主

See also: 王, 玉, 生, and 丰

主	U+4E3B, 主 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E3B

← 为
[U+4E3A]

CJK Unified Ideographs

丼 →
[U+4E3C]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order

Stroke order (Japan)

Stroke order

Han character[edit]

主 (radical 3, 丶+4, 5 strokes, cangjie input 卜土 (YG), four-corner 0010₄, composition ⿱丶王 or ⿱亠土)

Derived characters[edit]

住, 往, 注, 拄, 妵, 㹥, 𡊲, 柱, 炷, 𤖸, 砫, 蛀, 紸, 註, 跓, 軴, 䝬, 鉒, 飳, 䪒, 駐, 黈, 殶, 迬, 宔, 𦭦, 疰, 罜, 䇠, 麈

References[edit]

KangXi: page 80, character 20
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 100
Dae Jaweon: page 163, character 1
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 44, character 3
Unihan data for U+4E3B

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.		主

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 主

Shang

Western Zhou

Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)

Oracle bone script

Bronze inscriptions

Small seal script

**Oracle bone script**
j12540	j12541	j12542	j12543	j12544	j12545	j12546

**Small seal script**
s03652

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Characters in the same phonetic series (主) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
飳	*tʰoːʔ
妵	*tʰoːʔ
黈	*tʰoːʔ
蘣	*tʰoːʔ
罜	doːɡ, tjos
拄	*toʔ
柱	toʔ, doʔ
駐	*tos
註	tos, tjos
鉒	*tos
軴	*tos
住	tos, dos
跓	*doʔ
嵀	*doʔ
主	*tjoʔ
麈	*tjoʔ
宔	*tjoʔ
炷	tjoʔ, tjos
注	*tjos
疰	*tjos
蛀	*tjos
霔	*tjos

Pictogram (象形): A picture of a lamp or a torch with a flame at the top.

Original form of 炷. Current meaning acquired by sound loan.

Etymology[edit]

Unclear. Compare Tibetan ཇོ་བོ (jo bo, “elder brother, nobleman, lord”), Tibetan ཇོ་མོ (jo mo, “mistress, lady, goddess”), Tibetan ཐུ། (thu, “chief”), Proto-Monic *(d)ndooʔ (“to teach, to instruct; headman”), and Thai โจก (jòok, “leader, chief”) (Schuessler, 2007)

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): zhǔ (zhu³)

(Zhuyin): ㄓㄨˇ

(Chengdu, SP): zu³

(Dungan, Cyrillic): җў (žw, II)
Cantonese
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): zyu²

(Taishan, Wiktionary): zi²
Gan (Wiktionary): jy³
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): chú

(Meixian, Guangdong): zu³
Jin (Wiktionary): zu²
Min Bei (KCR): cṳ̌
Min Dong (BUC): ciō / cṳ̄
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): chú / chí

(Teochew, Peng'im): zu²
Wu (Wiktionary): tsr (T2)
Xiang (Wiktionary): jy³

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: zhǔ
  - Zhuyin: ㄓㄨˇ
  - Wade–Giles: chu³
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: juu
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jhǔ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed) (主兒／主儿)⁺
  - Pinyin: zhǔr
  - Zhuyin: ㄓㄨˇㄦ
  - Wade–Giles: churh³
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: juul
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jhǔr
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂuɻʷ²¹⁴/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: zu³
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: zu
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡su⁵³/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic: җў (žw, II)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: zyu²
  - Yale: jyú
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dzy²
  - Guangdong Romanization: ju²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ʃyː³⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: zi²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡si⁵⁵/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: jy³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕy²¹³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chú
  - Hakka Romanization System: zu`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: zu³
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡su³¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: zu³
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡su³¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: zu²
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡su⁵³/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: cṳ̌
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sy²¹/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: ciō / cṳ̄
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡suo³³/, /t͡sy³³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chú
  - Tâi-lô: tsú
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zuo
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /t͡su⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡su⁴¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /t͡su⁵⁵⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chí
  - Tâi-lô: tsí
  - Phofsit Daibuun: cie
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡ɕi⁵³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: zu²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsú
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡su⁵²/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: tsr (T2)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sz̩³⁴/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: jy³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕy⁴¹/

Middle Chinese: /t͡ɕɨo^X/

Rime
Character	主
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	章 (23)
Final (韻)	虞 (24)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	之庾切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡ɕɨo^X/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡ɕio^X/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡ɕio^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/cuə̆^X/
Li Rong	/t͡ɕio^X/
Wang Li	/t͡ɕĭu^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/t͡ɕi̯u^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhǔ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zyu²

