除

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除 U+9664, 除
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9664
← 陣
[U+9663] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 陥 →
[U+9665]

Translingual[edit]

Stroke order
10 strokes

Han character[edit]

除 (Kangxi radical 170, 阜+7, 10 strokes, cangjie input 弓中人一木 (NLOMD), four-corner 78294, composition ⿰阝余)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • KangXi: page 1352, character 8
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41669
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1854, character 5
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4132, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+9664

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 除

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 除
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (余) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
斜 *lja, *laː
茶 *rlaː
荼 *rlaː, *ɦlja, *l'aː
梌 *rlaː, *l̥ʰaː, *l'aː
搽 *rlaː
塗 *rlaː, *l'aː
佘 *ɦlja
賒 *hljaː
畬 *hljaː, *la
舍 *hljaːʔ, *hljaːs
捨 *hljaːʔ
騇 *hljaːʔ, *hljaːs
涻 *hljaːs
稌 *l̥ʰaː, *l̥ʰaːʔ
悇 *l̥ʰaː, *l̥ʰas, *las
庩 *l̥ʰaː
捈 *l̥ʰaː, *l'aː
途 *l'aː
酴 *l'aː
駼 *l'aː
鵌 *l'aː, *la
涂 *l'aː, *l'a
嵞 *l'aː
峹 *l'aː
筡 *l'aː, *l̥ʰa
蒤 *l'aː
徐 *lja
俆 *lja
敘 *ljaʔ
漵 *ljaʔ
除 *l'a, *l'as
篨 *rla
滁 *rla
蒢 *rla
蜍 *ɦlja, *la
鵨 *hljaː
瑹 *hlja
余 *la
餘 *la
艅 *la
狳 *la
雓 *la
悆 *las

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *l'a, *l'as): semantic 阜 + phonetic 余 (OC *la).

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Rime
Character 除
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 澄 (11)
Final (韻) 魚 (22)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 直魚切
Baxter drjo
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɖɨʌ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɖiɔ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ȡiɔ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɖɨə̆/
Li
Rong 		/ȡiɔ/
Wang
Li 		/ȡĭo/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ȡʱi̯wo/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		chú
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		cyu4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 除
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		chú
Middle
Chinese 		‹ drjo ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[l]<r>a/
English remove; get rid of

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 除
Reading # 1/2
No. 15788
Phonetic
component 		余
Rime
group 		魚
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		除
Old
Chinese 		/*l'a/

Definitions[edit]

