Jump to content

乘

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 乗, 椉, and 埀
乘 U+4E58, 乘
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E58
← 乗
[U+4E57] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 乙 →
[U+4E59]

Translingual

[edit]
Japanese 乗
Simplified 乘
Traditional 乘
Stroke order
Japan

Han character

[edit]

乘 (Kangxi radical 4, 丿+9, 10 strokes, cangjie input 竹木中心 (HDLP), four-corner 20901, composition ⿻禾北 or ⿻乖人)

Derived characters

[edit]

Descendants

[edit]
  • (chiefly Japanese): 乗

References

[edit]
  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 83, character 9
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 154
  • Dae Jaweon: page 166, character 40
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 40, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+4E58

Chinese

[edit]

Etymology 1

[edit]
trad. 乘
simp. # 乘
alternative forms 乗
椉／乘

Glyph origin

[edit]
Historical forms of the character 乘
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
j14101
j14102
j14103
j14104
j14105
j14106
j14107
j14108
j14109
j14110
j14111
j14112
j14113
j14114
j14115
j14116
j14117
j14118
j14119
j14120
j14121
j14122
j14123
j14124
j14125
j14126
j14127
j14128
j14129
j14130
j14131
j14132
j14133
j14134
j14135
j14136
j14137
b08546
b08547
b08548
b08549
b08550
b08551
b08552
b08553
b08554
b08555
b08556
b08557
b08558
b08559
b08560
s03944
s03945
Transcribed ancient scripts
L33335
L33336
L33337
L33338
L33339
L33340
L33341
L33342
L33343
L33344
L11109
L11110
L11111
L11112
L11113
L11114
L11115
L11116
L11117
L11118
L11119
L11120
L11121
L11122
L11123
References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (乘) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
乘 *ɦljɯŋ, *ɦljɯŋs
溗 *ɦljɯŋ
塖 *ɦljɯŋ
騬 *ɦljɯŋ
椉 *ɦljɯŋ
剩 *ɦljɯŋs
嵊 *ɦljɯŋs

Pictogram (象形) – a person 大 climbing a tree 木, with the feet visible. Etymology clearer in alternative form 椉. In this form, simplified to 禾 (“tree and top”) + 北 (“feet”).

Pronunciation

[edit]
Note:
  • 2tshen - vernacular;
  • 3zen - literary.
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 乘
    Mandarin Beijing /ʈ͡ʂʰəŋ³⁵/
    Harbin /ʈ͡ʂʰəŋ²⁴/ ～法
    /ʈ͡ʂʰəŋ⁵³/ ～車
    Tianjin /ʈ͡ʂʰəŋ⁴⁵/
    /t͡sʰəŋ⁴⁵/
    Jinan /ʈ͡ʂʰəŋ⁴²/
    Qingdao /tʃʰəŋ⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /ʈ͡ʂʰəŋ⁴²/
    Xi'an /ʈ͡ʂʰəŋ²⁴/
    Xining /ʈ͡ʂʰə̃²⁴/
    Yinchuan /ʈ͡ʂʰəŋ⁵³/
    Lanzhou /ʈ͡ʂʰə̃n⁵³/
    Ürümqi /ʈ͡ʂʰɤŋ²¹³/
    Wuhan /t͡sʰən²¹³/
    Chengdu /sən³¹/
    /t͡sʰən³¹/
    Guiyang /t͡sʰen²¹/
    Kunming /ʈ͡ʂʰə̃³¹/
    Nanjing /ʈ͡ʂʰən²⁴/
    Hefei /ʈ͡ʂʰən⁵⁵/
    Jin Taiyuan /t͡sʰəŋ¹¹/
    Pingyao /ʈ͡ʂʰəŋ¹³/
    Hohhot /t͡sʰə̃ŋ³¹/
    Wu Shanghai /zəŋ²³/
    Suzhou /zən¹³/
    Hangzhou /d͡zen²¹³/
    Wenzhou /zeŋ³¹/
    Hui Shexian /t͡ɕʰiʌ̃⁴⁴/
    Tunxi /t͡ɕʰiɛ⁴⁴/
    /t͡ɕʰian⁴⁴/
    Xiang Changsha /ʂən¹³/
    Xiangtan /ʂən¹²/
    Gan Nanchang /sɨn⁴⁵/
    Hakka Meixian /sən¹¹/
    Taoyuan /ʃen⁵⁵/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /seŋ²¹/
    Nanning /seŋ²¹/
    Hong Kong /siŋ²¹/
    Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /siŋ³⁵/
    Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /siŋ⁵³/
    Jian'ou (Northern Min) /t͡sʰeiŋ²¹/
    Shantou (Teochew) /seŋ⁵⁵/
    Haikou (Hainanese) /seŋ³¹/
    Rime
    Character 乘
    Reading # 1/2
    Initial (聲) 船 (27)
    Final (韻) 蒸 (133)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 食陵切
    Baxter zying
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ʑɨŋ/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ʑɨŋ/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ʑieŋ/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ʑiŋ/
    Li
    Rong         		/d͡ʑiəŋ/
    Wang
    Li         		/d͡ʑĭəŋ/
    Bernhard
    Karlgren         		/d͡ʑʰi̯əŋ/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		shéng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		sing4
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 乘
    Reading # 1/3
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		chéng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ zying ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*Cə.ləŋ/
    English ride (v.)

