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推

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 稚
推 U+63A8, 推
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-63A8
← 控
[U+63A7] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 掩 →
[U+63A9]

Translingual

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Han character

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推 (Kangxi radical 64, 手+8, 11 strokes, Cangjie input 手人土 (QOG), four-corner 50014, composition ⿰扌隹)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 439, character 8
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 12284
  • Dae Jaweon: page 790, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1898, character 7
  • Unihan data for U+63A8

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
 推

Glyph origin

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Characters in the same phonetic series (隹) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
蜼 *lus, *rulʔ, *luls
堆 *tuːl
嵟 *tuːl
碓 *tuːls
推 *tʰuːl, *tʰjul
蓷 *tʰuːl, *tʰjul
陮 *duːlʔ
魋 *duːl
嶊 *stuːlʔ
崔 *zluːl, *sʰluːl
猚 *ŋreːl, *rulʔ
椎 *dul
顀 *dul
隹 *tjul
錐 *tjul
萑 *kljul
騅 *tjul
鵻 *sɢʷinʔ, *tjul
誰 *djul
脽 *djul

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *tʰuːl, *tʰjul): semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 隹 (OC *tjul) – push with the hand.

Etymology 1

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Middle Chinese distinguishes 推 (MC thwoj, “to push”) and 推 (MC tsrhwij, “to proceed; to promote; to deduce”).

Older Mandarin dictionaries[n 1] give chuī (the Mandarin reflex of 推 (MC tsrhwij)) as a variant reading for all senses, while Cantonese dictionaries[n 2] only assign ceoi1 to the "to deduce" sense (e.g. in 推測 (“to surmise”)). Most modern Sinitic varieties use the reflexes of 推 (MC thwoj) for all meanings, while Sino-Xenic use the reflexes of 推 (MC tsrhwij) (in Korean, however, the reflex of 推 (MC thwoj) is also used in a few words). Some varieties (including certain Hakka, Min, and sometimes Yue dialects) preserve both readings, but not necessarily disambiguate them by meaning.

Outside of Sinitic, Schuessler (2007) adduces Chepang दुस् (“to push away, shove”) as a cognate. Note also similarities to Burmese တိုး (tui:, “to push, shove, advance”).

See also 揣 (MC tsrhjweX|twaX).

“to support”; “oshi”
Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 推(お)し (oshi).

Pronunciation

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Note: thôi - “to put aside”.
Note:
  • thui/chhui - literary;
  • ther/the - vernacular.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 推
Mandarin Beijing /tʰuei⁵⁵/
Harbin /tʰuei⁴⁴/
Tianjin /tʰuei²¹/
Jinan /tʰuei²¹³/
Qingdao /tʰue²¹³/
Zhengzhou /tʰuei²⁴/
Xi'an /tʰuei²¹/
Xining /tʰuɨ⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /tʰuei⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /tʰuei³¹/
Ürümqi /tʰuei⁴⁴/
Wuhan /tʰei⁵⁵/
Chengdu /tʰuei⁵⁵/
Guiyang /tʰuei⁵⁵/
Kunming /tʰuei⁴⁴/
Nanjing /tʰuəi³¹/
Hefei /tʰe²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /tʰuei¹¹/
Pingyao /tʰuæ¹³/
Hohhot /tʰuei³¹/
Wu Shanghai /tʰe⁵³/
Suzhou /tʰe̞⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /tʰui³³/
Wenzhou /tʰai³³/
Hui Shexian /tʰɛ³¹/
Tunxi /tʰə¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /tʰei³³/
Xiangtan /tʰəi³³/
Gan Nanchang /tʰui⁴²/
Hakka Meixian /tʰui⁴⁴/
Taoyuan
Cantonese Guangzhou /tʰøy⁵³/
Nanning /tʰui⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /tʰøy⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /tʰui⁵⁵/
/tu⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /tʰøy⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /tʰo⁵⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /t͡sʰui³³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /sui²³/
/he²³/
Rime
Character 推 推
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Initial (聲) 初 (19) 透 (6)
Final (韻) 脂 (16) 灰 (42)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed Closed
Division (等) III I
Fanqie 叉隹切 他回切
Baxter tsrhwij thwoj
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/t͡ʃʰiuɪ/ /tʰuʌi/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ʈ͡ʂʰʷi/ /tʰuoi/
Shao
Rongfen 		/t͡ʃʰjuɪ/ /tʰuɒi/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ʈ͡ʂʰwi/ /tʰwəj/
Li
Rong 		/t͡ʃʰui/ /tʰuᴀi/
Wang
Li 		/t͡ʃʰwi/ /tʰuɒi/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ʈ͡ʂʰwi/ /tʰuɑ̆i/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		chuāi tuī
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		ceoi1 teoi1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 推
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		tuī
Middle
Chinese 		‹ thwoj ›
Old
Chinese 		/*tʰˁuj/
English push away