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*toʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*tjoʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	主
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	zhǔ
Middle Chinese	‹ tsyu^X ›
Old Chinese	/*toʔ/
English	master; host
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	主
Reading #	1/1
No.	17618
Phonetic component	主
Rime group	侯
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	主
Old Chinese	/*tjoʔ/

Definitions[edit]

主

owner; master
host
(archaic, honorific) you (honorific second-person pronoun addressing a "senior official" [大夫] or his spouse)
- 季康子問于共父文伯之母曰：「主亦有以語肥也。」對曰：「吾能老而已，何以語子。」康子曰：「雖然，肥愿有聞于主。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  季康子问于共父文伯之母曰：“主亦有以语肥也。”对曰：“吾能老而已，何以语子。”康子曰：“虽然，肥愿有闻于主。” [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Guoyu, circa 4^th century BCE
  Jì Kāngzǐ wèn yú Gōngfǔ Wénbó zhī mǔ yuē: “Zhǔ yì yǒu yǐ yù Féi yě.” Duìyuē: “Wú néng lǎo éryǐ, héyǐ yù zǐ.” Kāngzǐ yuē: “Suīrán, Féi yuàn yǒu wén yú zhǔ.” [Pinyin]
  Ji Kangzi (Fei) consulted the mother of Gongfu Wenbo: "Would you, madame, have something to instruct me?" "I am only good at growing old. What else can I tell you?" came her reply. "Nevertheless, I, Fei, do want to hear something from you," said Kangzi.
(Christianity, Islam) Lord
emperor
(colloquial, derogatory) person of a specified type
agent; agency
主動 / 主动 ― zhǔdòng ― active

主體 / 主体 ― zhǔtǐ ― subject (one who possesses agency)
- 夫民，神之主也。 [Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]
  From: Commentary of Zuo, circa 4^th century BCE
  Fú mín, shén zhī zhǔ yě. [Pinyin]
  The people are the agent of divine spirits.
party; entity
事主 ― shìzhǔ ― party (in a dispute, especially the one bringing forth the dispute)
main; primary; principal; major
主要 ― zhǔyào ― main

主演 ― zhǔyǎn ― leading actor

主修 ― zhǔxiū ― major curriculum
to be in charge; to lead; to command
主事 ― zhǔshì ― to be in charge
- 太尉絳侯勃不得入軍中主兵。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  太尉绛侯勃不得入军中主兵。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, circa 91 BCE
  Tàiwèi Jiànghóu Bó bùdé rù jūnzhōng zhǔ bīng. [Pinyin]
  Grand Marshal Bo the Marquis of Jiang was unable to join with the armies and lead the action.
to indicate; to signify
(grammar) Short for 主語／主语 (zhǔyǔ).
(historical) Short for 公主 (gōngzhǔ).
A surname.

Compounds[edit]

Derived terms from 主

世主 (shìzhǔ)
主上 (zhǔshàng)
主事 (zhǔshì)
主人 (zhǔrén)
主任 (zhǔrèn)
主位 (zhǔwèi)
主佛
主使 (zhǔshǐ)
主依
主修 (zhǔxiū)
主傅
主僕／主仆 (zhǔpú)
主兒／主儿 (zhǔr)
主公 (zhǔgōng)
主刀 (zhǔdāo)
主刑 (zhǔxíng)
主力 (zhǔlì)
主動／主动 (zhǔdòng)
主動脈／主动脉 (zhǔdòngmài)
主名
主唱 (zhǔchàng)
主單位／主单位
主器
主因 (zhǔyīn)
主坐
主場／主场
主委 (zhǔwěi)
主婚
主婦／主妇 (zhǔfù)
主嫌
主子 (zhǔzi)
主客 (zhǔkè)
主宰 (zhǔzǎi)
主家
主審／主审
主將／主将 (zhǔjiàng)
主導／主导 (zhǔdǎo)
主峰 (zhǔfēng)
主帥／主帅 (zhǔshuài)
主席 (zhǔxí)
主幣／主币
主幹／主干 (zhǔgàn)
主座
主廚／主厨 (zhǔchú)
主張／主张 (zhǔzhāng)
主從／主从 (zhǔcóng)
主意 (zhǔyì)
主戰／主战 (zhǔzhàn)
主持 (zhǔchí)
主持人 (zhǔchírén)
主掌 (zhǔzhǎng)
主控
主播 (zhǔbō)
主攻 (zhǔgōng)
主政
主教 (zhǔjiào)
主文
主日 (zhǔrì)
主旨 (zhǔzhǐ)
主星
主板 (zhǔbǎn)
主根
主格 (zhǔgé)
主機／主机 (zhǔjī)
主權／主权 (zhǔquán)
主次 (zhǔcì)
主歌 (zhǔgē)
主母
主治 (zhǔzhì)
主法
主流 (zhǔliú)
主演 (zhǔyǎn)
主焦點／主焦点
主父
主犯 (zhǔfàn)

