損

See also: 损

損 U+640D, 損 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-640D ← 搌 [U+640C] CJK Unified Ideographs 搎 → [U+640E]

Translingual

Han character

損 (Kangxi radical 64, 手+10, 13 strokes, Cangjie input 手口月金 (QRBC), four-corner 5608₆, composition ⿰扌員)

1. diminish
2. impair
3. injure
4. to damage
5. 41st hexagram of the I Ching

Derived characters

• 𨆥

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 446, character 6
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 12459
• Dae Jaweon: page 796, character 27
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1931, character 10
• Unihan data for U+640D

Chinese

trad.		損
simp.		损
alternative forms		扻 ancient

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (員) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
員	*ɢon, *ɢun
圓	*ɢon
塤	*qʰon
損	*sqʰuːnʔ
縜	*ɢun
隕	*ɢunʔ
殞	*ɢunʔ
溳	*ɢunʔ, *ɢun
磒	*ɢunʔ
霣	*ɢunʔ
愪	*ɢunʔ, *ɢun
勛	*qʰun
鄖	*ɢun
篔	*ɢun
貟	*ɢun, *ɢuns
韻	*ɢʷɯns

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *sqʰuːnʔ): semantic 手 (“hand”) + phonetic 員 (OC *ɢon, *ɢun)

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): sǔn (sun³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄙㄨㄣˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): syun²
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): sún

  (Hailu, HRS): sun^ˊ

  (Meixian, Guangdong): sun³

• Eastern Min (BUC): sōng
• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): soe³ / synn³ / soeng³ / syoeng³
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): sún / sńg / súiⁿ

  (Teochew, Peng'im): sung²

• Wu (Wugniu)
  • (Northern): ⁵sen / ³sen / ³suen / ³seen / ³soen
  • (Jinhua): ³sen
• Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): sen³

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: sǔn
    • Zhuyin: ㄙㄨㄣˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: sǔn
    • Wade–Giles: sun³
    • Yale: swǔn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: soen
    • Palladius: сунь (sunʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /su̯ən²¹⁴/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: syun²
    • Yale: syún
    • Cantonese Pinyin: syn²
    • Guangdong Romanization: xun²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /syːn³⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sún
    • Hakka Romanization System: sun^ˋ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: sun³
    • Sinological IPA: /sun³¹/
  • (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
    • Hakka Romanization System: sun^ˊ
    • Sinological IPA: /sun²⁴/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: sun³
    • Sinological IPA: /sun³¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: sōng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /souŋ³³/
• Puxian Min
  • (Putian)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: soe³
    • Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: sê̤ⁿ
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɬø⁴⁵³/
  • (Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: synn³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɬỹ³³²/
  • (Putian)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: soeng³
    • Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: sê̤ng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɬœŋ⁴⁵³/
  • (Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: syoeng³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɬyøŋ³³²/

Note:

• soe3/synn3 - vernacular;
• soeng3/syoeng3 - literary.

• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sún
    • Tâi-lô: sún
    • Phofsit Daibuun: suon
    • Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /sun⁵⁵⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /sun⁵³/
    • Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /sun⁴¹/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Lukang, Sanxia, Tainan, Kinmen, Magong, Hsinchu, Taichung)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sńg
    • Tâi-lô: sńg
    • Phofsit Daibuun: sngr
    • Sinological IPA (Lukang): /sŋ̍⁵⁵/
    • Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Tainan, Kinmen): /sŋ̍⁵³/
    • Sinological IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /sŋ̍⁵⁵⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /sŋ̍⁴¹/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Yilan)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: súiⁿ
    • Tâi-lô: suínn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: svuie
    • Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou, Yilan): /suĩ⁵³/

Note:

• sún - literary;
• sńg/súiⁿ - vernacular.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: sung²
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: súng
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /suŋ⁵²/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁵sen
    • MiniDict: sen^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²sen
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /sən³⁴/
  • (Northern: Jiading, Songjiang, Chongming, Suzhou, Changzhou, Jiaxing, Fuyang, Ningbo, Zhoushan)
    • Wugniu: ³sen
    • MiniDict: sen^上
    • Sinological IPA (Jiading): /səŋ³⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Songjiang): /səŋ⁴⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Chongming): /sən⁴²⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /sən⁵¹/
    • Sinological IPA (Changzhou): /səŋ⁴⁵/
    • Sinological IPA (Jiaxing): /sən⁴³³/
    • Sinological IPA (Fuyang): /seŋ⁴²⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Ningbo): /səŋ³²⁵/
    • Sinological IPA (Zhoushan): /sɐŋ³⁵/
  • (Northern: Hangzhou)
    • Wugniu: ³suen
    • MiniDict: suen^上
    • Sinological IPA (Hangzhou): /szʷen⁵³/
  • (Northern: Shaoxing)
    • Wugniu: ³seen
    • MiniDict: sen^上
    • Sinological IPA (Shaoxing): /sẽ³³⁵/
  • (Northern: Shaoxing)
    • Wugniu: ³soen
    • MiniDict: soeon^上
    • Sinological IPA (Shaoxing): /sø̃³³⁵/
  • (Jinhua)
    • Wugniu: ³sen
    • Sinological IPA (Jinhua): /səŋ⁵³⁵/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: sen³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sən⁴¹/

---

• Middle Chinese: swonX

Rime
Character	損
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	心 (16)
Final (韻)	魂 (55)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	蘇本切
Baxter	swonX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/suənX/
Pan Wuyun	/suonX/
Shao Rongfen	/suənX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/swənX/
Li Rong	/suənX/
Wang Li	/suənX/
Bernhard Karlgren	/suənX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	sǔn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	syun2

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[s-q]ʷˤə[n]ʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*sqʰuːnʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	損
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	sǔn
Middle Chinese	‹ swonX ›
Old Chinese	/*[s-q]ʷˁə[n]ʔ/
English	diminish, damage
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	損
Reading #	1/1
No.	16202
Phonetic component	員
Rime group	文
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	損
Old Chinese	/*sqʰuːnʔ/

Definitions

損

1. to reduce; to decrease; to cut; to diminish

   Antonym: 益 (yì)

2. to harm; to cause destruction to; to damage
3. to lose; to forfeit

   損失／损失  ―  sǔnshī  ―  to lose

4. loss; decrease; reduction

   • 滿招損，謙受益。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     满招损，谦受益。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Book of Documents, circa 4^th – 3^rd century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Mǎn zhāo sǔn, qiān shòu yì. [Pinyin]

     Pride brings loss, and humility receives increase.

5. (colloquial) to make sarcastic remarks; to act meanly; to mock
6. (colloquial, chiefly of remarks) acrimonious; caustic; biting; mean (Can we add an example for this sense?) (especially Min Nan)
7. (Cantonese) to be injured, in the form of an abrasion

Synonyms

• (to reduce):

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• 削 (xuē) (literary, or in compounds)
• 削減 / 削减 (xuējiǎn)
• 壓縮 / 压缩 (yāsuō)
• 撤 (chè)
• 收縮 / 收缩 (shōusuō)
• 消減 / 消减 (xiāojiǎn)
• 減低 / 减低 (jiǎndī)
• 減削 / 减削 (jiǎnxuè)
• 減少 / 减少 (jiǎnshǎo)
• 減損 / 减损 (jiǎnsǔn)
• 減縮 / 减缩 (jiǎnsuō)
• 減輕 / 减轻 (jiǎnqīng)
• 省 (shěng)
• 省卻 / 省却 (shěngquè)
• 砍 (kǎn)
• 緊縮 / 紧缩 (jǐnsuō)
• 縮減 / 缩减 (suōjiǎn)
• 耗 (hào)
• 裁 (cái)
• 裁汰 (cáitài) (literary)
• 裁減 / 裁减 (cáijiǎn)
• 鐫汰 / 镌汰 (juāntài) (literary)
• 降低 (jiàngdī)

• (to harm):

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• 傷害 / 伤害 (shānghài)
• 危及 (wēijí)
• 危害 (wēihài)
• 妨害 (fánghài)
• 戕害 (qiānghài) (literary)
• 戕賊 / 戕贼 (literary)
• 損傷 / 损伤 (sǔnshāng)
• 損害 / 损害 (sǔnhài)
• 暴害 (bàohài) (literary)
• 有傷 / 有伤 (yǒushāng) (chiefly used in derived terms)
• 禍 / 祸 (huò) (literary, or in compounds)
• 禍害 / 祸害 (huòhài)

• (to lose):

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• 喪失 / 丧失 (sàngshī)
• 失掉 (shīdiào)
• 損失 / 损失 (sǔnshī)
• 淪亡 / 沦亡 (lúnwáng)
• 滅絕 / 灭绝 (mièjué)
• 虧 / 亏 (kuī)

• (to make sarcastic remarks):