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 乘
    Reading # 1/2
    No. 1452
    Phonetic
    component         		乘
    Rime
    group         		蒸
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		繩
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ɦljɯŋ/

    Definitions

    [edit]

    乘

    1. (literary) to ascend; to go up
    2. (literary) to drive (a horse, cart, etc.)
    3. to take (a form of transport)
      乘船  ―  chéngchuán  ―  to ride a boat
      乘火車去上海／乘火车去上海  ―  chéng huǒchē qù shànghǎi  ―  to ride a train to Shanghai
    4. to make use of; to take advantage of
      乘機／乘机  ―  chéngjī  ―  to seize the opportunity
      乘敵不備／乘敌不备  ―  chéng dí bùbèi  ―  to take the enemy unawares
    5. (literary) to pursue; to attack
    6. (arithmetic) to multiply
      加減乘除／加减乘除  ―  jiā jiǎn chéng chú  ―  addition, subtraction, multiplication, division
      二乘八等於十六。 [MSC, trad.]
      二乘八等于十六。 [MSC, simp.]
      Èr chéng bā děngyú shíliù. [Pinyin]
      Two times eight equals sixteen.
    7. a surname
    Antonyms
    [edit]
    • (antonym(s) of “to multiply”): 除 (chú)

    Compounds

    [edit]

    Etymology 2

    [edit]

    Borrowed from Tocharian B klenke (“vehicle”) or Tocharian B klānk, Tocharian A klānk (“to ride, travel (by vehicle)”).[1]

    Pronunciation

    [edit]
    Note: chéng - Mainland standard for the Buddhism sense.
    Rime
    Character 乘
    Reading # 2/2
    Initial (聲) 船 (27)
    Final (韻) 蒸 (133)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 實證切
    Baxter zyingH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ʑɨŋH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ʑɨŋH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ʑieŋH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ʑiŋH/
    Li
    Rong         		/d͡ʑiəŋH/
    Wang
    Li         		/d͡ʑĭəŋH/
    Bernhard
    Karlgren         		/d͡ʑʰi̯əŋH/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		shèng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		sing6
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 乘
    Reading # 2/3
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		shèng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ zyingH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*Cə.ləŋ-s/
    English vehicle

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 乘
    Reading # 2/2
    No. 1458
    Phonetic
    component         		乘
    Rime
    group         		蒸
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		乗
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ɦljɯŋs/

    Definitions

    [edit]

    乘

    1. (literary) war chariot drawn by four horses; (imperial) carriage
      • c. 700, 管仲, “權脩第三”, in 管子 [Guanzi]:
        萬乘之國，兵不可以無主。土地博大，野不可以無吏。
        Wàn shèng zhī guó, bīng bù kěyǐ wúzhǔ. Tǔdì bódà, yě bù kěyǐ wú lì.
        "In a state with ten thousand chariots, the army cannot be without a commander. In a country of vast land, the land cannot be without officials."
    2. (literary) Classifier for carriages drawn by four horses.
      • 1885, “檀弓下”, in James Legge, transl., 禮記 [The Book of Rites]:
        君之適長殤, 車三乘; 公之底長殤, 車一乘; 大夫之適長殤, 車一系
        Jūn zhī shì zhǎng shāng, chē sān shèng; gōng zhī dǐ zhǎng shāng, chē yī shèng; dàfū zhī shì zhǎng shāng, chē yī xì
        "(At the funeral of) a ruler's eldest son by his acknowledged wife, who has died under age, there are three (small) carriages (with the flesh of sacrifice to be put at grave). At that of an eldest son by one of his concubines, dying under age, there is one such carriage; as at the funeral of the eldest rightful son of a Great officer in the same circumstances."
    3. (literary) history book
      史乘  ―  shǐshèng  ―  historical records
    4. (Buddhism) vehicle; creed; yana
      大乘  ―  dàshèng  ―  Mahayana (literally, “Great Vehicle”)

    Compounds

    [edit]

    References

    [edit]
    • “乘”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
    • 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “乘”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 30.
    1. ^ Alexander Lubotsky (1998) “Tocharian Loan Words in Old Chinese: Chariots, Chariot Gear, and Town Building”, in The Bronze Age and Early Iron Age peoples of Eastern Central Asia, pages 379-390

    Japanese

    [edit]

    Shinjitai

    		乗

    Kyūjitai

    		乘

    Kanji

    [edit]
    乘

    (Jinmeiyō kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 乗)

    Readings

    [edit]
    • Go-on: じょう (jō)
    • Kan-on: しょう (shō)
    • Kun: のる (noru, 乘る)、のり (nori, 乘り)、のせる (noseru, 乘せる)

    Korean

    [edit]

    Hanja

    [edit]

    乘 (eumhun 탈 승 (tal seung))

    1. to mount, to ride
    2. to take (a form of transport)
    3. (arithmetic) exponent

    References

    [edit]

    Vietnamese

    [edit]

    Han character

    [edit]

    乘: Hán Nôm readings: thừa, thặng, thắng

    Verb

    [edit]

    乘

    1. chữ Hán form of thừa (“(only in fixed expressions) to take advantage of (an opportunity)”)

    References

    [edit]
    Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=乘&oldid=84710966"