主盟
主監／主监
主祭 (zhǔjì)
主稿
主筆／主笔 (zhǔbǐ)
主管 (zhǔguǎn)
主簿 (zhǔbù)
主線／主线 (zhǔxiàn)
主編／主编 (zhǔbiān)
主罰／主罚
主義／主义 (zhǔyì)
主翁
主考 (zhǔkǎo)
主脈／主脉
主腦／主脑 (zhǔnǎo)
主腰 (zhǔyāo)
主臣
主菜 (zhǔcài)
主要 (zhǔyào)
主見／主见 (zhǔjiàn)
主觀／主观 (zhǔguān)
主觀主義／主观主义 (zhǔguān zhǔyì)
主觀唯心主義／主观唯心主义
主觀能動性／主观能动性 (zhǔguān néngdòngxìng)
主角 (zhǔjué)
主計／主计
主詞／主词
主試／主试
主語／主语 (zhǔyǔ)
主調／主调
主謀／主谋 (zhǔmóu)
主講／主讲 (zhǔjiǎng)
主議／主议
主軸／主轴 (zhǔzhóu)
主辦／主办 (zhǔbàn)
主辯／主辩
主隊／主队 (zhǔduì)
主靜／主静
主音 (zhǔyīn)
主頁／主页 (zhǔyè)
主題／主题 (zhǔtí)
主顧／主顾 (zhǔgù)
主食 (zhǔshí)
主體／主体 (zhǔtǐ)
主麻
事主 (shìzhǔ)
人主 (rénzhǔ)
作主 (zuòzhǔ)
借主
做主 (zuòzhǔ)
債主／债主 (zhàizhǔ)
先主
內主／内主
公主 (gōngzhǔ)
原主 (yuánzhǔ)
名主
君主 (jūnzhǔ)
售主
喪主／丧主
嗣主
國主／国主
團主／团主
地主 (dìzhǔ)
天主 (Tiānzhǔ)
太主
夫主
失主 (shīzhǔ)
奧主／奥主
女主 (nǚzhǔ)
宗主 (zōngzhǔ)
家主 (jiāzhǔ)
宿主 (sùzhǔ)
寄主 (jìzhǔ)
寨主
局主

屋主 (wūzhǔ)
幼主 (yòuzhǔ)
店主 (diànzhǔ)
府主
座主
庵主
廟主／庙主
廢主／废主 (fèizhǔ)
後主／后主
得主 (dézhǔ)
戶主／户主 (hùzhǔ)
房主 (fángzhǔ)
故主
教主 (jiàozhǔ)
教權主義／教权主义 (jiàoquánzhǔyì)
施主 (shīzhǔ)
明主 (míngzhǔ)
昏主
易主 (yìzhǔ)
星主
木主 (mùzhǔ)
本主
東主／东主 (dōngzhǔ)
板主 (bǎnzhǔ)
業主／业主 (yèzhǔ)
樁主／桩主
民主 (mínzhǔ)
浪漫主義／浪漫主义 (làngmàn zhǔyì)
火主 (huǒzhǔ)
無主／无主 (wúzhǔ)
爵主
牧主
物主 (wùzhǔ)
田主 (tiánzhǔ)
盟主 (méngzhǔ)
真主 (zhēnzhǔ)
神主 (shénzhǔ)
祭主
禁慾主義／禁欲主义 (jìnyùzhǔyì)
窩主／窝主
縣主／县主
翁主
聖主／圣主 (shèngzhǔ)
背主 (bèizhǔ)
自主 (zìzhǔ)
船主 (chuánzhǔ)
苦主
莊主／庄主 (zhuāngzhǔ)
行主
觀主／观主
誼主／谊主
謀主／谋主
財主／财主 (cáizhǔ)
貨主／货主 (huòzhǔ)
貴主／贵主
買主／买主 (mǎizhǔ)
賓主／宾主 (bīnzhǔ)
賣主／卖主 (màizhǔ)
車主／车主 (chēzhǔ)
郎主
郡主 (jùnzhǔ)
閣主／阁主
院主
隊主／队主
雄主
雇主
霸主 (bàzhǔ)
領主／领主 (lǐngzhǔ)
頭主／头主
題主／题主 (tízhǔ)
顧主／顾主
飼主／饲主
點主／点主
齋主／斋主