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• 作弄 (zuònòng)
• 僝僽 (chánzhòu) (literary)
• 刺 (literary, or in compounds)
• 刺溪 (chié-*kă̤) (Eastern Min)
• 創弄 / 创弄 (Hokkien)
• 創景 / 创景 (Hokkien)
• 創治 / 创治 (chhòng-tī) (Hokkien)
• 剾損 / 𠛅损 (Hokkien)
• 剾洗 / 𠛅洗 (Hokkien)
• 剾洗 / 𠛅洗 (khau-sé) (Hokkien)
• 剾褻 / 𠛅亵 (Hokkien)
• 𠢕滾 / 𠢕滚 (Hokkien)
• 取樂 / 取乐 (qǔlè)
• 取笑 (qǔxiào)
• 呾笑話 / 呾笑话 (dan³ cio³ uê⁷) (Teochew)
• 呾耍笑 (Teochew)
• 嗤笑 (chīxiào)
• 嘲弄 (cháonòng)
• 嘲笑 (cháoxiào)
• 嘲訕 / 嘲讪 (cháoshàn)
• 嘲諷 / 嘲讽 (cháofěng)
• 嘲謔 / 嘲谑 (cháoxuè)
• 奚落 (xīluò)
• 尋開心 / 寻开心 (Wu)
• 巴銳 / 巴锐 (Hokkien)
• 怪笑 (guàixiào) (in a strange way)
• 恥笑 / 耻笑 (chǐxiào)
• 戲弄 / 戏弄 (xìnòng)
• 戲謔 / 戏谑 (xìxuè)
• 折搏 (Hakka)
• 挖苦 (wākǔ)
• 捉弄 (zhuōnòng)
• 撩 (Hakka)
• 撚化 (nan² faa³) (Cantonese)
• 撮弄 (cuōnòng) (literary)
• 擺弄 / 摆弄
• 消遣 (xiāoqiǎn)
• 湊趣 / 凑趣 (còuqù)
• 𤊶人 (Hakka)
• 玩 (colloquial)
• 玩弄
• 笑 (xiào)
• 笑話 / 笑话 (xiàohuà)
• 耍 (shuǎ)
• 耍弄 (shuǎnòng)
• 耍忽 (sua² huah⁴) (Jin)
• 落八 (Xiamen Hokkien)
• 見笑 / 见笑 (jiànxiào)
• 訕笑 / 讪笑 (shànxiào)
• 詼謔 / 诙谑 (huīxuè)
• 說風涼話 / 说风凉话 (shuō fēngliánghuà)
• 調笑 / 调笑 (tiáoxiào)
• 諦 / 谛 (dai³) (Cantonese)
• 諷刺 / 讽刺 (fěngcì)
• 謔潲 / 谑潲 (Hokkien)
• 謔燒 / 谑烧 (Hokkien)
• 講笑 / 讲笑 (Cantonese, Hakka, Hokkien)
• 講耍笑 / 讲耍笑 (Hokkien)
• 譏刺 / 讥刺 (jīcì)
• 譏嘲 / 讥嘲 (jīcháo)
• 譏笑 / 讥笑 (jīxiào)
• 譏誚 / 讥诮 (jīqiào) (literary)
• 譏諷 / 讥讽 (jīfěng)
• 變弄 / 变弄 (Hokkien)
• 𧮙 (Wu)
• 起鬨 / 起哄 (qǐhòng)
• 輕體 / 轻体 (Hokkien)
• 逗 (dòu)
• 逗弄
• 鄙笑 (Hokkien)
• 酸笑 (Hokkien)
• 鈍 / 钝 (Wu)
• 開心 / 开心 (kāixīn)
• 開涮 / 开涮 (kāishuàn) (colloquial)
• 開玩笑 / 开玩笑 (kāi wánxiào)
• 非笑 (fēixiào) (literary)
• 鬧玩笑 / 闹玩笑 (nào wánxiào)
• 齒冷 / 齿冷 (chǐlěng) (literary)

• (acrimonious):

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• 刻薄 (kèbó)
• 尖刻 (jiānkè) (chiefly of remarks)
• 尖酸 (jiānsuān) (chiefly of remarks)
• 苛刻 (kēkè) (demanding)

