕʰiɤ⁵³/
Suzhou /t͡sʰɤ⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /t͡ɕʰiø³³/
Wenzhou /t͡ɕʰɤu³³/
Hui Shexian /t͡sʰiu³¹/
Tunxi /t͡sʰiu¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /t͡sʰiəu³³/
Xiangtan /t͡sʰiəɯ³³/
Gan Nanchang /t͡ɕʰiu⁴²/
Hakka Meixian /t͡sʰiu⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /t͡sʰiu²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /t͡sʰɐu⁵³/
Nanning /t͡sʰɐu⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /t͡sʰɐu⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /t͡sʰiu⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /t͡sʰieu⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /t͡sʰiu⁵⁴/
Shantou (Min Nan) /t͡sʰiu³³/
Haikou (Min Nan) /siu²³/
Rime
Character 秋
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 清 (14)
Final (韻) 尤 (136)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 七由切
Baxter tshjuw
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/t͡sʰɨu/
Pan
Wuyun 		/t͡sʰiu/
Shao
Rongfen 		/t͡sʰiəu/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/t͡sʰuw/
Li
Rong 		/t͡sʰiu/
Wang
Li 		/t͡sʰĭəu/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/t͡sʰi̯ə̯u/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		qiū
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		cau1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 秋
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		qiū
Middle
Chinese 		‹ tshjuw ›
Old
Chinese 		/*tsʰiw/
English autumn; crop

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 秋
Reading # 1/1
No. 10537
Phonetic
component 		秋
Rime
group 		幽
Rime
subdivision 		2
Corresponding
MC rime 		秋
Old
Chinese 		/*sʰɯw/

Definitions[edit]

秋

  1. harvest season
    麥秋／麦秋  ―  màiqiū  ―  harvest season for wheat
  2. autumn; fall
    深秋  ―  shēnqiū  ―  late autumn
  3. (literary) year
    千秋萬代／千秋万代  ―  qiānqiūwàndài  ―  the ages to come
    一日不見，如隔三秋 [MSC, trad.]
    一日不见，如隔三秋 [MSC, simp.]
    yī rì bù jiàn, rú gé sān qiū [Pinyin]
    a single day apart seems like three years
  4. period; time
    多事之秋  ―  duōshìzhīqiū  ―  troubled period
  5. autumn crops
  6. a surname
    秋瑾  ―  Qiū Jǐn  ―  Qiu Jin (Chinese revolutionary)
See also[edit]
Seasons in Mandarin · 四季 (sìjì, “four seasons”) (layout · text) · category
春 (chūn, “spring”) 夏 (xià, “summer”) 秋 (qiū, “fall; autumn”) 冬 (dōng, “winter”)

Compounds[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

For pronunciation and definitions of 秋 – see 鞦.
(This character, 秋, is the simplified form of 鞦.)
Notes:

References[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

秋

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. autumn

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

Etymology[edit]

Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja
English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia
Kanji in this term
秋
あき
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

⟨aki1⟩ → */akʲi/ → /aki/

From Old Japanese.

Likely cognate with 明き (aki, “bright”), 赤 (aka, “red”), 飽きる (akiru, “to become full up”, possibly in reference to the harvest), 空く (aku, “to become empty”), 開く (aku, “to open up”). However, the exact relationship of these terms remains unclear.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

秋(あき) • (aki) 

  1. autumn, fall (season)

Synonyms[edit]

Derived terms[edit]

Derived terms

See also[edit]

Seasons in Japanese · 四(し)季(き) (shiki, “four seasons”) (layout · text) · category
春(はる) (haru, “spring”)
春(しゅん)季(き) (shunki, “spring”)
春(しゅん)期(き) (shunki, “spring period”) 		夏(なつ) (natsu, “summer”)
夏(か)季(き) (kaki, “summer”)
夏(か)期(き) (kaki, “summer period”) 		秋(あき) (aki, “fall; autumn”)
秋(しゅう)季(き) (shūki, “fall; autumn”)
秋(しゅう)期(き) (shūki, “fall period”) 		冬(ふゆ) (fuyu, “winter”)
冬(とう)季(き) (tōki, “winter”)
冬(とう)期(き) (tōki, “winter period”)

References[edit]

  1. ^ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ^ 2002, 京阪系アクセント辞典 (A Dictionary of Tone on Words of the Keihan-type Dialects) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Bensei, →ISBN

Korean[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Middle Chinese 秋 (MC tshjuw).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 츄ᇢ (Yale: chyùw)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] ᄀᆞᅀᆞᆯ (Yale: kòzòl) 츄 (Yale: chyù)

Pronunciation[edit]

Hanja[edit]

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

秋 (eumhun 가을 추 (ga'eul chu))

  1. Hanja form? of 추 (“autumn; fall”). [affix]

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

References[edit]

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

Okinawan[edit]

Kanji[edit]

秋

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. autumn; fall

Readings[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Kanji in this term
秋
あち
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

Cognate with Japanese 秋 (aki, “autumn”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

秋(あち) (achi) 

  1. autumn; fall

References[edit]

  • “あち【秋】” in JLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

秋: Hán Nôm readings: thu

  1. chữ Hán form of thu (“fall, autumn”).

Derived terms[edit]

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