Descendants[edit]

Sino-Xenic (主):

→ Japanese: 主(しゅ) (shu)
→ Korean: 주 (主, ju)
→ Vietnamese: chủ (主)

Others:

→ Proto-Tai: *ɕɤwᶜ (“master”)
- Lao: ເຈົ້າ (chao, “lord, master, owner”)
- Thai: เจ้า (jâao, “lord, master, owner”)
→ Vietnamese: chúa (主, “retired father of a king”), Chúa (主, “Lord”)

Pronunciation 2[edit]

Mandarin
(Pinyin): zhù (zhu⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄓㄨˋ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: zhù
  - Zhuyin: ㄓㄨˋ
  - Wade–Giles: chu⁴
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: juh
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jhù
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹/

Definitions[edit]

主

Classifier for events.
Alternative form of 注 (zhù, “to pour into”).

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

主

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings[edit]

Go-on: す (su, Jōyō ^†)
Kan-on: しゅ (shu, Jōyō)
Kun: あるじ (aruji, 主); おも (omo, 主, Jōyō); ぬし (nushi, 主, Jōyō)

Compounds[edit]

主(しゅ)格(かく) (shukaku)
主(しゅ)観(かん) (shukan)
主(しゅ)義(ぎ) (shugi)
主(しゅ)権(けん) (shuken)
主(しゅ)権(けん)在(ざい)民(みん) (shuken zaimin)
主(しゅ)語(ご) (shugo)
主(しゅ)宰(さい) (shusai)
主(しゅ)従(じゅう) (shujū), 主(しゅう)従(じゅう) (shūjū)
主(しゅ)食(しょく) (shushoku)
主(しゅ)体(たい) (shutai)
主(しゅ)犯(はん) (shuhan)
主(しゅ)要(よう) (shuyō)

Etymology 1[edit]

Kanji in this term
主
しゅ Grade: 3
on’yomi

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): [ɕɨᵝ]

Noun[edit]

主(しゅ) • (shu)

Synonyms[edit]

主(しゅ)人(じん) (shujin)

Proper noun[edit]

主(しゅ) • (Shu)

the Lord
主(しゅ)の兄(きょう)弟(だい)ヤコブ
Shu no kyōdai Yakobu
James, brother of the Lord

Etymology 2[edit]

Kanji in this term
主
ぬし Grade: 3
kun’yomi

For pronunciation and definitions of 主 – see the following entry.

【ぬし】	[noun] master [noun] owner, proprietor [noun] guardian spirit [noun] (archaic) you

(This term, 主, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 3[edit]

Kanji in this term
主
おも Grade: 3
kun’yomi

For pronunciation and definitions of 主 – see the following entry.

【おも】	[adjective] chief, main, principal, foremost

(This term, 主, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 4[edit]

Kanji in this term
主
あるじ Grade: 3
kun’yomi

For pronunciation and definitions of 主 – see the following entry.

【あるじ】

[noun] head of a household

(This term, 主, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Korean[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Middle Chinese 主 (MC t͡ɕɨo^X). Recorded as Middle Korean 쥬〮 (Yale: cyu) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja[edit]

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

主

Wikisource

主 (eumhun 임금 주 (imgeum ju))
主 (eumhun 주인 주 (ju'in ju))

Hanja form^? of 주 (“king”).
Hanja form^? of 주 (“master; host; main”).

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

주요 (主要, juyo)
주인 (主人, ju'in, “master, host”)
주권 (主權, jugwon, “sovereignty”)
주객 (主客, jugaek, “host and guest”)
주부 (主婦, jubu, “housewife”)
주범 (主犯, jubeom, “main culprit”)
주인공 (主人公, ju'ingong, “protagonist”)
민주주의 (民主主義, minjujuui, “democracy”)
공산주의 (共産主義, gongsanjuui, “communism”)

References[edit]

Naver Hanja Dictionary: 主
국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]