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 推 推
Reading # 1/2 2/2
No. 17708 17724
Phonetic
component 		隹 隹
Rime
group 		微 微
Rime
subdivision 		2 2
Corresponding
MC rime 		𨌴
Old
Chinese 		/*tʰuːl/ /*tʰjul/
Notes 由叉隹切校正

Definitions

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推

  1. to push
    手推車／手推车  ―  shǒutuīchē  ―  pushcart
    推開窗／推开窗  ―  tuī kāi chuāng  ―  to push the windows open
  2. to postpone; to delay
    推遲／推迟  ―  tuīchí  ―  to postpone
  3. (figurative) to put aside; to push away; to dismiss; to explain away
    推諉／推诿  ―  tuīwěi  ―  to pass the buck
    推辭／推辞  ―  tuīcí  ―  to decline with an excuse
    推掉聚會、推掉採訪、推掉責任 [MSC, trad.]
    推掉聚会、推掉采访、推掉责任 [MSC, simp.]
    tuīdiào jùhuì, tuīdiào cǎifǎng, tuīdiào zérèn [Pinyin]
    to decline a gathering, to decline interviews, to decline responsibility
  4. to prompt; to propel
    推進／推进  ―  tuījìn  ―  to propel; to push forward
    推波助瀾／推波助澜  ―  tuībōzhùlán  ―  "to drive the billowing waves"; to add fuel to fire
  5. to promote; to advertise; to advocate
    推廣／推广  ―  tuīguǎng  ―  to promote; to popularize
    推出  ―  tuīchū  ―  to present
  6. to nominate; to recommend
    推薦／推荐  ―  tuījiàn  ―  to recommend
    推選／推选  ―  tuīxuǎn  ―  to nominate
    唐代詩人首推李杜。 [MSC, trad.]
    唐代诗人首推李杜。 [MSC, simp.]
    Tángdài shīrén shǒutuī lǐdù. [Pinyin]
    Li Bai and Du Fu are ranked the top among the Tang-era poets.
  7. to generalize; to broaden
    推己及人  ―  tuījǐjírén  ―  to put oneself in someone's shoes
  8. to infer; to deduce
    推測／推测  ―  tuīcè  ―  to estimate; to infer
    類推／类推  ―  lèituī  ―  to infer by analogy
  9. to derive; to reason; to compute
    推導／推导  ―  tuīdǎo  ―  to derive
    推論／推论  ―  tuīlùn  ―  corollary
  10. to proceed; to succeed; to form a procession
    推移  ―  tuīyí  ―  to proceed (in time)
  11. (Hong Kong, Internet slang) to bump a thread in support; to "push"
    Synonym: push
    Antonyms: 拉, pull
  12. (Internet slang) short for 推特 (Tuītè, “Twitter”)
    上推  ―  shàng Tuī  ―  visit Twitter
    推友  ―  Tuīyǒu  ―  Twitter users
    See also 脆 (cuì, “Threads”)
  13. (ACG or fandom slang) being a devoted fan of [someone]; to support [someone] (in an idol group; etc.)
    前田敦子推  ―  Qiántián Dūnzǐ tuī  ―  a person supporting Atsuko Maeda
    一生推  ―  yīshēng tuī  ―  to support [someone or a particular group] for life
  14. (ACG or fandom slang) oshi; favourite idol
    首推  ―  shǒu tuī  ―  member that someone like most in an idol group
Synonyms
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Dialectal synonyms of 推 (“to push”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 推
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 推, 㩳, 搡
Taiwan 推
Harbin 㩳, 搡
Singapore 推
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 推
Central Plains Mandarin Zhengzhou 擁
Xi'an 掀, 推
Xuzhou 搑
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 推, 揎, 捎, 搊, 㩳
Wuhan 推, 㩳, 揎
Guilin 推
Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 推, 搡
Hefei 推, 搡
Cantonese Guangzhou 推, 擁
Hong Kong 推, 擁
Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) 擁
Taishan 擁
Yangjiang 宿, 擁, 𢱤
Gan Nanchang 推, 揎, 㩳
Hakka Meixian 𢱤
Xingning 𢱤
Huidong (Daling) 𢱤
Shaoguan (Qujiang) 擁
Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 擁
Changting 𢱤
Wuping 𢱤
Wuping (Pingyu) 𢱤
Liancheng 𢱤
Ninghua 𢱤
Yudu 𢱤
Ruijin 𢱤
Shicheng 𢱤
Shangyou (Shexi) 𢱤
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 𢱤
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 𢱤
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 𢱤
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 𢱤
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 𢱤
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 𢳪
Hong Kong 推, 𢱤, 擁
Jin Taiyuan 推
Northern Min Jian'ou 捵, 𢱤
Eastern Min Fuzhou 捵, 𢱤
Fuqing 挨, 捵
Southern Min Xiamen 㧣, 捒, 攄
Quanzhou 捒, 攄
Jinjiang 㧣
Zhangzhou 㧣, 捒, 攄
Taipei 攄
New Taipei (Sanxia) 攄
Kaohsiung 攄
Yilan 攄
Changhua (Lukang) 攄, 㧣
Taichung 攄, 㧣
Tainan 攄
Hsinchu 攄, 㧣
Kinmen 攄, 㧣
Penghu (Magong) 攄
Penang (Hokkien) 捒, 攄
Singapore (Hokkien) 㧣
Manila (Hokkien) 㧣
Chaozhou 攆, 舁
Shantou 推, 攆
Jieyang 攆
Singapore (Teochew) 攆, 㧣
Wu Shanghai 推
Suzhou 推
Ningbo 推
Wenzhou 㨄, 推
Xiang Changsha 寵, 推
Shuangfeng 攮, 搡

Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (推):
  • → Vietnamese: suy (推)

Etymology 2

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For pronunciation and definitions of 推 – see 㧣 (“(Hokkien, Singapore Teochew) to push”).
(This character is a variant form of 㧣).

References

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  1. ^ Samuel Wells Williams, 1874; Herbert Allen Giles, 1892
  2. ^ John Chalmers, 1855; Samuel Wells Williams, 1856; 廣話國語一貫未定稿, 1916

Japanese

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Kanji

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推

(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. conjecture

Readings

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Compounds

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Korean

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Hanja 1

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推 (eumhun 밀 추 (mil chu))

  1. to push, shove
  2. to shift, transition
  3. to recommend, nominate
  4. to expand, broaden
  5. to infer, speculate
  6. to revere, honor
  7. plain, without decoration
  8. to scold, reproach
  9. thriving, vigorous

Compounds

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Hanja 2

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推 (eumhun 밀 퇴 (mil toe))

  1. to push from behind
  2. to push forcefully

Compounds

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Tày

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Verb

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推 (Nôm form xoi)

  1. Nôm form of xoi (“to send, dispatch”).

References

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  • Dương Nhật Thanh; Hoàng Tuấn Nam (2003), Hoàng Triều Ân, editor, Từ điển chữ Nôm Tày [A Dictionary of (chữ) Nôm Tày]‎[1] (in Tày and Vietnamese), Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Khoa học xã hội [Social Sciences Publishing House]

Vietnamese

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Hán Nôm

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推: Hán Việt readings: suy[1][2], thôi[1][2]
推: Nôm readings: chui[2], dùi[1], thoi[2], thòi[2], thôi[2], tòi[2]

  1. chữ Hán form of suy (“to push; to infer”)
  2. chữ Hán form of thôi
  3. chữ Nôm form of chui (“to crawl in; to act secretly”)
  4. chữ Nôm form of dùi
  5. chữ Nôm form of thoi (“shuttle; to punch”)
  6. chữ Nôm form of thòi (“to protrude”)
  7. chữ Nôm form of thôi (“stretch of time; to cease; to bleed color; that's it”)
  8. chữ Nôm form of tòi (“to stick out”)

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Trần (2004).
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