Compounds

• 七損八傷 / 七损八伤
• 佞徒損友 / 佞徒损友
• 傷損 / 伤损
• 分毫無損 / 分毫无损
• 受損 / 受损 (shòusǔn)
• 增損 / 增损
• 役損 / 役损
• 悶損 / 闷损
• 抑損 / 抑损
• 折損 / 折损 (zhésǔn)
• 拍損 / 拍损 (phah-sńg) (Min Nan)
• 損上益下 / 损上益下
• 損事 / 损事
• 損人 / 损人
• 損人利己 / 损人利己 (sǔnrénlìjǐ)
• 損人安己 / 损人安己
• 損人益己 / 损人益己
• 損人肥己 / 损人肥己
• 損傷 / 损伤 (sǔnshāng)
• 損兵折將 / 损兵折将 (sǔnbīngzhéjiàng)
• 損到家 / 损到家
• 損友 / 损友 (sǔnyǒu)
• 損壞 / 损坏 (sǔnhuài)
• 損壽 / 损寿
• 損失 / 损失 (sǔnshī)
• 損害 / 损害 (sǔnhài)
• 損害賠償 / 损害赔偿
• 損將折兵 / 损将折兵
• 損己利物 / 损己利物
• 損年 / 损年
• 損德 / 损德
• 損折 / 损折 (sǔnzhé)
• 損挹 / 损挹
• 損書 / 损书
• 損本逐末 / 损本逐末
• 損毀 / 损毁 (sǔnhuǐ)
• 損燬 / 损毁
• 損益 / 损益 (sǔnyì)
• 損者三友 / 损者三友
• 損者三樂 / 损者三乐
• 損耗 / 损耗 (sǔnhào)
• 損蝕 / 损蚀
• 損軍折將 / 损军折将
• 損陰壞德 / 损阴坏德
• 損陰騭 / 损阴骘
• 敗損 / 败损
• 斟酌損益 / 斟酌损益
• 有增無損 / 有增无损
• 有形損耗 / 有形损耗
• 有損無益 / 有损无益
• 欲益反損 / 欲益反损
• 毀損 / 毁损 (huǐsǔn)
• 毀損罪 / 毁损罪
• 毫髮無損 / 毫发无损 (háofàwúsǔn)
• 求益反損 / 求益反损
• 汙損 / 污损 (wūsǔn)
• 海損 / 海损
• 減損 / 减损 (jiǎnsǔn)
• 火災損失 / 火灾损失
• 無損 / 无损 (wúsǔn)
• 瘦損 / 瘦损
• 益上損下 / 益上损下
• 破損 / 破损 (pòsǔn)
• 磨損 / 磨损 (mósǔn)
• 純損 / 纯损
• 繁華損枝 / 繁华损枝
• 罨損 / 罨损
• 耗損 / 耗损 (hàosǔn)
• 虧損 / 亏损 (kuīsǔn)
• 蝕損 / 蚀损
• 裁損 / 裁损
• 貶損 / 贬损 (biǎnsǔn)
• 費日損功 / 费日损功
• 跌打損傷 / 跌打损伤 (diēdǎsǔnshāng)
• 香消玉損 / 香消玉损

Japanese

Kanji

損

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)

1. harm

Readings

• Go-on: そん (son, Jōyō)
• Kan-on: そん (son, Jōyō)
• Kun: そこなう (sokonau, 損なう, Jōyō)^{←そこなふ (sokonafu, 損なふ, historical)}、そこなう (sokonau, 損う)^{←そこなふ (sokonafu, 損ふ, historical)}、そこねる (sokoneru, 損ねる, Jōyō)、へる (heru, 損る)

Compounds

• 損(そん)失(しつ) (sonshitsu, “loss”)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
損
そん Grade: 5
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 損 (MC swonX).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [sõ̞ɴ]
• (Tokyo) そん [sóꜜǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])

Noun

損(そん) • (son) ^{←そん (son)?}

1. loss (opposite of gain)

   Antonym: 得 (toku)

   損(そん)を抱(かか)える ― son o kakaeru ― to sustain a loss

Derived terms

• 損(そん)する (sonsuru)
• 損(そん)ずる (sonzuru)
• 損(そん)じる (sonjiru)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
損
そん > ぞん Grade: 5
on'yomi

Suffix

損(ぞん) • (-zon) 

1. (attaches to the ren'yōkei of a verb) used to express that something was done in vain, for nothing

   頑張(がんば)り損(ぞん)だったな…。 ― Ganbari-zon datta na…. ― All that effort was for nothing...

Korean

Hanja

損 (eum 손 (son))

1. diminish
2. impair
3. injure

Vietnamese

Han character

損: Hán Nôm readings: tốn, tổn, tủn, vin, tỏn

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.