除

  1. to remove; to get rid of; to exclude
  2. (archaic) to be assigned to a new post; to stop serving in one post, and begin serving in another
  3. (literary, or in compounds) except
  4. (arithmetic) to divide; division
  5. (Cantonese) to take off (clothes); to peel off; to strip
  6. (literary, or in compounds) step (on a flight of stairs)
  7. a surname: Chu
Usage notes[edit]
  • A除以B means "A divided by B". A除B means "B divided by A", but in colloquial speech is the same as A除以B.
    • 除 is a transitive verb, and A除B is understood as 用A除B or 以A除B (literally "to divide B by A"), the latter of which is attested in Literary Chinese and likely gave rise to 除以 (chúyǐ). This contrasts with 減／减 (jiǎn), which is an intransitive verb and A減B means "A decreases by B", i.e. "A minus B".
Synonyms[edit]
  • (to remove):
  • (to take off):
Dialectal synonyms of 脫 (“to take off (clothes)”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 脫, 褪
Mandarin Beijing 脫, 褪
Taiwan 脫
Harbin 脫
Yantai (Muping) 脫
Jinan 脫, 褪
Wanrong 脫
Xi'an 脫
Yinchuan 脫
Lanzhou 脫
Xining 脫
Ürümqi 脫
Wuhan 脫
Chengdu 脫
Guiyang 脫
Guilin 脫
Liuzhou 脫, 褪, 解
Xuzhou 脫
Yangzhou 脫, 褪
Nanjing 脫
Hefei 脫, 褪
Malaysia 脫
Singapore 脫
Cantonese Guangzhou 除, 脫
Hong Kong 除, 剝, 解
Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 剝
Macau 剝
Guangzhou (Panyu) 除
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 脫
Guangzhou (Conghua) 除, 脫
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 除
Foshan 除
Foshan (Shunde) 除
Foshan (Sanshui) 除
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 除
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 剝
Zhuhai (Qianshan) 剝
Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka) 剝
Zhuhai (Doumen) 剝
Jiangmen (Baisha) 除, 剝
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 除
Taishan 脫
Kaiping (Chikan) 脫
Enping (Niujiang) 脫
Heshan (Yayao) 除
Dongguan 脫, 除
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 剝
Yangjiang 褪
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 除
Penang (Guangfu) 除
Singapore (Guangfu) 除
Gan Nanchang 脫
Lichuan 脫
Pingxiang 推, 剝, 脫
Hakka Meixian 脫
Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 脫
Dongguan (Qingxi) 剝
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 剝
Zengcheng (Zhengguo) 脫
Zhongshan (Wuguishan) 剝
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 剝
Conghua (Lütian) 脫
Yudu 脫
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 脫
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 脫
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 脫
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 脫
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 脫
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 脫
Huizhou Jixi 脫, 褪
Jin Taiyuan 脫
Xinzhou 脫
Min Bei Jian'ou 褪
Songxi 褪
Jianyang 褪
Min Dong Fuzhou 褪
Gutian 褪
Ningde 褪
Zhouning 褪
Fuding 褪
Min Nan Xiamen 褪
Quanzhou 褪
Yongchun 褪
Zhangzhou 褪
Taipei 褪
New Taipei (Sanxia) 褪
Kaohsiung 褪
Yilan 褪
Changhua (Lukang) 褪
Taichung 褪
Tainan 褪
Hsinchu 褪
Kinmen 褪
Penghu (Magong) 褪
Penang (Hokkien) 褪
Singapore (Hokkien) 褪
Manila (Hokkien) 褪
Longyan 脫
Datian 褪
Chaozhou 褪
Shantou 褪
Jieyang 褪
Singapore (Teochew) 褪
Haikou 解
Puxian Min Putian 褪
Min Zhong Yong'an 脫
Sanyuan 脫
Shaxian 脫
Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 剝
Sanxiang 剝
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 脫
Wu Shanghai 脫
Shanghai (Chongming) 脫
Suzhou 脫, 褪
Wuxi 脫
Danyang 脫
Hangzhou 脫
Ningbo 脫
Wenzhou 脫
Jinhua 脫, 褪
Xiang Changsha 脫
Loudi 脫
Shuangfeng 脫
Antonyms[edit]
  • (to divide): 乘 (chéng)

Compounds[edit]

Pronunciation 2[edit]

Rime
Character 除
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 澄 (11)
Final (韻) 魚 (22)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 遟倨切
Baxter drjoH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɖɨʌH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɖiɔH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ȡiɔH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɖɨə̆H/
Li
Rong 		/ȡiɔH/
Wang
Li 		/ȡĭoH/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ȡʱi̯woH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		zhù
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		zyu6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 除
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		zhù
Middle
Chinese 		‹ drjoH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*lra-s/
English pass away

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 除
Reading # 2/2
No. 15793
Phonetic
component 		余
Rime
group 		魚
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		箸
Old
Chinese 		/*l'as/

Definitions[edit]

除

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

除

(grade 6 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. remove
  2. except
  3. (mathematics) divide

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

除 (eumhun 덜 제 (deol je))

  1. Hanja form? of 덜 (“remove”).

Compounds[edit]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

除: Hán Việt readings: trừ[1][2][3]
除: Nôm readings: chừa[1][2][3][4], chừ[1][2][3][4], chờ[1][2][3][4], giờ[1][2][3], trừ[1][2][3], dờ[1][2], hờ[3][4], khừ[3][4], xờ[3][4], thờ[1], dơ[3]

  1. chữ Hán form of trừ (“to eliminate; to exclude”).
  2. Nôm form of chừa.

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 Trần (2004).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Hồ (1976).
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