天主教

Chinese

		Lord of Heaven; God, the Lord	teach; teaching; religion
trad. (天主教)		天主	教
simp. #(天主教)		天主	教

Etymology

Coined by Matteo Ricci in the first decade of the 17th century.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): Tiānzhǔjiào

  (Zhuyin): ㄊㄧㄢ ㄓㄨˇ ㄐㄧㄠˋ

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): tin¹ zyu² gaau³

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): hen¹ zi² gau¹

• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): Thiên-chú-kau

  (Hailu, HRS): tien^ˋ zhu^ˊ gau^ˇ

• Eastern Min (BUC): Tiĕng-ciō-*gáu
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): Thian-chú-kàu / Thian-chí-kàu

  (Teochew, Peng'im): tiêng¹ zu² ga³ / tiang¹ zu² ga³

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹thi-tsy₅-ciau₅

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: Tiānzhǔjiào
    • Zhuyin: ㄊㄧㄢ ㄓㄨˇ ㄐㄧㄠˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: Tianjhǔjiào
    • Wade–Giles: Tʻien¹-chu³-chiao⁴
    • Yale: Tyān-jǔ-jyàu
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Tianjuujiaw
    • Palladius: Тяньчжуцзяо (Tjanʹčžuczjao)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹ t͡ɕi̯ɑʊ̯⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: tin¹ zyu² gaau³
    • Yale: tīn jyú gaau
    • Cantonese Pinyin: tin¹ dzy² gaau³
    • Guangdong Romanization: tin¹ ju² gao³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰiːn⁵⁵ t͡syː³⁵ kaːu̯³³/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: hen¹ zi² gau¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hen³³ t͡si⁵⁵ kau³³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Thiên-chú-kau
    • Hakka Romanization System: tien^ˊ zu^ˋ gau
    • Hagfa Pinyim: tian¹ zu³ gau⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /tʰi̯en²⁴ t͡su³¹ kau̯⁵⁵/
  • (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
    • Hakka Romanization System: tien^ˋ zhu^ˊ gau^ˇ
    • Sinological IPA: /tʰien⁵³ t͡ʃu²⁴⁻³³ kau¹¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: Tiĕng-ciō-*gáu
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰieŋ⁵⁵⁻²¹ ^(t͡s-)ʒuo³³⁻⁵⁵ kɑu²¹³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen, General Taiwanese, Singapore, Philippines)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Thian-chú-kàu
    • Tâi-lô: Thian-tsú-kàu
    • Phofsit Daibuun: tienzw'kaux
    • Sinological IPA (Singapore): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² t͡su⁴²⁻²⁴ kau²¹/
    • Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ kau²¹/
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kau²¹/
    • Sinological IPA (Taipei): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kau¹¹/
    • Sinological IPA (Quanzhou, Philippines): /tʰiɛn³³ t͡su⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ kau⁴¹/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Thian-chí-kàu
    • Tâi-lô: Thian-tsí-kàu
    • Phofsit Daibuun: tiency'kaux
    • Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² t͡si⁵³⁻⁴⁴ kau²¹/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: tiêng¹ zu² ga³ / tiang¹ zu² ga³
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thieng tsú kà / thiang tsú kà
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰieŋ³³⁻²³ t͡su⁵²⁻³⁵ ka²¹³/, /tʰiaŋ³³⁻²³ t͡su⁵²⁻³⁵ ka²¹³/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ¹thi-tsy₅-ciau₅
    • MiniDict: thi^平 tsy^去 ciau^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹thi-tsr₂-jiau₂
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /tʰi⁵⁵ t͡sz̩³³ t͡ɕiɔ²¹/

Proper noun

天主教

1. Catholicism

   東儀天主教／东仪天主教  ―  Dōng Yí Tiānzhǔjiào  ―  Eastern Catholic Churches

   他改信天主教了。 [MSC, trad. and simp.]

   Tā gǎixìn Tiānzhǔjiào le. [Pinyin]

   He converted to Catholicism.

   • 1607, 利瑪竇 [Matteo Ricci], “譯幾何原本引”, in 徐光啟, 利瑪竇, transl., 幾何原本, page 3:

     以余所聞，吾西國千六百年前，天主教未大行，列國多相并兼，其間英士，有能以羸少之卒，當十倍之師，守孤危之城，禦水陸之攻，如中夏所稱公輸、墨翟九攻九拒者，時時有之。彼操何術以然？熟於幾何之學而已。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     以余所闻，吾西国千六百年前，天主教未大行，列国多相并兼，其间英士，有能以羸少之卒，当十倍之师，守孤危之城，御水陆之攻，如中夏所称公输、墨翟九攻九拒者，时时有之。彼操何术以然？熟于几何之学而已。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     Yǐ yú suǒ wén, wú xīguó qiān liù bǎi nián qián, tiānzhǔjiào wèi dàxíng, lièguó duō xiàng bìngjiān, qíjiān yīngshì, yǒu néng yǐ léi shào zhī zú, dāng shí bèi zhī shī, shǒu gūwēi zhī chéng, yù shuǐlù zhī gōng, rú Zhōngxià suǒ chēng Gōngshū, Mò Zhái jiǔ gōng jiǔ jù zhě, shíshí yǒu zhī. Bǐ cāo hé shù yǐ rán? Shú yú jǐhé zhī xué éryǐ. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • 1800, 趙翼, 廿二史劄記, volume 34, page 21:

     大抵歐羅巴諸國，悉奉天主教也。天主耶穌，生於女德亞，即古大秦國也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     大抵欧罗巴诸国，悉奉天主教也。天主耶稣，生于女德亚，即古大秦国也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     Dàdǐ Ōuluóbā zhū guó, xī fèng Tiānzhǔjiào yě. Tiānzhǔ Yēsū, shēng yú Nǚdéyà, jí gǔ Dàqín guó yě. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • 1848, 徐繼畬 [Xu Jiyu], editor, 瀛寰志略, volume 6, page 52:

     嘉慶十九年，比利時復與荷蘭合。先是荷蘭崇耶穌教，因此與西班牙搆兵，數十年卒獲勝復國，而比利時毗近佛郎西，顧獨從佛俗，尚天主教。又夙隸西班牙、𡒃地利，皆天主教國，既與荷蘭合，不肯從荷俗，兩部之民不相能，時時搆釁。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     嘉庆十九年，比利时复与荷兰合。先是荷兰崇耶稣教，因此与西班牙构兵，数十年卒获胜复国，而比利时毗近佛郎西，顾独从佛俗，尚天主教。又夙隶西班牙、奥地利，皆天主教国，既与荷兰合，不肯从荷俗，两部之民不相能，时时构衅。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     Jiāqìng shíjiǔ nián, Bǐlìshí fù yǔ Hélán hé. Xiānshì Hélán chóng yēsūjiào, yīncǐ yǔ Xībānyá gòubīng, shù shí nián zú huòshèng fùguó, ér Bǐlìshí pí jìn fólángxī, gù dú cóng Fó sú, shàng tiānzhǔjiào. Yòu sù lì Xībānyá, Àodìlì, jiē tiānzhǔjiào guó, jì yǔ Hélán hé, bùkěn cóng Hé sú, liǎng bù zhī mín bù xiàngnéng, shíshí gòuxìn. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Usage notes

Prior to the First Opium War, the term 天主教 referred to Christianity as a whole, as Chinese were generally unaware of the existence of Christian denominations other than Catholicism before the introduction of Protestantism to China in the early 19th century. Robert Morrison, one of the earliest Protestant missionaries to China, described in his A Dictionary of the Chinese Language in Three Parts [1822] that "the Christian religion is known by the name 天主教".

As Protestant missionaries in China in the 19th century sought to distance themselves from Catholicism for theological and political reasons, they soon rejected the labels 天主 for God and 天主教 for Protestantism. As a result, the term 天主教 eventually became restricted to Catholicism.

Synonyms

• 公教 (gōngjiào)

Derived terms

• 天主教徒 (Tiānzhǔjiàotú)
• 天主教會 / 天主教会 (Tiānzhǔ Jiàohuì)
• 羅馬天主教 / 罗马天主教 (Luómǎ Tiānzhǔjiào)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
天	主	教
てん Grade: 1	しゅ Grade: 3	きょう Grade: 2
on'yomi	kan'on	goon

Etymology

天主(てんしゅ) (tenshu, “Catholic”) + 教(きょう) (-kyō, “-ism”)

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) てんしゅきょー [tèńshúkyóó] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [tẽ̞ɰ̃ɕɨkʲo̞ː]

Proper noun

天(てん)主(しゅ)教(きょう) • (Tenshukyō) 

1. Catholicism

Korean

Hanja in this term
天	主	教

Noun

天主教 • (cheonjugyo) (hangeul 천주교)

1. alternative form of 天主敎 (“Catholic Church”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
天	主	教

Proper noun

天主教

1. chữ Hán form of Thiên Chúa giáo (“Catholicism”)